1、詩歌翻譯技巧 翻譯要講究信、達、雅三點，當然詩歌翻譯也不例外，在原則上要遵循嚴復先生的信、達、雅，而且文化適應性是文化翻譯的一個很重要的概念，文化適應性原則在詩歌的翻譯中占據著重要的地位并起著積極的作用。不同的語言，因其不同的語言習慣、文化差異因素，在翻譯過程中必須充分考慮其中。在翻譯過程中，必須調動目標語言的一切手段來盡力再現原文的語言特點。1漢譯英詩的范疇（古代詩歌）Classification of Ancient Poetry詩按音律分(Sound and rhythm) （1）古體詩：包括古詩（唐以前的詩歌）、楚辭、樂府詩. A form of pre-Tang poetry, us

2、u. having five or seven characters to each line, without strict tonal patterns or rhyme schemes （2）近體詩:絕句+律詩 “modern style” poetry, referring to innovations in classical poetry during the Tang Dynasty, marked by strict tonal patterns and rhyme schemes （3）詞：又稱為詩余、長短句、曲子、曲子詞、樂府等。 Ci, a type of classic

3、al Chinese poetry（4）曲：又稱為詞余、樂府。元曲包括散曲和雜劇。 Qu, a type of verse for singing, popular in the Yuan Dynasty 詩的范疇（現代詩歌） Classification of Modern Poetry按照作品內容的表達方式(Ways of expression) （1）敘事詩：詩中有比較完整的故事情節和人物形象，通常以詩人滿懷激情的歌唱方式來表現。 Narrative poems: complete plot and characters （2）抒情詩：主要通過直接抒發詩人的思想感情來反映社會生活，不要求

4、描述完整的故事情節和人物形象。如，情歌、頌歌、哀歌、挽歌、牧歌和諷刺詩。 Lyrics: full release of the poets emotion當然，敘事和抒情也不是絕然分割的。 Sometimes they two are interwoven.按照語言的音韻格律和結構形式(rhyme and structure)（1）格律詩：是按照一定格式和規則寫成的詩歌。它對詩的行數、詩句的字數（或音節）、聲調音韻、詞語對仗、句式排列等有嚴格規定，Metrical poetry: strict requirements on form, rhyme, number of character

5、and lines, sentence pattern, etc.（2）自由詩：不受格律限制，無固定格式，注重自然的、內在的節奏，押大致相近的韻或不押韻，字數、行數、句式、音調都比較自由，語言比較通俗。 Free verse: free form and popular language（3）散文詩：兼有散文和詩的特點。作品中有詩的意境和激情，常常富有哲理，注重自然的節奏感和音樂美，篇幅短小，像散文一樣不分行，不押韻，如，魯迅的野草。 Prose poetry: a mixture of characteristics of prose and poetry詩的難譯因素分析Analysis o

6、f untranslatable factors1.意境。意境本身是一種抽象的藝術形態，但這種抽象的形態，卻能夠表達出詩歌的本質甚至靈魂。The artistic conception. Artistic conception is a kind of abstract art form, but this kind of abstract form, can express the poetry is the essence and soul. 2.詩歌的形式。準確的說，詩歌的形式包括其內部的韻律以及外部的形 式，韻律就像是詩歌的聲音，是詩歌的音樂特征；而外部形式就像是詩歌的外衣，是詩歌區別

7、于其他文學作品的一個重要特點。In the form of poetry. To be exact, in the form of poetry, including its internal and external forms of rhythm, rhythm sounds like poetry, music features poetry; while the outer coat is like a form of poetry is a poetry different from other literary works important characteristics.4.特

8、殊的含義Unique meaningEg:李商隱：春蠶到死絲方盡，蠟炬成灰淚始干。 （“絲”通“思”：death&heartbeat）劉禹錫竹枝詞:楊柳青青江水平，聞郎江上唱歌聲。東邊日出西邊雨，道是無晴卻有晴. （“晴”通“情”：sunny&love）The English translation could only gain one meaning and lose the other.英語里只能二者擇其一，無法像原文一般一箭雙雕。5.特殊的字與聲的組合Unique combination of character and sound李清照聲聲慢: “尋尋覓覓，冷冷清清，凄凄慘慘戚戚”A

9、nd so onAncient poems translated Three Beauties principle .Good translation should convey the original poem meaning beauty, sound beauty and form beauty“, can make the foreign readers to read poetry from translation their readers as much as possible to understand and enjoy the beauty. It should be n

10、oted, sound, shape, meaning Three Beauties is not three rival powers. In the case of the three can not have both, we advocate the first consider keep the original poem meaning beauty, second to save sound beauty, form beauty is again. 王維的鳥鳴澗 人閑桂花落，夜靜春山空。月出驚山鳥，時鳴春澗中。 譯文 1： Bird-Chirpping Hollow The l

11、ight beams of the moon on the earth softly rain,The night is quiet, the spring mount empty,The moons up-rise the birds doth frighten To cry now and then in the springtide hollow. 譯文 2：The Dale of Singing Birds I hear osmanthus blooms fall unenjoyed；When night comes, hills dissolve in the void. The r

12、ising moon arouses birds to sing; Their fitful twitters fill the dale with spring. 譯文 3： Bird-Singing Stream Man at leisure. Cassia flowers fall. Quiet night. Spring mountain is empty. Moon rises. Startles-a mountain bird.It sings at times in the spring stream. Three versions of the translations hav

13、e their advantages, but the best translation 3. Choose the amount and terms of stylistic translation from 1 to 3 translations, fewer and fewer words, the body language, asked three simple and plain, the most faithful to the original poem. 2 more consistent with the translation of a translation, both

14、 for bird word translation are complex. The translation was alone choose three singular form, so that it better translation of the original poem translated creating tranquil mood. Such exhibits better mood poetry. 三個版本的譯文，各有優點，但以譯文3最好。用詞多寡和語體的選擇 從譯文1到譯文3，用詞愈來愈少，語體上，譯文3簡潔樸素，最為忠實原詩。譯文1與譯文2比較一致，兩者對“鳥”字

15、的譯法均為復數。而譯文三卻獨自選擇單數形式，這樣它的譯文較好地譯出了原詩創造的靜謐的意境。這樣更能表現出詩歌的意境。 翻譯古詩詞中疊字的處理方法語義對等翻譯。語義對等是指在譯文的句法和語義規范允許的范圍內再現原文作者在特定的上下文中所表達的確切含義,因此譯者應從多方面考慮疊字的詞義, 選擇與漢語對應的英語詞匯.Eg:1.若疊字具有“ 每” 的意思時, 英語可譯成each, every 等詞若不強調“ 每一個” , 可用復數形式來譯。如：夜夜相思更湯殘。韋莊洗溪沙each night I long for you till the water clock the fades. 許淵沖譯2.運用擬

16、聲詞和顏色詞。如車擠麟, 馬蕭蕭。杜甫兵車行Chariots rumble, and hordes grumble.許淵沖譯3.運用動詞。思悠悠, 恨悠悠, 恨到何時方始休。白居易長相思My thought stretches endlessly; my grief wretches endlessly.Oh, when will my beloved come back to me ? 許淵沖譯“ 悠悠” 指無窮無盡的樣子, 在這里是名詞做動詞用, 與上一行的動詞形成對仗, 勾畫出一位閨中少婦倚樓眺望, 思念久別未歸的丈夫的情景 語用對等翻譯。具體地說, 就是在詞匯、語法、語義等語言學的不同

17、層次上, 不拘泥于原文的形式, 只求保存原作的內容, 用譯文中最切近而又最自然的對等語將這個內容表達出來, 以求等效。Eg:十年生死兩茫茫。蘇軾江城子Ten years parted one living , one dead.(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)通過英語中的押韻體現重復。 欲去又依依 韋莊女冠子youd go away but stop to stay. 許淵沖譯以和譯“ 依依” , 這兩個詞都以音開頭, 押頭韻, 再現了雙聲疊韻, 起到了加強節奏、渲染氣氛的作用讀者似乎可以感覺到詩中人物那種留戀徘徊、不忍分離的心理狀態使整個句子讀起來音韻十分優美。翻譯鑒賞篇Translation Eval

18、uation 上邪！我欲與君相知長命無決衰山無棱江水為竭冬雷震震夏雨雪天地合乃敢與君絕The PledgeOh heaven high!I will love himForever till I die.Till mountains crumble,Rivers run dry.In winter thunder rumbles,In summer snow fall far and high.And the earth mingle with the skies,Not till then will my love die.見與不見 倉英嘉措你見，或者不見我 Its doesnt matte

19、r if you see me or not 我就在那里 I am standing right there 不悲不喜 With no emotion 你念，或者不念我 Its doesnt matter if you miss me or not 情就在那里 The feeling is right there 不來不去 And it isnt going anywhere 你愛或者不愛我 Its doesnt matter if you love me or not 愛就在那里 Love is right there 不增不減 It is not going to change 你跟，或者

20、不跟我 Its doesnt matter if you are with me or not 我的手就在你的手里 My hand is in your hand 不舍不棄 And I am not going to let go 來我懷里 Let me embrace you 或者 or 讓我住進你的心里 Let me live in your heart to entirely 默然相愛 Silence Love 寂靜喜歡 Calmness Joy參考譯文（Reference Version） Goodbye Again, Cambridge! I leave softly, gently

21、, Exactly as I came. I wave to the western sky, Telling it goodbye softly, gently. The golden willow at the river edge Is the setting suns bride. Her quivering reflection Stays fixed in my mind. Green grass on the bank Dances on a watery floor In bright reflection. I wish myself a bit of waterweed V

22、ibrating to the ripple. Of the River Cam. That creek in the shade of the great elms Is not a creek but a shattered rainbow, Printed on the water And inlaid with duckweed, It is my lost dream. Hunting a dream? Wielding a long punting pole I get my boat into green water, Into still greener grass. In a

23、 flood of starlight On a river of silver and diamond I sing to my hearts content. But now, no, I cannot sing With farewell in my heart. Farewells must be quiet, mute, Even the summer insects are silent, Knowing I am leaving. The Cambridge night is soundless. I leave quietly As I came quietly. I am l

24、eaving Without taking so much As a piece of cloud. But with a quick jerk of my sleave I wave goodbye. 英語詩歌的特點（1）語言的音韻美和節奏感押韻是詩體與其它文體的最大區別之一。英文詩常用的韻有頭韻，與漢語的雙聲相似；腹韻，（如sweet與sleep）；尾韻。詩歌其有規律的輕重抑揚變化，構成了詩的節奏美。2英譯漢（3）詞句的重復與修辭格的廣泛運用詩歌中常重復一些詞句或詩行，用以抒發真摯深沉的情感，或是用以渲染某種氣氛（如回環往復的纏綿），或是用以增強詩的歌唱性。詩歌中又大量運用修辭格，尤是是各種各樣的明喻、暗喻、比擬用得最多。（4） 豐富的意象與象征所謂意象，是指那些可以引起人的感官反應的具體形象和畫面