2022年12月托福TPO21閱讀P1詳細解析Paragraph1:Earth”sinternalheat,fueledbyradioactivity,providestheenergyforplatetectonicsandcontinentaldrift,mountainbuilding,andearthquakes.Itcanalsobeharnessedtodriveelectricgeneratorsandheathomes.Geothermalenergybecomesavailableinapracticalformwhenundergroundheatistransferredbywaterthatisheatedasitpassesthroughasubsurfaceregionofhotrocks(aheatreservoir)thatmaybehundredsorthousandsoffeetdeep.Thewaterisusuallynaturallyoccurringgroundwaterthatseepsdownalongfracturesintherock;lesstypically,thewaterisartificiallyintroducedbybeingpumpeddownfromthesurface.Thewaterisbroughttothesurface,asaliquidorsteam,throughholesdrilledforthepurpose.

1.Accordingtotheprocessesdescribedinparagraph1,whatistherelationshipbetweenradioactivityandthesteamproducedbygeothermalheat?

○Geothermallyheatedsteamisproducedwhenwaterisexposedtoradioactivitydeepunderground.

○Whenwaterisintroducedintoholesdrilledthousandsoffeetintheground,itbecomesradioactiveandturnstosteam.

○RadioactivityheatsEarth”sinteriorrock,whichinturncanheatwatertothepointitbecomessteam.

○Whenareservoirofsteaminsubsurfacerockisproducedbyradioactivity,itissaidtobegeothermallyheated.

題型：細節題

定位詞：relationshipbetweenradioactivityandthesteam

解題思路：關于定位詞中的radioactivity，只有文章開頭提到其功能為為地球內部的熱能供應燃料，只有選項C中提到了這一功能，所以C為正確選項。

重點句子翻譯：

Earth”sinternalheat,fueledbyradioactivity,providestheenergyforplatetectonicsandcontinentaldrift,mountainbuilding,andearthquakes.

地球內部的熱量，通過輻射帶動，為板塊構造和大陸漂移，造山運動，地震供應了能量。

2.Theword“practical”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○Usable

○Plentiful

○Economical

○Familiar

題型：詞匯題

解題思路：“practical”是一個簡潔詞匯，意為“有用的；實際的”，所以A項正確。

Paragraph2：Byfarthemostabundantformofgeothermalenergyoccursattherelativelylowtemperaturesof80oto180ocentigrade.Watercirculatedthroughheatreservoirsinthistemperaturerangeisabletoextractenoughheattowarmresidential,commercial,andindustrialspaces.Morethan20,000apartmentsinFrancearenowheatedbywarmundergroundwaterdrawnfromaheatreservoirinageologicstructurenearPariscalledtheParisBasin.IcelandsitsonavolcanicstructureknownastheMid-AtlanticRidge.Reykjavik,thecapitalofIceland,isentirelyheatedbygeothermalenergyderivedfromvolcanicheat.

3.Theword“abundant”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○Economical

○Familiar

○Plentiful

○Usable

題型：詞匯題

解題思路：“relativelylowtemperatures”說明在這種溫度范圍內地熱能量的形成是最豐富的，所以C項正確。

4.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutheatreservoirswithatemperatureintherangeof80°to180°centigrade?

○Theyareunderinternationalcontrol.

○Theyaremorecommonthanreservoirsthathaveahighertemperature.

○Fewofthemproduceenoughheattowarmlargeindustrialspaces.

○Theyareusedtogenerateelectricity.

題型：細節題

定位詞：heatreservoirswithatemperatureintherangeof80°to180°centigrade

解題思路：依據定位詞中的數字定位到第一句話，依據意思可知在這種溫度范圍內地熱能量的形成是最豐富的，所以B項正確。選項A、C、D的說法原文未提及。

重點句子翻譯：

Byfarthemostabundantformofgeothermalenergyoccursattherelativelylowtemperaturesof80oto180ocentigrade.

到目前為止，最豐富的地熱能源的形式消失在相對較低的80度至180度攝氏溫度。

Paragrapgh3：Geothermalreservoirswithtemperaturesabove180°centigradeareusefulforgeneratingelectricity.Theyoccurprimarilyinregionsofrecentvolcanicactivityashot,dryrock;naturalhotwater;ornaturalsteam.Thelattertwosourcesarelimitedtothosefewareaswheresurfacewaterseepsdownthroughundergroundfaultsorfracturestoreachdeeprocksheatedbytherecentactivityofmoltenrockmaterial.Theworld”slargestsupplyofnaturalsteamoccursatTheGeysers,120kilometersnorthofSanFrancisco,California.Inthe1990senoughelectricitytomeetabouthalftheneedsofSanFranciscowasbeinggeneratedthere.Thisfacilitywastheninitsthirddecadeofproductionandwasbeginningtoshowsignsofdecline,perhapsbecauseofoverdevelopment.Bythelate1990ssome70geothermalelectric-generatingplantswereinoperationinCalifornia,Utah,Nevada,andHawaii,generatingenoughpowertosupplyaboutamillionpeople.Eighteencountriesnowgenerateelectricityusinggeothermalheat.

5.Accordingtoparagraph3,whatistheconnectionbetweenundergroundfaultsandnaturallyoccurringsteam?

○Undergroundfaultsenabletheheatfrommolten-rockmaterialtoescapeupwardtoregionswhereitcanheatsurfacewaterenoughtoproducesteam.

○UndergroundfaultsarecreatedbysteamthatisproducedingeothermalreservoirsdeepinsideEarth.

○Undergroundfaultscreatespacesinwhichnaturalsteamissometimestrapped.

○Undergroundfaultsallowsurfacewatertoreachdeeprocksthatarehotenoughtoturnitintosteam.

題型：細節題

定位詞：connectionbetweenundergroundfaultsandnaturallyoccurringsteam

解題思路：定位詞naturalsteam后面的一句話解釋了兩者的關系，地下斷層讓水通過、到達深處巖石，使其溫度變高成為蒸汽，所以D項正確。

重點句子翻譯：

Thelattertwosourcesarelimitedtothosefewareaswheresurfacewaterseepsdownthroughundergroundfaultsorfracturestoreachdeeprocksheatedbytherecentactivityofmoltenrockmaterial.

后兩個能源僅限于那些地表水滲入地下斷層，到達了被近期熔巖材料活動加熱的深處的巖石的領域。

6.Inparagraph3,whydoestheauthormentionthatinthe1990sTheGeyserswasinitsthirddecadeofproduction?

○Toprovidethehistoricalcontextofthegeothermalproduction