1、The Creation of Splendor in Adversity like Robinson Crusoe,英美文學(xué)論文像魯濱遜一樣在逆境中創(chuàng)造精彩 摘要:魯濱遜是笛福創(chuàng)造出來的一個傳奇人物，他以自己頑強(qiáng)的毅力和堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志在孤島上生活了二十八年之久，并且最終戰(zhàn)勝了艱苦的環(huán)境，創(chuàng)造出了人生中的精彩。魯濱遜在面對逆境的時候，懂得失去也是一種獲得，不斷地為將來做打算，凡事都有計(jì)劃，有安排，并且從沒有放棄過獲救的希望。現(xiàn)代社會的人們生活在物質(zhì)優(yōu)越的環(huán)境下，也許不會有像魯濱遜一樣的經(jīng)歷，但生活中總會遇到一定的坎坷或逆境，面對逆境人們應(yīng)該像魯濱遜一樣調(diào)整好心態(tài)，積極地為將來做打算，有計(jì)劃地安排生

2、活，并且善于在逆境中發(fā)現(xiàn)、創(chuàng)造，永不放棄走出逆境的希望，頑強(qiáng)地與逆境作斗爭，從而創(chuàng)造出自己人生的精彩。 關(guān)鍵詞:逆境；希望；創(chuàng)新；堅(jiān)持；精彩 The Creation of Splendor in Adversity like Robinson Crusoe Abstract:Robinson Crusoe is a legendary person created by Daniel Defoe. He survived on a lonely island for twenty-eight years with his amazing willpower. And finally he o

3、vercame the adversity and created the splendor of his own life. When he was confronting adversity, he knew to lose is another way to gain, and he made plans for his future life. He did everything according to certain plans. And he never gave up. Nowadays, people live in a better society. Nobody woul

4、d have the experiences like Robinsons, but people may come across some difficulty or adversity. When they are confronting the adversity, they should adjust their attitudes, make plans for the future actively, be good at bringing forth new ideas in adversity, and never give up the hope to get out of

5、it, struggle against it indomitably like Robinson Crusoe. Eventually they will get out of the adversity, and create the splendor of their own lives. Key Words:adversity; hope; innovation; perseverance; splendor Introduction It is well known that Robinson Crusoe is a great character by Daniel Defoe.

6、Though Robinson is a fictitious great person, he tells people the truth that we should confront the adversity properly. Robinson Crusoes life is full of legends. He was born in a good family in the city of York. Owing to his rambling thoughts about going to the sea, he broke loose to be a sailor aga

7、inst his parents will. Unfortunately, he was caught by the Morning and became a slave at the African shore. Because of the unbearable life, he escaped from his Patron in a boat. Then he was saved by a freighter. And he was sent to Brazils safely. He became rich by plantation. But when some one sugge

8、sted going to the sea to buy and sell Negroes, he surrendered himself to his dream again. Then he stepped on his way to navigation to Africa. On the way there, they were caught in a violent storm, which brought death to everyone except Robinson. He was driven by the current and drifted to an island

9、and was saved. Since then he began his life on the island. Robinsons life on the island is the most wonderful part of the whole story. Robinsons twenty-eight years life on the island is acclaimed as the acme of perfection. Confronting such an adversity, Robinson showed his amazing willpower and stau

10、nch life-force. He also showed people how to deal with adversity in life. Under such an adverse circumstance, he overcame various difficulties and created splendor of his life. Nowadays, people will not have Robinsons experiences. But people will run into various adversities. How will people confron

11、t adversity? I n real life, nobodys life is plain sailing. There will always be some bump or adversity. When people are thrown into such surroundings, they are always full of remorse, not knowing what to do. Learning from Robinsons experiences, people should learn his methods and attitudes towards a

12、dversity, confront adversity properly and create splendor of their own lives . I. Robinsons Attitudes towards the Adversity Reflected from His Twenty-eight Years Life on the Island Robinsons life is full of various adversities, and especially his 28 years life on the island is the most arduous one o

13、f the all. And the experience of living on the island can show best his attitudes towards the adversity. It is showed in the following aspects: A . Learning to Lose in Adversity Robinson is not a person who was born with courage to confront the adversity. He is not a man who is eager to live stably.

14、 But owing to his rebellious thoughts about sailing, he is always faced with various adversities. Why can he deal with the adversity well? It is his attitude that is the most important factor. When the adversity comes, is he happy? No. Just as he said, he had a dismal prospect of his condition. It i

15、s easy to see that Robinson also felt miserable. Though the adversity came unexpectedly, and Robinson also complained about his condition in the beginning, he can convert his thought to another one: But something always returned swift upon me to check these thoughts, and to reprove me; and particula

16、rly one day, walking with my gun in my hand by the seaside, I was very pensive upon the subject of my present condition, when Reason, as it were, expostulated with me tother way, thus: “Well, you are in a desolate condition, tis true, but pray remember, where are the rest of you? Did not you come el

17、even of you into the boat? Where are the ten? Why were not they saved and you lost? Why were you singled out? Is it better to be here, or there?” And then I pointed to the sea. All evils are to be considered with the good that is in them and with what worse attends them. (Daniel Defoe, 49) It is his

18、 transposing thoughts that changed his attitudes towards life. When he felt miserable about his condition, he thought of his companions misfortunes. He understood that his condition is not bad compared with them. As he said: “All evils are to be considered with the good that is in them and with what

19、 worse attends them.” It is just the same as the truth that to lose is another way to gain. There is no doubt that Robinson lost many things, such as his companions, his comfortable lifeBut he got more. He was survived, which is the most important for him. That is enough. Life is everything. Where t

20、here is life, there is hope. Besides, Robinson knew how to set the good against the evil to enjoy the comforts. EVIL I am cast upon a horrible desolate island, void of all hope of recovery. I am singled out and separated, as it were, from all the world to b e miserable. I am divided from mankind, a

21、solitaire, one banished from human society. I have not clothes to cover me. I am without any defense or means to resist any violence of man or beast. I have no soul to speak to, or relieve me. GOOD But I am alive, and not drowned, as all my ships company was. But I am singled out, too, from all the

22、ships crew to be spared from death; and he that miraculously saved me from death can deliver me from this condition. But I am not starved and perishing on a barren place, affording no sustenance. But I am in a hot climate, where if I had clothes I could hardly wear them. But I am cast on an island,

23、where I see no wild beasts to hurt me, as I saw on the of Africa. And what if I had been shipwrecked there? But God wonderfully sent the ship in near enough to the shore that I have gotten out so many necessary things as will either supply my wants, or enable me to supply myself even as long as I li

24、ve. (Daniel Defoe, 52) It is just as Robinson said that upon the whole, here was an undoubted testimony, that there was scarce any condition in the world so miserable, but there was something negative or something positive to be thankful for in it; and let this stand as a direction from the experien

25、ce of the most miserable of all conditions in the world, that we may always find in it something to comfort ourselves from and to set in the description of good and evil on the credit side of the account. Robinson made a comparison between the evil and good, and understood that he got more than he l

26、ost indeed. As time went on, he learned to take more upon the bright side of his condition, and less upon the dark side, and to consider what he enjoyed rather than what he wanted. Somebody thinks that if one gets great prestige, he will lose the freedom that the ordinary have; if one gets enormous

27、wealth, he will lose the ease when he is sleeping; if one gets brisk business, he will lose a lot of timeIn a word, if everyone can think of his own gain and loss seriously, he will find that there is real loss in varying degrees in the process of gaining. B. Making Plans for the Future on the Islan

28、d so that I had a tolerable view of subsisting without any want as long as I lived; for I considered from the beginning how I would provide for the accidents that might happen and for the time that was to come, even not only after my ammunition should be spent, but even after my health or strength s

29、hould decay.( Daniel Defoe, 50) From this, people can see that Robinson is a foresighted person. When he ran into the adversity, he could deal with it calmly, and he could consider his future rationally. Some people will lose his reasoning power when he is in a bad condition. But Robinson made plans

30、 for his future life on the island. For example, he made a plan for his daily work: every morning he walked out with his gun for two or three hours if it did not rain, then worked unt il about eleven oclock, then ate what he had, and lay down to sleep from twelve to two as the weather was excessivel

31、y hot, and then continued to work until the evening. He made plan not only for his daily work but also for his food, bullets and powder. His food was very limited. He always ate cannily. And he tried his best to find something eatable. Some times he went hunting, which he could get some meat for eat

32、ing through. And he tried to tame the sheep. Then he got not only milk but also some mutton. His bullets were used cannily and seriously. Only when it is quite necessary, he would use it. As for his powder, he considered it carefully; he separated his stock of powder into many little parcels to avoi

33、d danger. And he used them according to his plan. Because he did not know how long he would live on the island. Owing to his consideration and plans for his future life, he could live on the island for such a long time. Assume that Robinson did not consider his future life and did not make a series

34、of plans for it, he spent his food, bullets casually, and how could he live on? No one knows. C. Learning to Bring Forth New Ideas When He Is Short of the Necessity Though Robinson got a lot of things from the ship that wrecked, he was still short of some necessity, such as a table and a chair, a ba

35、sket, some earthen vessels and a stone mortar. When he faced the shortage of the necessity, he did not give up but think of ways to make out those necessities. Without a table, he could not write, eat or do other things. So he set to work and made a table and a chair. He just took the materials he h

36、ad. Though it took him a lot of time and labor, he finished them. And when he needed a basket in his life, he tried many ways to make one. But he failed. Though he knew the methods, he did not have the materials. Observing carefully, he found the twigs which were as tough as the osiers in England. T

37、hen he tried again to make a basket with the twigs. Finally he succeeded. He also tried to make some earthen vessels many times. Owing to the soil structure, he failed again and again. After having labored hard to find the clay, he made some jars and several small things. Because of a happy accident

38、, he found a broken piece of one of his earthen vessels burnt as hard as a stone, which brought him an idea of burning the whole vessel. Then he did so, and he succeeded in making some vessels and some pots. And he used these vessels and pots in his life. These necessities gave him some interest of

39、life. Though he had some certain necessity of life, he was still in lack of a stone mortar. He planted barley and rice, so he needed a stone mortar to pound them into powder to make bread. But he was unqualified for a stonecutter, and the stone was in solid rock which was not fit for making a stone

40、mortar. After a great deal of time was wasted in searching for it, he gave it up, and resolved to look out for a great block of hard wood. He finis hed it, and he ate the bread made by himself at last, which provided Robinson more food and made his life more wonderful. As Robinson said that reason i

41、s the substance and original of the mathematics, so by stating and squaring everything by reason and by making the most rational judgment of things, every man may be in time master of every mechanic art. (Daniel Defoe, 58) Robinson had never handled a tool in his life, but he could make out what he

42、wanted through his labor, application and contrivance. He always brought new ideas to solve his problems, which stemmed from the enlightenments in his life. And he made his life on the island more comfortable. It seemed as if it were a kingdom of his own. D.Being Perseverant Twenty-eight years is no

43、t a short time. It is difficult to live on an alone island for a person for such a long time. And he must bear the bad condition. But Robinson survived. Though he was unfortunate, he refreshed and began to plan for his own life; though he was in lack of many things, he tried his best to make them ou

44、t, not to just think about what he wanted; though the things he made were not good enough, they could be useful in his life; though he met with many difficulties, he never gave up. He was perseverant until he was saved. Living on an island alone for twenty-eight years is too difficult for a person.

45、And he lived on the island with limited necessities. This was more difficult. And during the twenty-eight years, Robinson lived comfortably and created his own “kingdom”. This resulted from his perseverance. When he met with some difficulties, he never gave up his hope, and overcame the difficulties

46、 with amazing willpower and tenacity. At last, he was saved. And during the twenty-eight years, Robinson created the splendor of his life, which astonished many people. . Present Situation of Dealing with Adversity Nowadays people wont have experience like Robinson Crusoe. But there is still some ad

47、versity in peoples life. For some reasons, some people can not deal with adversity very well. And they have some wrong ideas of dealing with adversity. A. The Causes of Dealing with Adversity Improperly There are various causes of dealing with adversity improperly, which can be divided into two grou

48、ps: one is the exterior cause, the other is interior one. The exterior cause is the basic one. With the development of the society, peoples life has become better and better. People are accustomed to a comfortable life. When they meet with adversity, they do not know what to do. For example, a young

49、 man has already been accustomed to ascendant life that his parents provide for him. If one day his parents can not provide him with such ascendant condition, what will he do? And the society and the family put much pressure on him. Thus he may not bear the pressure, and can not change the role well

50、. Then he may go too far, even do some illegal things to meet his needs. Though people think those who c an overcome the adversity are successful, the exterior pressure becomes one obstacle on the way. The interior cause refers to the psychological cause. It is the main reason. People always regard

51、the adversity as something that is impossible for them to overcome. Thus they are unable to overcome it. People always feel that they lose all things in such a situation. Then they begin to be pessimistic, and complain. Fear and self-abasement are the obstacles on the way to victory. If one can not

52、bear them, one will never be successful. Just as the Zurich Axiom saying goes: Optimism means expecting the best, but confidence means knowing how to handle the worst. People should not be beaten by themselves. For instance, Beethoven, a famous musician, continued to compose after his hearing, and c

53、reated the world-famous music. Whether one can overcome the difficulty or not depends on what they think of. B. Some Wrong Ideas of Dealing with Adversity Nowadays, many people have poor mentalities. They cannot treat the adversity properly. So they have some wrong ideas of dealing with adversity. S

54、ome people regard the adversity as the extreme which does not have room for convert. Consequently, they give up their hope, make no effort to get out, and they get a final loss. There is a parable about two frogs: two frogs fell into a jug which was filled with some milk. One frog thought that he wo

55、uld not get out of the jug for ever. Then he sank quickly. While the other made much effort to get out and succeeded in jumping out. It is easy to know the truth that adversity is different from extremity. Life is not fair. When one suffers the unfair treatment, he will complain about it constantly.

56、 And he will think he is the most unfortunate people in the world. In fact, it is meaningless. Hugo, a great French writer, was banished by the potentate, and wandered destitute far from home. Every day he always threw a lot of stones to the sea. When a brave child asked him the reason for it, he sa

57、id that he discarded painfulness of himself by doing so. Thus he overcame the adversity, created splendor of his own and achieved a lot in his career. People who are not forethoughtful and do not create some conditions in adversity will not get away from the plight. Otherwise people who live in adve

58、rsity are eager for chances. Chances belong to those who are prepared for them. One who is always positive and waits for the chance without considering the future or creating the chance will be beaten finally. Besides, people always lack the spirit to take a risk. It is as an old saying goes, Nothin

59、g ventured, nothing gained. A series of human beings discoveries and creature, the transformation of societies begins with the adventures. Galileos Astrophysics and Columbias discovery of the new land were owing to the adventures. If one never takes a risk or makes any mistakes, he will achieve nothing. If one will not write a letter when he does not know the appr opriate wording. The result is that the letter will ne