1、神州數(shù)碼系統(tǒng)集成服務(wù)有限公司密級：第1篇（共1篇）Linux系統(tǒng)維護(hù)例行操作指導(dǎo)手冊外包交付中心方案名稱：編寫：審核：批準(zhǔn)：編寫日期：審核日期：批準(zhǔn)日期：修訂狀況章節(jié)編號章節(jié)名稱修訂內(nèi)容簡述修訂日期修訂前版本號修改人目錄:1系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)41.1 招商信諾Linux系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)圖4.1.2 服務(wù)器概要信息.4.數(shù)據(jù)庫信息.45.2主機(jī)系統(tǒng)監(jiān)控和預(yù)防性檢查操作方法2.1 操作頻率52.2 檢查硬盤燈、電源燈等狀態(tài)52.3 查看網(wǎng)卡狀態(tài)及重啟52.4 查看硬盤數(shù)以及分區(qū)狀態(tài)62.5 查看系統(tǒng)主要進(jìn)程運(yùn)行情況62.6 查看活動(dòng)進(jìn)程62.7 查看操作系統(tǒng)空間情況112.8.1 檢查操作系統(tǒng)日志1.2系統(tǒng)登錄日志

2、:last12查看系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)日志:dmesg.12.2.8.2 查看/var/log/messages系統(tǒng)日志1.2.2.8.3 查看其他日志1.22.9.1 查看操作系統(tǒng)性能1.2查看系統(tǒng)實(shí)時(shí)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)12.2.9.2 查看系統(tǒng)負(fù)載情況14,查看最近1,5,15分鐘平均系統(tǒng)負(fù)載：uptime.1.4.2.9.4查看當(dāng)前登陸系統(tǒng)的用戶1.52.9.5查看物理內(nèi)存和Swap空間使用率：free.15.例行作業(yè)操作方法1.53.1操作頻率1.53.2操作系統(tǒng)備份153.3過期系統(tǒng)日志清除1.6操作系統(tǒng)手工停止、啟動(dòng)、重啟操作步驟.16.4.1關(guān)閉操作系統(tǒng)1.64.2重啟操作系統(tǒng)1.64.3啟動(dòng)操作系統(tǒng)

3、1.6操作系統(tǒng)常見需求處理方法、常見問題解決方法1.75.1系統(tǒng)加固：175.2忘記root密碼185.3配置網(wǎng)卡205.4配置防火墻2.020操作系統(tǒng)應(yīng)急恢復(fù)方法1系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)1.1Linux系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)圖XX系統(tǒng)服務(wù)器主機(jī)XX系統(tǒng)服務(wù)器備機(jī)光纖交換機(jī)磁盤陣列PS:此圖只是示例，請根據(jù)實(shí)際項(xiàng)目系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)情況重新繪制1.2服務(wù)器概要信息服務(wù)器名IP地址操作系統(tǒng)主要應(yīng)用1.3數(shù)據(jù)庫信息數(shù)據(jù)庫所在服務(wù)器名IP地址數(shù)據(jù)庫版本端口Oracle用戶名SID注：以下各檢查項(xiàng)，如果有監(jiān)控軟件能實(shí)現(xiàn)檢查項(xiàng)的監(jiān)控報(bào)警，就不用手工檢查。否則需要手工檢查。2主機(jī)系統(tǒng)監(jiān)控和預(yù)防性檢查操作方法2.1操作頻率每工作日檢查1次。2.

4、2檢查硬盤燈、電源燈等狀態(tài)硬盤燈、電源燈正常為綠燈，如果出現(xiàn)黃燈或紅燈說明有問題。如果電源報(bào)警燈亮可以先檢查電源是否插好。如果都已插好則是電源損壞。需要通知硬件代維方更換硬件。2.3查看網(wǎng)卡狀態(tài)及重啟重啟網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)：#servicenetworkrestart查看網(wǎng)絡(luò)狀態(tài)：#ifconfigpmc2:#ifconfigeth0Linkencap:EthernetHWaddr00:1F:29:09:69:4Ainetaddr:10.1.180.73Bcast:10.1.180.255Mask:255.255.255.0UPBROADCASTRUNNINGMULTICASTMTU:1500Metri

5、c:1RXpackets:6421788961errors:0dropped:0overruns:0frame:0TXpackets:9685332818errors:0dropped:0overruns:0carrier:0collisions:。txqueuelen:1000RXbytes:652478847531(622252.3Mb)TXbytes:12895085984008(12297712.3Mb)Interrupt:185Memory:f8000000-f8012100loLinkencap:LocalLoopbackinetaddr:127.0.0.1Mask:255.0.0

6、.0UPLOOPBACKRUNNINGMTU:16436Metric:1RXpackets:6385721errors:0dropped:0overruns:0frame:0TXpackets:6385721errors:0dropped:0overruns:0carrier:0collisions:0txqueuelen:0RXbytes:402215646(383.5Mb)TXbytes:402215646(383.5Mb)2.4查看硬盤數(shù)以及分區(qū)狀態(tài)#fdiskTpmc2:/var/log#fdisk-lDisk/dev/cciss/c0d0:146.7GB,146778685440by

7、tes255heads,63sectors/track,17844cylindersUnits=cylindersof16065*512=8225280bytesDeviceBootStartEndBlocksIdSystem/dev/cciss/c0d0p112622104483+82Linuxswap/Solaris/dev/cciss/c0d0p2*2631784414122741583Linux2.5查看系統(tǒng)主要進(jìn)程運(yùn)行情況#ps-ef|grepbackup2.6查看活動(dòng)進(jìn)程#ps-aux監(jiān)聽某個(gè)進(jìn)程lsof中進(jìn)程號pmc2:#ps-auxWarning:badpssyntax,per

8、hapsabogus'-'?Seeroot20.00.000?S20080:01migration/0root30.00.000?SN20080:00ksoftirqd/0root40.00.000?S20080:00migration/1root50.00.000?SN20080:00ksoftirqd/1root60.00.000?S20080:00migration/2root70.00.000?SN20080:00ksoftirqd/2root80.00.000?S20080:00migration/3root90.00.000?SN20080:00ksoftirqd/

9、3root100.00.000?S20080:01migration/4root110.00.000?SN20080:00ksoftirqd/4root120.00.000?S20080:00migration/5root130.00.000?SN20080:00ksoftirqd/5root140.00.000?S20080:00migration/6root150.00.000?SN20080:00ksoftirqd/6root160.00.000?S20080:01migration/7root170.00.000?SN20080:00ksoftirqd/7root180.00.000?

10、S<20080:00events/0root190.00.000?S<20080:00events/1root200.00.000?S<20080:00events/2root210.00.000?S<20080:00events/3root220.00.000?S<20080:00events/4root230.00.000?S<20080:00events/5root240.00.000?S<20080:00events/6root250.00.000?S<20080:00events/7root260.00.000?S<20080:0

11、0khelperroot270.00.000?S<20080:00kthreadroot370.00.000?S<20080:00kblockd/0root380.00.000?S<20080:08kblockd/1root390.00.000?S<20080:08kblockd/2root400.00.000?S<20080:00kblockd/3root410.00.000?S<20080:00kblockd/4root420.00.000?S<20080:00kblockd/5root430.00.000?S<20080:06kblockd

12、/6root440.00.000?S<20080:00kblockd/7root450.00.000?S<20080:00kacpidroot2440.00.000?S200899:04kswapd0root2450.00.000?S<20080:00aio/0root2460.00.000?S<20080:00aio/1root2470.00.000?S<20080:00aio/2root2480.00.000?S<20080:00aio/3root2490.00.000?S<20080:00aio/4root2500.00.000?S<200

13、80:00aio/5root2510.00.000?S<20080:00aio/6root2520.00.000?S<20080:00aio/7root4780.00.000?S<20080:00cqueue/0root4790.00.000?S<20080:00cqueue/1root4800.00.000?S<20080:00cqueue/2root4810.00.000?S<20080:00cqueue/3root4820.00.000?S<20080:00cqueue/4root4830.00.000?S<20080:00cqueue/5

14、root4840.00.000?S<20080:00cqueue/6root4850.00.000?S<20080:00cqueue/7root4860.00.000?S<20080:00kseriodroot5180.00.000?S<20080:00kpsmousedroot10070.00.000?S<20080:00ata/0root10080.00.000?S<20080:00ata/1root10090.00.000?S<20080:00ata/2root10100.00.000?S<20080:00ata/3root10110.00

15、.000?S<20080:00ata/4root10120.00.000?S<20080:00ata/5root10130.00.000?S<20080:00ata/6root10140.00.000?S<20080:00ata/7root10150.00.000?S<20080:00ata_auxroot10710.00.000?S<20080:00reiserfs/0root10720.00.000?S<20081:56reiserfs/1root10730.00.000?S<20081:55reiserfs/2root10740.00.00

16、0?S<20080:00reiserfs/3root10750.00.000?S<20080:00reiserfs/4root10760.00.000?S<20080:22reiserfs/5root10770.00.000?S<20081:25reiserfs/6root10780.00.000?S<20080:00reiserfs/7root11400.00.07128700?S<s20080:00/sbin/udevd-daemonroot18120.00.000?S<20080:00khubdroot18240.00.000?S20080:00

17、shpchpd_eventroot28650.00.010516736?Ss20080:00/sbin/resmgrdroot28960.00.08296876?Ss20082:27/sbin/syslog-ngroot28990.00.02640404?Ss20080:08/usr/sbin/irqbalanceroot29020.00.02884668?Ss20082:34/sbin/klogd-c1-x-xroot29070.00.02620520?Ss20080:00/sbin/acpid10029410.00.0131641140?Ss20080:33/usr/bin/dbus-da

18、emon-systemroot30390.00.0134003484?Ss20080:06/usr/sbin/hald-daemon=yes-retain-privilegesroot34180.00.06012736?S20080:00hald-addon-acpiroot35360.00.012012632?S<sl20080:00/sbin/auditd-nroot35380.00.000?S<20080:00kauditdnobody35420.00.04844672?Ss20080:00/sbin/portmapdaemon35930.00.0129841044?Ss20

19、080:00/usr/sbin/slpdroot37090.00.01229641104?Ssl20082:16/usr/sbin/nscdlp38790.00.0242844120?Ss20080:00/usr/sbin/cupsdroot38930.00.000?S<20080:00nfsd4root38940.00.000?S20080:00nfsdroot38950.00.000?S20080:00nfsdroot38960.00.000?S20080:00nfsdroot38970.00.000?S20080:00nfsdroot38990.00.000?S20080:00lo

20、ckdroot39000.00.000?S<2008162:34rpciod/0root39010.00.000?S<20080:00rpciod/1root39020.00.000?S<20080:00rpciod/2root39030.00.000?S<20080:00rpciod/3root39040.00.000?S<20080:00rpciod/4root39050.00.000?S<20080:00rpciod/5root39060.00.000?S<20080:00rpciod/6root39070.00.000?S<20080:0

21、0rpciod/7root39250.00.05928624?Ss20080:00/usr/sbin/rpc.mountdroot39640.00.0270561464?Ss20080:11/usr/sbin/sshd-oPidFile=/var/run/sshd.init.pidroot39780.00.0202882004?S20080:06/usr/sbin/powersaved-d-f/var/run/acpid.socket-v3root40590.00.0213242172?Ss20080:02/usr/lib/postfix/masterroot40900.00.07100572

22、?Ss20080:01/usr/sbin/cronpostfix40950.00.0213282160?S20080:11qmgr-l-tfifo-uroot43930.00.03060704tty1Ss+20080:00/sbin/mingetty-nocleartty1root43950.00.03060692tty3Ss+20080:00/sbin/mingettytty3root43960.00.03060708tty4Ss+20080:00/sbin/mingettytty4root43970.00.03064688tty5Ss+20080:00/sbin/mingettytty5r

23、oot43980.00.03064692tty6Ss+20080:00/sbin/mingettytty6oracle46310.00.16304810244?Ssl20082:53/opt/oracle/product/10.2/db_1/bin/tnslsnrLISTENER-inheritroot300310.00.0286481568?Ss20080:00login-rootroot245510.00.097202292tty2Ss+20080:00-bashroot239010.00.0508806652?S20080:08/opt/gnome/sbin/gdmroot239140.

24、00.0602682820?S20080:00/opt/gnome/sbin/gdmroot239170.00.1448768312tty7Ss+2008118:31/usr/X11R6/bin/X:0-audit0-br-auth/var/lib/gdm/:0.Xauthvt7gdm239360.00.29422818812?/opt/gnome/lib64/gdm/gdmgreeterSs20080:00root240770.00.08700444?-daemonSs20080:00/usr/bin/gpg-agent-shroot240820.00.010268900?-print-pi

25、d8-print-address6-sessionSs20080:00dbus-daemon-forkroot177910.00.010268892?Ss20090:00dbus-daemon-fork-print-pid8-print-address6-sessionoracle281980.00.1619849096?Ssl20090:24/opt/oracle/product/10.2/db_1/bin/tnslsnrLISTENER-inheritoracle282050.00.2256331619812?Ss20090:01ora_pmon_orcloracle282070.00.1

26、256214416180?Ss20091:33ora_psp0_orcloracle282090.010.82562140887704?Ss20090:10ora_mman_orcloracle282110.022.925959521879296?Ss20096:00ora_dbw0_orcloracle282130.00.5257769648272?Ss20098:24ora_lgwr_orcloracle282150.01.22563684102704?Ss200912:35ora_ckpt_orcloracle282170.016.725647801369832?Ss20099:24or

27、a_smon_orcloracle282190.03.22563724267828?Ss20090:00ora_reco_orcloracle282210.08.52563796698012?Ss20093:10ora_cjq0_orcloracle282230.031.733474562593104?Ss200913:57ora_mmon_orcloracle282250.02.02562140164608?Ss20090:04ora_mmnl_orcloracle282270.00.2256298816464?Ss20090:00ora_d000_orcloracle282330.00.1

28、256331615680?Ss20090:00ora_s000_orcloracle282370.00.4257769633280?Ss20090:46ora_arc0_orcloracle282390.00.4257769633140?Ss20090:45ora_arc1_orcloracle282430.00.2256214017564?Ss20090:00ora_qmnc_orcloracle282470.016.925648041389684?Ss20090:27ora_q000_orcloracle282490.00.2256213616768?Ss20090:05ora_q001_

29、orcloracle252970.00.3256284831136?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle252990.00.2256227219720?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253010.00.2256226819648?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253030.00.2256226819632?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253050.00.2256226819620?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(

30、LOCAL=NO)oracle253070.00.2256226819656?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253090.00.2256226819636?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253110.00.2256226819632?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253130.00.2256226819624?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253150.00.2256226819628?SsSep030:00oracle

31、orcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253170.00.2256227219828?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253190.00.2256226819628?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253210.00.2256227219652?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253230.00.2256226819648?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253250.00.2256226819656?SsSep030:00o

32、racleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253270.00.2256227219648?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253290.00.2256227219656?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253310.00.2256227219668?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253330.00.2256227219652?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253350.00.2256227219672?SsSep03

33、0:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253370.00.3256230027968?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253390.07.62565116629144?SsSep032:53oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253410.00.4256280439076?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253450.00.7256279261712?SsSep030:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253530.02.62579964216368?

34、SsSep030:03oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle253551.311.62565124949284?SsSep0399:19oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle325670.217.025651201397576?SsSep0416:22oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle326230.07.42565080612796?SsSep043:33oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle326330.011.52571092945668?SsSep042:28oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)oracle326370.05

35、.52563932453380?SsSep040:25oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)root193860.00.000?SSep070:00pdflushroot193870.00.000?SSep070:03pdflushroot38121.80.02592476?Ss06:4711:31zmd/usr/lib/zmd/zmd.exe-sleep82199oracle231440.01.32564960114488?Ss13:260:00oracleorcl(LOCAL=NO)root232640.00.0408922892?Ss13:570:00sshd:rootpts/1roo

36、t232700.00.097162288pts/1Ss13:570:00-bashpostfix239400.00.0212962064?S16:170:00pickup-l-tfifo-uoracle242540.00.3256372829512?Ss17:170:00ora_j000_orclroot242550.00.03496900pts/1R+17:170:00ps-aux2.7查看操作系統(tǒng)空間情況#df-kpmc2:#df-kFilesystem1K-blocksUsedAvailableUse%Mountedon/dev/cciss/c0d0p214122307640411988

37、10081108829%/udev408921611640891001%/dev參數(shù)h中文顯示df-h查看文件系統(tǒng)使用率有沒有大于90%（閥值，可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況設(shè)定）。超過閥值后及時(shí)清理空間。2.8檢查操作系統(tǒng)日志2.8.1系統(tǒng)登錄日志：lastlast默認(rèn)記錄一個(gè)月的登錄信息。2.8.2查看系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)日志：dmesg#dmesg=因?yàn)檩敵鲂畔⑤^多一般配合grep使用如：查看系統(tǒng)raid情況應(yīng)dmesg|grepTraid2.8.3查看/var/log/messages系統(tǒng)日志#cat/var/log/messages查看系統(tǒng)日志，它包含了用戶登陸情況，usb等可移動(dòng)設(shè)備的插拔情況等等。2.8.4

38、查看其他日志其它日志都放在/var/log目錄下，文件/etc/logrotate.conf和目錄/etc/logrotate.d/下的文件指出了哪些日志文件是重復(fù)利用的。2.9查看操作系統(tǒng)性能2.9.1查看系統(tǒng)實(shí)時(shí)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)#toppmc2:#top=如果發(fā)現(xiàn)sy出現(xiàn)20+以上則說明系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)瓶頸需要查看進(jìn)程確定調(diào)整系統(tǒng)的相應(yīng)參數(shù)如果wa過高則表示有頻繁的磁盤讀寫應(yīng)檢查是否存在拖庫現(xiàn)象如果cached接近toutal則說明系統(tǒng)資源被占滿應(yīng)查看是否有進(jìn)程溢出top-17:14:12up858days,1:06,11users,loadaverage:0.04,0.01,0.00Tasks:182t

39、otal,1running,181sleeping,0stopped,0zombieCpu(s):0.0%us,0.0%sy,0.0%ni,99.7%id,0.3%wa,0.0%hi,0.0%si,0.0%stMem:8178432ktotal,8071144kused,107288kfree,43280kbuffersSwap:2104472ktotal,96628kused,2007844kfree,6725288kcachedPIDUSERPRNIVIRTRESSHRS%CPU%MEMTIME+COMMAND28211oracle1702535m1.8g1.8gS023.06:00.47

40、oracle1root160780304256S00.00:49.46init2rootRT0000S00.00:01.19migration/03root3419000S00.00:00.00ksoftirqd/04rootRT0000S00.00:00.30migration/15root3419000S00.00:00.00ksoftirqd/16rootRT0000S00.00:00.25migration/27root3419000S00.00:00.00ksoftirqd/28rootRT0000S00.00:00.26migration/39root3419000S00.00:0

41、0.00ksoftirqd/310rootRT0000S00.00:01.08migration/411root3419000S00.00:00.00ksoftirqd/412rootRT0000S00.00:00.83migration/513root3419000S00.00:00.00ksoftirqd/514rootRT0000S00.00:00.91migration/615root3419000S00.00:00.00ksoftirqd/616rootRT0000S00.00:01.28migration/717root3419000S00.00:00.00ksoftirqd/71

42、8root10-5000S00.00:00.14events/019root10-5000S00.00:00.28events/120root10-5000S00.00:00.27events/221root10-5000S00.00:00.03events/322root10-5000S00.00:00.06events/423root10-5000S00.00:00.02events/524root10-5000S00.00:00.02events/625root10-5000S00.00:00.20events/726root10-5000S00.00:00.87khelper27roo

43、t10-5000S00.00:00.56kthread37root10-5000S00.00:00.30kblockd/038root10-5000S00.00:08.89kblockd/139root10-5000S00.00:08.46kblockd/240root10-5000S00.00:00.00kblockd/341root10-5000S00.00:00.09kblockd/442root10-5000S00.00:00.26kblockd/543root10-5000S00.00:06.15kblockd/644root10-5000S00.00:00.05kblockd/74

44、5root10-5000S00.00:00.00kacpid244root150000S00.099:04.92kswapd0245root13-5000S00.00:00.00aio/0246root13-5000S00.00:00.00aio/1247root13-5000S00.00:00.00aio/2248root13-5000S00.00:00.00aio/3249root13-5000S00.00:00.00aio/4250root13-5000S00.00:00.00aio/5ctrl+c退出2.9.2查看系統(tǒng)負(fù)載情況#vmstatpmc2:#vmstat110procs-me

45、moryswapiosystemcpurbswpdfreebuffcachesisobiboincsussyidwast009662847056519126774224003218000099000096628470565191267742240000262460010000009662847056519126774224000402703100100000096628528925191267742240004827060001000000966285289251912677422400002722600100000096628528925191267742240000262480010000009662852892519126774224000482703800100000096628528925191267742240002826748001000000