1、專題16科普類說明文2016高考題1.【2016全國新課標ii】creading can be a social activity. think of the people who belong to book groups. they choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. now, the website bookc turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.members go on the site and register the books they

2、own and would like to share. bookcrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.bruce pederson, the managing director of bookcrossi

3、ng, says, “the two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. bookcrossing combines both.”members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.people who find a boo

4、k can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. e-mails are then sent to the bookcrossing to keep them updated about where their books have been found. bruce peterson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.bookcrossing i

5、s part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虛擬). the site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.9. why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?a. to explain what they are. b.to introduce bookc

6、rossing.c. to stress the importance of reading. d. to encourage readers to share their ideas.10. what does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2refer to?a. the book. b.an adventure. c.a public place. d. the identification number.11. what will a bookcrosser do with a book after reading it?a. meet o

7、ther readers to discuss it. b.keep it safe in his bookcase. c. pass it on to another reader. d. mail it back to its owner.12. what is the best title for the text?a. online reading: a virtual tour b. electronic books: a new trend c. a book group brings tradition back d. a website links people through

8、 books【答案】9. b 10. a11. c 12. d 11.c 推理判斷題。根據文章第四段最后一句“.the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home”讓書蒙上塵土是一種很自私的行為，網站bookc的目的正是鼓勵人們與別人分享圖書，所以拿到書的人最可能繼續把書傳遞下去。故c項正確。12.d 標題概括題。根據文章第三段可知bookc把人生命中最重要的兩個事物：人和書聯系在一起。d項內容能夠涵蓋文章的中心思想?！久麕燑c睛】本文考查了代詞指代題。根據本句“

9、.hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it”留下書的人希望自己的書能夠隨著找到它的人走得更遠?？芍渲械膇t指代前半句提到的同一事物“the book”。閱讀的時候我們可以根據上下文的指代關系進行選擇：文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠，要認真查找；有時需要對前面提到的內容進行總結，才能得出代詞所指代的事。例如：however,theq

10、uestionthatmoonpeopleaskedisstillaninterestingone.agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.首先，it指上句中的thequestion，而thequestion又指上一段中“月球人”所提的問題，所以要經過兩次查找才能選出答案?？键c：考查說明文閱讀2.【2016北京】ccalifornia condors shocking recoverycalifornia condors are north americas largest birds, with wing-length of

11、 up to 3 meters. in the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(鉛中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.in the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying ov

12、er california and nearby arizona, utah and baja in mexico.electrical lines have been killing them off. “as they go in to rest for the night, they just dont see the power lines,” says bruce rideout of san diego zoo. their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(電死) if they

13、touch two lines at once.so scientists have come up with a shocking idea. tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocut

14、ion. this has now dropped to 18%.lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. when condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. this affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(腎) failures and de

15、ath. so condors with high levels of lead are sent to los angeles zoo, where they are treated with calcium edta, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. this work is starting to pay off. the annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011. rideo

16、uts team thinks that the california condors average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. “although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “they are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them. ”63.california condor

17、s attract researchers interest because they .a.are active at nightb.had to be bred in the wildc.are found on in californiad.almost died out in the 1980s64.researchers have found electrical lines are.a.blocking condors journey home b. big killers of califorbnia condorasc. rest places for condors at n

18、ightd. used to keep condors away65.according to paraghaph 5 ,lead poisoning.a.makes condors too nervous to fly b. has little effect on condors kidneysc. can hardly be gotten rid of form condors bloodd. makes it different for condors to produce baby birds66.the passage shows that .a.the average survi

19、val time of condors is satisfactoryb.rideouts research interest lies in electric engineeringc.the efforts to protect condors have brought good resultsd.researchers have found the final answers to the problem【答案】63.d64.b65.d66.c除c，故選d。64.b細節理解題。根據第三段“electrical lines have been killing them off.their

20、wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(電死) if they touch two lines at once.”可知，神鷹不知道停在電線上會觸電身亡，它們經常停在電線上休息，結果，很多被電死了，故選b。考點：環保類短文閱讀【名師點睛】推理判斷題屬于主觀題，是層次較高的題目。它包括判斷題和推理題。這兩類題常常相互依存，推理是為了作出正確的判斷，正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理。此類題要求在理解表面文字的基礎上，作出判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意思和深層意思，也就是通過文章中的文字信息、上下文的邏輯關

21、系及事物的發展變化等已知的信息，推斷出作者沒有直接表達的態度和觀點。推理判斷題的解題方法 ：推理判斷題不僅要求考生讀懂文章中的每個句子的意思還要推理它們之間的關系，結合自己的生活常識和經驗，再通過邏輯推理和判斷，理解文章的言外之意，從而揭示文章的深層涵義。任何一篇文章都有其特定的寫作目的，讀者需要知道如何去做或按照某種方式思考問題。推理判斷題的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理時我們務必要忠于原文，在文章中尋找并確定可推論的依據，即：已知部分推論的前提，從中推測出未知部分推理的結論，切忌妄加評論，把自己的觀點當成作者的觀點。3.【2016天津】c when john was growing

22、up, other kids felt sorry for him. his parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. but when john reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. he had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. most of all, he wa

23、s happier. far happier. these are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from boston. the study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. “boys who worked in the home or community gained competence

24、(能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,” said george vaillant, the psychologist (心理學家) who made the discovery. “and because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.” vaillants study followed these males in great detail. interviews were repeated at ages 25,

25、 31 and 47. under vaillant, the researchers compared the mens mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores with their boyhood-activity scores. points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems. the link between what the men had done as

26、boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. the researchers also found t

27、hat iq and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. working-at any age-is important. childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence-the underpinnings (基礎) of emotional health. they also help him understand

28、 that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. the most competent adults are those who know how to do this. yet work isnt everything. as tolstoy once said, “one can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love ones

29、 work.”46. what do we know about john?a. he enjoyed his career and marriage.b. he had few childhood playmates.c. he received little love from his family.d. he was envied by others in his childhood.47. vaillants words in paragraph 2 serve as _.a. a description of personal values and social valuesb. a

30、n analysis of how work was related to competencec. an example for parents expectations of their childrend. an explanation why some boys grew into happy men48. vaillants team obtained their findings by _.a. recording the boys effort in schoolb. evaluating the mens mental healthc. comparing different

31、sets of scoresd. measuring the mens problem solving ability49. what does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in paragraph 4?a. quick to reactb. having a thin edgec. clear and definited. sudden and rapid50. what can be inferred from the last paragraph?a. competent adults know more about love th

32、an work.b. emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life.c. love brings more joy to people than work does.d. independence is the key to ones success.【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章通過john的例子結合一個研究發現說明童年時期幫助做一些家務的孩子長大后會更快樂，更成功。46.【答案】a47.【答案】d【解析】試題分析：根據第二段的句子boys who worked in the home or community gained

33、 competence and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society，可知，第二段vaillant的話是解釋為什么一些男孩成長為快樂的人。故選d?？键c：考查推理判斷。48.【答案】c【解析】試題分析：根據第三段的句子the researchers compared the mens mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores，可知，vaillant的團隊獲得他們的發現是通過對比不同的得分。故選c。考點：考查細節理解。49.【答案】c 50.【答案】b 【解析】

34、試題分析：根據最后一段的句子one can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how too love, to work for the person one loves and to love ones work，可知，情感健康對于好的成年人生活是基本的。故選b?？键c：考查推理判斷?！久麕燑c睛】這篇文章內容和學生自己的生活密切相關，而且是通過調查研究的方式給出，更加有說服力，雖然是考試題，學生應該有興趣閱讀，文章篇幅適中?？疾楸容^全面，除了理解細節題，還需要適當的推理，還有詞義辨析類的題目，對學生能力考

35、查比較全面。做詞義辨析類的題目，要仔細閱讀這個詞所在的前后的句子，發現有沒有關聯的同義詞，反義詞或是這個詞的定義，分析這篇閱讀的49題，要求判斷sharp的含義，這個詞不是陌生的單詞，高中教材上出現過，它的意思是“鋒利的，尖銳的，敏捷的，聰明的”，但是代入后，發現這些意思都不符合，而結合所在句子，特別是下文的those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to

36、 be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed.可知和上文的觀點是一致的，也就是這些人在孩子的時候做的事情和他們成人后是怎樣的人之間的關聯是令人驚訝地明顯。答案也不難得出。4.【2016浙江】ca scientist working at her lab bench and a six-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.after all,the scientist is engaged in serious rese

37、arch to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is,well, just playingright?perhaps,but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.take a closer look at the baby playing at the table. each time the bowl

38、 of rice is pushed over the table edge, itfalls in the ground-and, in the process, it belongs out important evidence about how physical objects interact ; bowls of rice do not flood in mid-sit, but require support to remain stable. it is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the

39、universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. though their ranges and tools differ, the babys investigation and the scientists exp

40、eriment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world ), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what i expected?).some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way-that they in

41、vestigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. for example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or sh

42、e has. for example, unlike the child , mommy actually doesnt like dove chocolate. viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn ,but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? p

43、sychologists have suggested that science as an effort -the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world-is simply something that comes from our babyhood. perhaps evolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use o

44、f the same drive that served them as children. the same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. as some psychologists put it, ”it is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are bi

45、g children.”50. according to some developmental psychologists, a. a babys play is nothing more than a game.b. scientific research into babies; games is possiblec. the nature of babies play has been thoroughly investigatedd. a babys play is somehow similar to a scientists experiment51.we learn from p

46、aragraph 2 that a. scientists and babies seem to observe the world differentlyb. scientists and babies often interact with each otherc. babies are born with the knowledge of object supportd. babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do52. children may learn the rules of language by a. explo

47、ring the physical world b. investigating human psychologyc. repeating their own experiments d. observing their parents behaviors53. what is themain idea of the last paragraph?a. the world may be more clearly explained through childrens play.b. studying babies play may lead to a better understanding

48、of science.c. children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.d. ones drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.54. what is the authors tone when he discusses the connection between scientists research and babies play? a. convincing. b. confused. c. confide

49、nce. d. cautious.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了孩子的玩耍和科學家的研究有共同之處。50. 【答案】d【解析】試題分析：根據文章第一段的but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think，可知心理學家覺得孩子的玩耍和科學家的研究有些相似，故選d?？键c：考查細節理解。51. 【答案】d52. 【答案】c【解析】試題分析：根據文章第三段的句子for example, i

50、t may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering and finally overturning a theory可知孩子可以通過重復自己的實驗來學習語言的規律，故選c?？键c：考查細節理解。53. 【答案】b考點：考查細節理解。54. 【答案】d【解析】試題分析：根據作者在文中的用詞appear to和may來弱化絕對性的表達，和通過引用其他人的觀點some psychologist suggest/argue that 可知，作者的語氣是謹慎的。故選d?？键c：考查推理判斷?！久麕燑c睛】閱讀理解有時理解文章的長難句是關

51、鍵，理解不了這些句子很難理解文章的大意。下面我們分析一下這篇文章中的長句。句子1：it is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it.這句話使用分號連接兩個并列分句，前面的分句使用it is likely that這個句型，還有knowing作伴隨狀語，后面的分句是nor+倒裝句的結構。句意：可能孩子不是天生就知道宇宙的基本事實，他們也沒有被清楚的教過。句子2：for example, it may only be th

52、rough repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has.這句話使用強調句，強調的是through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory,這部

53、分比較長，考生可能沒有注意這個句式。主干部分中idea后面是同位語從句，from后面還有賓語從句。句意：例如，它可能只是通過反復實驗，收集證據，并最終推翻一個理論，一個嬰兒會接受其他人可以和他/她有不同的意見和愿望的想法。考點：考查說明類短文閱讀5.【2016江蘇】 b chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. but beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they hav

54、e little instinct (本能) to help one another. chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children. who are able from a young age to gather their own food. in the laboratory, chimps dont naturally share food either. if a chimp is put in a

55、cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random -he just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. chimps are truly selfish.human children, on the other hand are extremel

56、y corporative. from the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate a achieving common goals. the psychologist michael tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of expensive with very young children. he finds that if babies aged 18 months see an wo

57、rried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.there are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children. one is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. a third reason is that social intelligence.developsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive（認知的）skills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.intestsconducted