1、C CO ON NT TE EN NT TS S 定義定義構(gòu)成構(gòu)成 過去分詞過去分詞用法用法( (Present perfect)Present perfect)過去發(fā)生并且已經(jīng)完成過去發(fā)生并且已經(jīng)完成的動的動作對現(xiàn)在造成作對現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果影響或后果，過去某一時間開始并，過去某一時間開始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且有可能還會持續(xù)的動作或狀一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且有可能還會持續(xù)的動作或狀態(tài)。態(tài)。基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+have/has+have/has+動詞的過去分詞（動詞的過去分詞（p.pp.p）肯定句：主語肯定句：主語+have/has+have/has+動詞的過去分詞動詞的過去分詞(p.p)(

2、p.p)（V-edV-ed）+ +賓語（或者其他）賓語（或者其他）. .否定句：主語否定句：主語+have not/has not+have not/has not+動詞的過去分詞（動詞的過去分詞（p.pp.p）（）（V-edV-ed）+ +賓語賓語. .一般疑問句：一般疑問句：Have/Has+Have/Has+主語主語+ +動詞的過去分詞（動詞的過去分詞（p.p)p.p)（V-edV-ed）+ +賓語（或其他）賓語（或其他）? ?特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+ +一般疑問句（一般疑問句（have/has+have/has+主語主語+ +過去分詞過去分詞+ +其他）其他）1.

3、 1. 規(guī)則動詞：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞與規(guī)則動詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。規(guī)則動詞：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞與規(guī)則動詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。(1) (1) 一般動詞，在詞尾直接加一般動詞，在詞尾直接加“ed”“ed” work-worked-worked visit-visited-visited work-worked-worked visit-visited-visited (2) (2) 以以“e”“e”結(jié)尾的動詞，只在詞尾加結(jié)尾的動詞，只在詞尾加“d” “d” live-lived-lived live-lived-lived (3) (3) 以以“輔音字母輔音字母 + y ” + y ”結(jié)尾

4、的動詞，將結(jié)尾的動詞，將 “y” “y” 變?yōu)樽優(yōu)?“i” “i” ，再加，再加“ed”“ed” study-studied-studied cry-cried-cried study-studied-studied cry-cried-cried (4) (4) 重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母，雙寫該輔音字母，再加重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母，雙寫該輔音字母，再加“ed”“ed” stop-stopped-stopped drop-dropped-dropped stop-stopped-stopped drop-dropped-dropped AABAAB型型 beat be

5、at beaten beat beat beaten ABA ABA型型become became become become became become run ran run run ran run come came come come came come ABBABB型型catch caught caught dig dug dugcatch caught caught dig dug dugfeel felt felt fight fought fought feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found hear heard

6、heard find found found hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kepthold held held keep kept keptlay laid laid lead led led lay laid laid lead led led make made made meet met met make made made meet met met sell sold sold shoot shot shot sell sold sold shoot shot shot sit sat sat stand stood stoods

7、it sat sat stand stood stoodsweep swept swept teach taught taught sweep swept swept teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought tell told told think thought thought lose lost lost win won wonlose lost lost win won wonbring brought brought buy bought bought bring brought brought buy boug

8、ht bought build built builtbuild built builtburn burnt burnt burn burnt burnt ABCABC型型 begin began begun blow blew blown begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken choose chose chosen break broke broken choose chose chosen draw drew drawn drive drove drivendraw drew drawn drive drove drive

9、ndrink drank drunk fly flew flown drink drank drunk fly flew flown write wrote written forget forgot forgottenwrite wrote written forget forgot forgottenfreeze froze frozen give gave given freeze froze frozen give gave given grow grew grown know knew known grow grew grown know knew known ride rode r

10、idden rise rose risenride rode ridden rise rose risenring rang rung shake shook shaken ring rang rung shake shook shaken sing sang sung sink sank sunk sing sang sung sink sank sunk swim swam swum throw threw thrownswim swam swum throw threw thrown1 1、表持續(xù)表持續(xù)：現(xiàn)在完成時表示：現(xiàn)在完成時表示一個過去發(fā)生的動作或開始的狀態(tài)一個過去發(fā)生的動作或開始

11、的狀態(tài)在過去并在過去并未完成未完成或結(jié)束或結(jié)束，而是，而是一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且，并且有可能繼續(xù)下去有可能繼續(xù)下去( (也可能到此結(jié)束也可能到此結(jié)束) )。表示從過去到現(xiàn)在并包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時間的時間狀語有：表示從過去到現(xiàn)在并包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時間的時間狀語有：lately, lately, recently, in the last/past few days/yearsrecently, in the last/past few days/years（在過去的幾年里）（在過去的幾年里）,since ,since then, up to now,then, up to now,

12、up to present, so far,up to now,up till now,till nowup to present, so far,up to now,up till now,till now。eg:eg:In the few past years,great changes have taken place in my In the few past years,great changes have taken place in my hometown.hometown.在過去的幾年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。在過去的幾年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。He has taug

13、ht in our school for 30 years.He has taught in our school for 30 years.他在我們學(xué)校教書已有他在我們學(xué)校教書已有3030年了。年了。注意：當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時表示持續(xù)時，謂語動詞不能使用非延續(xù)性動詞（短暫性動注意：當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時表示持續(xù)時，謂語動詞不能使用非延續(xù)性動詞（短暫性動詞），而應(yīng)該使用延續(xù)性動詞，即換一種說法，如詞），而應(yīng)該使用延續(xù)性動詞，即換一種說法，如He has been away for one minutesHe has been away for one minutes他已經(jīng)離開一分鐘了。他已經(jīng)離開一分鐘了。She

14、 has kept the table for three months.She has kept the table for three months.她已經(jīng)借了這張桌子三個月了。她已經(jīng)借了這張桌子三個月了。同一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示將來一樣，現(xiàn)在完成時也可以在時間狀語從句里表示將同一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示將來一樣，現(xiàn)在完成時也可以在時間狀語從句里表示將來。如：來。如：Ill wait until he has written his letter.Ill wait until he has written his letter.我愿等到他把信寫完。我愿等到他把信寫完。When you have res

15、ted, Ill show you the garden.When you have rested, Ill show you the garden.等你休息好之后，我領(lǐng)等你休息好之后，我領(lǐng)你看我們的花園。你看我們的花園。2 2、表影響：表影響：用法的現(xiàn)在完成時表示一個過去發(fā)生的動作在過去用法的現(xiàn)在完成時表示一個過去發(fā)生的動作在過去已經(jīng)完成已經(jīng)完成，并且這，并且這個動作個動作對現(xiàn)在仍有影響或結(jié)果對現(xiàn)在仍有影響或結(jié)果，同時說話者，同時說話者強(qiáng)調(diào)的或感興趣的就是這個影響或結(jié)果強(qiáng)調(diào)的或感興趣的就是這個影響或結(jié)果，常用的時間狀語時：常用的時間狀語時：alreadyalready，just,yet,be

16、forejust,yet,before等。等。He has been away from the city.He has been away from the city.他已離開這個城市。他已離開這個城市。( (結(jié)果：他不在這個城市。結(jié)果：他不在這個城市。) )Someone has broken the window.Someone has broken the window.有人把窗戶打破了。有人把窗戶打破了。( (結(jié)果：窗戶仍破著。結(jié)果：窗戶仍破著。) )I have lost my pen.I have lost my pen.我把鋼筆丟了。我把鋼筆丟了。( (結(jié)果：我現(xiàn)在無鋼筆用。結(jié)

17、果：我現(xiàn)在無鋼筆用。) )He has finished his work.He has finished his work.他把工作做完了。（結(jié)果：他可以做其他的事了。）他把工作做完了。（結(jié)果：他可以做其他的事了。）3 3、在、在“最高級最高級+ +名詞名詞”或或“It/This is +the first/second.time”“It/This is +the first/second.time”之后的定之后的定語從句中，謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。語從句中，謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。This is the first time(that) I have come here.This is the

18、 first time(that) I have come here.這是我第一次來這里。這是我第一次來這里。This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.這是我喝過的最好的茶了。這是我喝過的最好的茶了。4 4、瞬間動詞又稱非延續(xù)性動詞、終止性動詞。瞬間動詞關(guān)于完成時態(tài)但不可以、瞬間動詞又稱非延續(xù)性動詞、終止性動詞。瞬間動詞關(guān)于完成時態(tài)但不可以表示一段時間的狀語。瞬間動詞的否定式可以接表示一段時間的狀語。表示一段時間的狀語。瞬間動詞的否定式可以接表示一段時間的狀語。

19、 He has come to Beijing since last year.(F) He has come to Beijing since last year.(F) He has lived in Beijing since last yea.(T) He has lived in Beijing since last yea.(T)alreadyalready：用在用在肯定句中肯定句中（bebe動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，實(shí)意動詞之前）動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，實(shí)意動詞之前）yetyet：放在：放在否定句和一般疑問句句末否定句和一般疑問句句末。例如：例如：I have I have

20、 already already finished the work.finished the work.我已經(jīng)完成這項(xiàng)工作了。我已經(jīng)完成這項(xiàng)工作了。 改為否定句：改為否定句：I havent finished the work I havent finished the work yetyet. .我還沒有完成這項(xiàng)工作。我還沒有完成這項(xiàng)工作。改為一般疑問句：改為一般疑問句：Have you finished the work Have you finished the work yetyet？since+since+時間點(diǎn)時間點(diǎn)=for+=for+時間段時間段since+since+一般過去

21、時態(tài)的時間狀語從句一般過去時態(tài)的時間狀語從句 =since+ =since+時間點(diǎn)時間點(diǎn)+ago+agosince+since+一般過去時態(tài)的時間狀語從句。一般過去時態(tài)的時間狀語從句。1.1.現(xiàn)在完成時不能單獨(dú)與準(zhǔn)確時間狀語連用，（如表示過去的時間狀語）現(xiàn)在完成時不能單獨(dú)與準(zhǔn)確時間狀語連用，（如表示過去的時間狀語）如如yesterday(morningyesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morningafternoon),last(morning、afternoonafternoon）等，除非與）等，除非與for,sincefor,since連用連用. .2.2

22、.現(xiàn)在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用現(xiàn)在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用如如 a l r e a d ya l r e a d y （ 肯 定 句 中 ） ，（ 肯 定 句 中 ） ， y e ty e t （ 否 定 ， 疑 問 ， 句 末 ） ，（ 否 定 ， 疑 問 ， 句 末 ） ，just,before,recently,still,lately,neverjust,before,recently,still,lately,never等：等：He has already obtained a scholarship.He has already obtained a

23、 scholarship.他已經(jīng)獲得了一份獎學(xué)金。他已經(jīng)獲得了一份獎學(xué)金。I havent seen much of him recently (lately).I havent seen much of him recently (lately).我已經(jīng)很久沒有看到他（最我已經(jīng)很久沒有看到他（最近的）。近的）。We have seen that film before.We have seen that film before.我們以前已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。我們以前已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。Have they found the missing child yet?Have they found t

24、he missing child yet?他們找到失蹤的孩子了嗎？他們找到失蹤的孩子了嗎？3. 3. 現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)經(jīng)常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用，現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)經(jīng)常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用，eg,eg,often,sometimes,ever,never,twice,on several occasionoften,sometimes,ever,never,twice,on several occasion等：等： Have you ever been to Beijing? Have you ever been to Beijing?你以前去過北京嗎？你以前去過北京嗎？4. 4. 現(xiàn)在完成時還往

25、往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時間在內(nèi)的時間狀語連用現(xiàn)在完成時還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時間在內(nèi)的時間狀語連用如如now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,just,today,up to now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,just,today,up to present,so farpresent,so far，this morning/week/month/year,this morning/week/month/year,等：等：Peter has written six papers so far.Pete

26、r has written six papers so far.彼得寫了六篇論文，到目前為止。彼得寫了六篇論文，到目前為止。Up to the present everything has been successful.Up to the present everything has been successful.到現(xiàn)在為止一切都是成功到現(xiàn)在為止一切都是成功的。的。5.5.現(xiàn)在完成時還可以用來表示過去的一個時間到現(xiàn)在這段時間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動現(xiàn)在完成時還可以用來表示過去的一個時間到現(xiàn)在這段時間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動作作. .6.6.現(xiàn)在完成時的現(xiàn)在完成時的 完成用法完成用法 指的是動作發(fā)生在過去某一時

27、刻并已結(jié)束。指的是動作發(fā)生在過去某一時刻并已結(jié)束。例如：例如：He has turned the light off .He has turned the light off .他已把燈關(guān)了。他已把燈關(guān)了。現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時 完成用法完成用法 的特點(diǎn)是動作不延續(xù)，因此，該時態(tài)只能與表示不定的的特點(diǎn)是動作不延續(xù)，因此，該時態(tài)只能與表示不定的過去時間狀語（如：過去時間狀語（如：alreadyalready，yetyet，beforebefore，recentlyrecently等）、頻度時間狀語等）、頻度時間狀語（如：（如：nevernever，everever等）、包括現(xiàn)在時刻在內(nèi)的時間狀語（

28、如：等）、包括現(xiàn)在時刻在內(nèi)的時間狀語（如：this morning / this morning / month /year.month /year.，todaytoday等）連用。等）連用。例如：例如：Have you found your penHave you found your pen？你已經(jīng)找到你的鋼筆了嗎？你已經(jīng)找到你的鋼筆了嗎？例如：例如：Mary has done her homework . MaryMary has done her homework . Mary有做她的家庭作業(yè)。有做她的家庭作業(yè)。7.7.現(xiàn)在完成時的現(xiàn)在完成時的 未完成用法未完成用法 指的是動作開始于過

29、去某一時刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)指的是動作開始于過去某一時刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。例如：例如：He has lived here since 1978.He has lived here since 1978.自從自從19781978年以來，他一直住在這兒。年以來，他一直住在這兒。I have been in the army for more than 5 years.I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。了。此種用法的句中常需一個表示一段時間的狀語（由此種用法的句中常需一個表示一段時間的狀語（由sincesince或或forfor引導(dǎo)），或表示引導(dǎo)），或表示與現(xiàn)在時刻相連的時間狀語（如：與現(xiàn)在時刻相連的時間狀語（如：up to nowup to now，so farso far）等。）等。例如：例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒有他的任到目前為止我沒有他的任何消息。何消息。注意：（注意：（1 1）現(xiàn)在完成時的未完成