1、如何成為一名優秀的口譯員how to become an excellent interpretercontentsabstract.1key words.1iintroduction.2ii. note-taking skills.31. some useful mathematical symbols for note-taking.42. often-used signs .53. picture signs (which is a very individual skill and can be expanded) .54. english signs 65. personal abb

2、reviations made up by student himself .6iii. short-term memory (stm) training.7iv. predicting practice .9v. conclusion.10references.11how to become an excellent interpreter abstract: as english major, i always dream of becoming an excellent interpreter. then just what kind of skills should an excell

3、ent interpreter have? so in this paper i will generally discuss the difference between translation and interpretation and the significance of interpretation; then i will switch to the main body, which will introduce some basic skills for an excellent interpreter. such as note-taking skills, short-te

4、rm memory training, and predicting practice etc. in order to help the readers get a better understanding of such skills, i will try to provide enough examples correspondingly. when it comes to the purpose of writing this paper, i want to share with you my knowledge in interpreting and hope you can g

5、et some help from it. interpretation has experienced over 50 years development in the western world, and it has formed a comparatively mature theory system. in todays globalization world, interpretation is developing much faster than ever before. china, after the opening policy, is exchanging with t

6、he outside world on an extremely large scale. we can say that, it is likely to be a disaster without interpretation. key words: language difference; note-taking skills; short-term memory training; predicting ability摘 要：作為一名英語專業的學生，我一直夢想著能成為一名優秀的口譯員。那么，作為一名優秀的口譯員需要什么樣的技巧呢？在本篇論文的開頭部分，我簡要得闡述口譯和筆譯的區別和口譯

7、在當今社會的重要性；然后快速轉入本文的主體部分，即介紹一些口譯員所必須具備的技能。比如：做筆記的技巧、短時記憶訓練和預測能力的訓練等。為了使讀者能更好的理解這些技巧，我在文中列舉了大量的事例。至于寫作本文的目的，當然是與你分享本人在口譯方面的一點知識，并希望能對致力于口譯的你有所幫助。口譯在西方已經歷了五十多年的發展，并已形成了相對穩定的理論體系。然而，也面對不少問題。在當今全球化世界中，口譯正以前所未有的速度快速發展。中國，在改革開放之后，與世界各地進行廣泛的交流。因此，可以說“沒有口譯，就如世界末日的來臨”。關鍵詞：筆譯和口譯的區別；筆記技巧；短時記憶培訓；預測能力訓練i. introdu

8、ctiontranslation is defined as a kind of practice which uses one language to express the thoughts and feelings that communicated in another language completely and exactly (zhang weiwei:2006).the exercise of translating is a kind of special language activity within two languages and it involves a wi

9、de range of knowledge. the way of translating can be categorized as written translation and interpretation. the two are closely related linguistic disciplines. yet they are rarely performed by the same people. the differences in skills, training, attitude and even language knowledge are so substanti

10、al that few people can do both successfully on professional levels. usually we do not have to translate written work on the spot. instead we can take it back home, read it carefully, find out the difficult parts with the help of our reference books, and then translate it into the target language. th

11、e translators do written work. while as to interpretation, we often do it immediately after the speaker begins to speak. the interpreters do the work orally. so you cannot read the material thoroughly, and no other supplemental reference materials for you to turn to. and interpreters must have extra

12、ordinary listening ability to react as quickly as possible, interpret as accurately as you can. whether novice or experienced, all interpreters find this profession demanding and challenging. when an interpreter is working, he or she cannot afford to have a bad day. one bad interpreter can ruin a co

13、nference. therefore, knowing the difference between english and chinese and some basic skills for interpreting is necessary.all the languages are combination of meaning and form. as a result, the concern of any kind of translation is how to deal with the relationship between meaning and form skillfu

14、lly and tactically. compared english with chinese , as a whole ,english emphasizes hypotaxis, chinese focuses on parataxis (zhang weiwei:2006).so, chinese doesnt have to use conjunctions which make it more succinct, clear, and neat. e.g.: “if he doesnt do, i will do it” can be interpreted into “他不干，

15、我干” another major difference between the two, as linguists put it, is their thinking pattern. the english thinking pattern is from the partial to the whole, from small to big, from near to far, from unimportant to important, and from weak to strong. however, the chinese thinking pattern is just on t

16、he contrary (xu jianping:2005). therefore, rearranging the sentence pattern is a usual skill in interpretation. other differences between the two languages are as follows: english sentences are long and intricate, while chinese prefers to use short sentences; compared with chinese, english is more l

17、ikely to use passive voice, particularly in science and political dissertation; and there are too many items to be listed. but despite all these differences within the two languages, it cannot change their major similarity, that is, the “subject +predicate+ object” form (chang junyue:2004) .interpre

18、ters are in great demand nowadays. according to a survey, china is currently in want of about a million professional interpreters, which mainly due to the development of the foreign trade and communication, but there are only 200 graduates from interpreters training class every year. whether novice

19、or experienced, all interpreters find this profession demanding and challenging. therefore, it is necessary to master some skills for interpretation. ii. note-taking skillsnote-taking is of vital importance in interpreting. but before beginning to take notes, some preparation work is necessary. firs

20、tly, take a notebook of proper size in accord with the size of your hand, because mostly you have to hold it in hand. interpreters must take notes quickly and write on something convenient and easy to handle. a note-pad is recommended. secondly, fill your pen with ink beforehand and it is advisable

21、always to take two pens lest that one should be broken. thirdly, when finishing a segment, you should draw a line under it or turn to another page so as to separate it from the next part. as to note-taking, many interpreters, professional or amateur, agree that it is important in interpreting. notes

22、 are an aid to enhance the work done better. the main use of notes is to relieve memory. although an interpreter may have understood the main ideas of a speech, it is almost impossible for him or her to recall all the elements of a five-minute speech, particularly if it contains numbers, names, list

23、s, since such elements cannot be recalled on the basis of analysis and logic. moreover, through notes the interpreter can produce the content and structure of a speech, stressing the main ideas, the secondary elements and the relations among them. then what to note? the first thing to be noted shoul

24、d be the main ideas, firstly because they are the most significant elements of a speech, and secondly because they are the pillars of its structure. it is also important to systematically note the links between the different ideas as well to divide them clearly. usually, the speaker will make it cle

25、ar which ideas he wishes to emphasize by the way in which he presents them. in other words, the main ideas are cued. they are often cued by such semantic markers as: i would like to emphasize . the general point you must remember is . it is important to note that . i repeat that . the next point is

26、crucial to my argument . lets move on to another matter . my next point is . another problem to be discussed is . a related area would be . other ways in which lectures may cue their main points while speaking are by emphasis or repetition. another element which has to be clear is the point of view

27、being expressed: the audience must immediately realize who is speaking. as far as verbs are concerned, there are two basic things which must appear in the notes: verb tenses, with special attention to additional forms, and model verbs, whose semantic role in the sentence is always of paramount impor

28、tance. other fundamental data are numbers, dates and paper names, which must be noted accurately.also, interpreters do need to practice a few simple techniques to help them to be thorough in their note-taking. they should use abbreviations, and all kinds of techniques. a lot of time and effort can b

29、e saved by using abbreviations and symbols. the symbols you use must make sense to you; however, it is not necessary for anyone else to be able to understand them. note-taking is a very individual skill. the main point is to use techniques which you will be able to remember when revising your notes

30、some time later. for example, see the following parts.1. some useful mathematical symbols for note-taking: because, due to, thanks to, . ;: so, therefore, thus, consequently, . ;: is equal to, the same as, similar to, . ;: difference, disparity, is not equal to, not the same as, . ;: about, almost,

31、nearly, . ; : surpass, exceed, more than, superior to, . ;: less than, inferior to, . ;: plus, add, moreover, besides, . ;: minus, deduct, except, . ; : within, among, . ;: belong to, . ;: correct, good, positive, affirmative, . ; : wrong, mistake, bad, notorious, negative, . .2. often-used signs: :

32、 speak, express, think, . ;e.g.: for example, such as, . ;: delete, discard, give up, . ;_: underling a certain word or phrase to add to the mood of speech, indicating, emphasize, . ;! : 1) dangerous, warning, alarming, alert, hazardous, perilous, watch out, . ; 2) sure, certainly, of course, . ; :

33、trade, exchange, communication, relationship, . ;3. picture signs (which are a very individual skill and can be expanded): hospital, medical institution,o: complete, whole, all, all over,: nation, state, country, republic, kingdom, union, federal, . ; : export, : import,: victory, triumph,: dollar,

34、rich, money, well-off,: in the past, long before, past time,: in future, in the future,: woman, female,: man, male,: increase, improve, enhance, grow, heighten, lift, rise, raise, elevate, promote, escalate, climb up, boost,: decrease, decline, reduce, drop, fall, devaluate, diminish, cut down, go d

35、own, lower, fall off, and lessen,4. english signsy: year; m: month; w: week; m: minute; h: hour; s: second; d: day, today; c: century;b: but, however, nevertheless;e: economy, economics;g: government;n: many, much, endless, countless;s: science, scientific, society, social;r: reform, revolution;co:

36、company;edu: education;info: information;ag: agriculture;demo: demonstration;esp: especially;dis: disease;ex: exercise. (wu zhongming:2005) .5. personal abbreviations made up by student himselfif you find yourself having too frequently note down a certain word, it is sensible to find a way of abbrev

37、iating it. for example, a student of english literature listening to a lecture on the poet wordsworth could well use the initial w. instead of writing out the poets name in full each time he has to refer to it.all in all, the above are very commonly used signs in note-taking. in fact, it is possible

38、 for more symbols to be invented. interpreters should systematize their note-taking techniques and try to discover some other simple and lucid signs to enrich this note-taking system. however, we must be alert in using symbols, too many signs may lead to confusion and avoid turning into its opposite

39、 if pushed too far. here are some guidelines for note-taking:1) concentrate on the lecture or on the reading material.2) take notes consistently.3) take notes selectively. do not try to write down every word. remember that the average lecturer speaks approximately 125-140 words per minute, and the a

40、verage note-taker writes at a rate of about 25 words per minute. 4) translate ideas into your own words.5) organize notes into some sort of logical form.6) be brief. write down only the major points and important information.7) write legibly. notes are useless if you cannot read them later!8) do not

41、 be concerned with spelling and grammar. iii. short-term memory (stm) trainingbesides note-taking skills, a good interpreter also has to have the ability of short-term memory (stm) competence, which is an essential part in the process of interpreting. a skillful interpreter is expected to have a pow

42、erful memory. a good memory helps promote the listening ability. in the process of interpretation, a flow of words will soon be articulated. under this circumstance, it sometimes verges on being impossible for us to tackle all the questions immediately, so a memory plays a significant part in helpin

43、g us recall what is told. firstly, i will discuss the general difference between stm and long-term memory (ltm). the interpreter needs good short-term memory to retain what he or she has just heard for a short period of time without creating the neural mechanisms for later recall. once the interpret

44、ing assignment is over, the interpreter moves on to another one, often with different context, subject and speakers. long-term memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks, months, or even years later. to create these pathways

45、, we must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend to recall it later. ltm is a learning process. and it is essentially an important part of the interpreters acquisition of knowledge, because information stored in ltm may last for minutes to weeks, months, or even an

46、 entire life. the duration of stm is very short. it is up to 30 seconds. therefore, what we need is stm ability. firstly, we shall know the three main theories as to why we forget from our stm, that is: 1) displacement-existing information is replaced by newly received information when the storage c

47、apacity is full.2) decay-information decays over time.3) interference-other information present in the storage at the same time distorts the original information.the purpose of stm training in interpreting is to achieve a better understanding of the source language, which will lead to adequate inter

48、preting. memory in interpreting consists of nothing more than understanding the meaning, which is conveyed by the words. understanding is the first step in successful interpreting; therefore, memory training is to be provided in the early stage of interpreter training. interpreting starts with the e

49、ncoding of the information from the original speaker. according to giles effort model, interpreting is an stm-centered activity; the process of interpreting could be re-postulated into: encoding of information from the source language + storing information + retrieval of information + decoding infor

50、mation into the target language ().in interpreting the first phase probably takes up to 15 minutes (depending on the speakers segments) for the interpreter to encode and then store the information. in the second phase, the interpreter starts to retrieve information and decode it into the target lang

51、uage. the duration for storing the information is very limited. therefore, in the first step of interpreting, encoding (understanding) information uttered in the sl is the key to memory training.according to the above description, notes in interpreting are to assist in encoding information. by encod

52、ing language and numbers in sophisticated, striking images which flow into other strong images, we can accurately and reliably encode both information and the structure of information to be easily recalled later. it is also advisable that exercises with interference (e.g. noises) be provided in orde

53、r to prevent information loss in the short-term memory, since the environment and other information present in the storage may reduce the information encoded. recording speeches with specially inserted noises as a background is a recommended classroom practice, since this is a very effective method

54、to enable the students to concentrate and thus strengthen their stm duration. the following methods are recommended:1) retelling in the source language: we can play a recording of a text of about 200 words to retell in the same language. we should not take any notes. in the first instance, we should

55、 retell the text in the same words of the original to the largest possible extent. 2) mnemonic to memory: mnemonic is a device, such as a formula or rhyme, used as an aid in remembering. mnemonics are methods for remembering information that is otherwise quite difficult to recall. the basic principl

56、e of mnemonics is to use as many of the best functions of the human brain as possible to encode information. with a well-trained short-term memory, interpreters are actually equipped with an effective tool for the encoding and decoding information.iv. predicting practiceanother major ability is pred

57、iction. when we listen to a person speaking our own language, in many situations we can be one step ahead of the speaker. we can very often predict what that person is going to say nextperhaps not always the exact words, but at least the main ideas. have you ever found yourself finishing other peoples sentences for them? this is often something we do without even thinking about it. the more we can predict, the easier it becomes to understandin a foreign language too. in fact,