1 第 二 部分 新目標英語 八 年級 第 4 講 Book 1 Units 1-3 1. hardly adv. 幾乎不 ;幾乎沒有 e.g. I hardly know what to do. 我簡直不知道做什么好了。 拓展 hardly 是一個否定副詞，表示否定意義。它通常位于實義動詞之前，系動詞、助動 詞、情態動詞之后，常用來修飾表示能力的詞，如 can, could, be able to 等，表示事實上不可能。句中有 hardly 就已經表示否定了，不再使用其他否定詞。 e.g. It hardly rains here. 這里幾乎不下雨。 hardly 用在反意疑問句中時，附加問句用肯定形式。例如： e.g. It hardly rains here, does it? 這里幾乎不下雨，不是嗎？ 辨析 hard 和 hardly. hard 和 hardly 形式上非常接近，但意義截然不同。 hard 既可作形容詞又可作副詞。 hard 作形容詞時意為“困難的；硬的；勤奮的；嚴厲的；苛刻的”。 hard 作副詞時意為“努力地；猛烈地；劇烈地”。 e.g. This ground is too hard to dig. 這塊地太硬，挖不動（ hard 作形容詞）。 They tried hard to succeed. 他們努力地工作以求得成功。（ hard 作副詞） hardly 是副詞，意為“幾乎不；幾乎沒有”。 almost 和否定詞的組合可與 hardly互換。 e.g. Theres hardly any coffee left.=Theres almost no coffee left. 幾乎沒有剩余的咖啡了。 2. time n. 次；次數 (可數名詞 ) e.g. How many times do you watch TV a week? 你每周看幾次電視？ 拓展 time n. 時間（不可數名詞） e.g. What time is it now? 現在幾點了？ 辨析 sometimes, some times, sometime 和 some time sometimes adv. 有時候。表示動作發生的頻率，用于現在時態或過去時態。 e.g. He sometimes writes poems. 他有 時候寫詩。 some times 好幾次。表示動作發生的次數。 e.g. He has been to Shanghai some times. 他去過上海好幾次了。 sometime adv.在某時；有朝一日。指將來或過去的一個不確定的時間。 e.g. Ill come to see you sometime next week. 我回在下周某個時候來看你。 some time 作名詞詞組時意為“一段時間”；作副詞詞組時指一個未定的時間，意為“某日；改日”，常與將來時態連用。 e.g. I waited for you some time. 我等了你有些時間了。 聯想 與 time 相關的短語 many times 許多次 several times 幾次 some times 幾次 next time 下次 last time 上次 another time 另一次 3. help v. 幫助；協助 詞匯過關 2 e.g. Can I help you? 我能幫你嗎？ 拓展 help u. 幫助（不可數名詞） with the help of sb.=with ones help 在某人的幫助下。 e.g. With the help of her, I worked out the math problem. 在她的幫助下，我解出了這道數 學題。 聯想 help sb. (to) do sth. 幫助某人做某事 help sb with sth. 幫助某人做某事 help sb. out 幫助某人擺脫困境 cant/couldnt help doing 阻 止不了；控制不住 help yourself to 隨便吃或喝 4. matter n. 事情；問題；差錯 可數名詞，其復數形式為 matters。 e.g. I have several important matters to ask you. 我有幾件重要的事要問你。 拓展 matter v. 關系重大；要緊。常用于否定句和疑問句。 e.g. It doesnt matter. 沒關系。 醫生問診常用語 Whats the matter (with sb.)? Whats the trouble? Whats wrong (with sb.)? Whats your trouble? 答語通常為 I have a headache/stomachache/cold.等。 聯想 與 matter 相關的短語 （ be） the matter with sb./sth. （不幸、痛苦、問題等的）原因、理由 no matter what/which/who/where/when/how 無論什么（哪一個、誰、何處、何時、如何） 5. have v. 得（病）；患（病） have 后跟不定冠詞和表示疾病的名詞，表示患某種病，不能用于進行時態。 e.g. He has a bad cold. 他得了重感冒。 拓展 v. 擁有 e.g. Do you have a computer? 你有電腦嗎？ v. 取得，吃喝玩樂 e.g. I had a cup of milk for breakfast this morning. 我今天早餐喝了一 杯牛奶。 v. 讓，被 e.g. My father had me stay at home. 我爸爸讓我呆在家里。 辨析 have 和 there be have 用來表示各種關系的“所有”，身上“具有（說明人或物的外觀）”和整體與局部的“含有”。 e.g. I have a good friend. 我有一個好朋友。 Does the book have a red cover? 這本書有個紅色的封面嗎？ She has a ball. 她有一個球。 there be 表示 存在的關系，表示某處有某人或某物時常用這種句型。 e.g. There are two bikes under the tree. 樹下有兩輛自行車。 There are forty students in our class. 我們班上有 40 名學生。 3 There is a ball on the desk. 在桌子上有一個球。 There is going to be a football match between American and China in Beijing this evening. 今天晚上在北京將有一場中美足球賽。 在 there be 結構中，如果主語不止一個，謂語動詞往往和與之最近的主語在數上保持一致。 e.g. There is a pen, two pencils and four books on the desk. 桌子上有一支鋼筆、兩支鉛筆和 4 本書。 There are two maps and a picture on the wall. 墻上有兩幅地圖和一幅圖畫。 當表示整體與局部的“含有”時或難以判斷“有”是所屬關系還是存在關系時，與均可使用。 e.g. A year has twelve months.=There are twelve months in a year. 聯想 have to(客觀 )/must(主觀 ) 必須 had better (not) do 最好（不要）做某事 6. advice n. 勸告；忠告；建議 e.g. Can you give me some advice? 辨析 advice 和 advise advice n. 勸告；忠告；建議（不可數名詞） e.g. Let me give your a piece of advice. 讓我給你一個忠告。 advise v. 勸告；忠告；建議 e.g. He advised me to stop smoking. 他建議我戒煙。 聯想 give advice 提建議 take/follow ones advice 聽從某人的勸告 ask for ones advice 征求某人的建議 advise sb. to do 建議某人去做某事 7. believe v. 相信；認為 其反義詞為 disbelieve, believe 的名詞形式為 belief， 意為“信仰；信條”。 e.g. I could hardly believe my eyes. 我幾乎不能相信我的眼睛。 We believe that he is a thief. 我們認為他是小偷。 拓展 believe 不用于進行時態，其后接賓語時通常用否定轉移。 e.g. I dont believe he is at school. 我相信他沒去上學。 辨析 believe sb. 相信某人（所說的話是真的）； believe in sb.信任某人。 e.g. I believe him, but I cant believe in him. 我相信他的話是真的，但我不信任他這個人。 8. show v. 出示；把拿給看。 show 可用于以下兩種結構： show sb. sth. 和 show sth. to sb. e.g. Let me show you my new pictures.=Let me show my new pictures to you. 我把我的新 照片拿給你看看。 拓展 show 還有 “帶某人到；送某人到”之意。 e.g. Youd better show her around our school.你最好帶她看看我們的學校。 show 還可以用做名詞，做“表演；展覽”解。 e.g. fashion show 時裝表演 聯想 give sb. sth / give sth. to sb. 給某人某物 4 lend sb.sth / lend sth. to sb. 借給某人某物 send sb. sth/ send sth. to sb 寄送 9. decide v. 決定 e.g. Ive decided to stay at home. 我已經決定呆在家里。 拓展 其名詞形式為 decision,意為“決定；決心”。 make a decision 做決定。 decide to do sth. e.g. We decide to go to London next month. 我們決定下個月去倫敦。 decide 后還可跟“疑問詞 +不定式”作復合賓語。 e.g. We cant decide where to go. 我們決定不了該去哪里。 decide on sth./ doing sth. e.g. Mary decided on that blue cap. 瑪莉選定了那頂藍色的帽子。 They decided on going boating. 我們決定去劃船。 decide that 從句。 e.g. He decided that he would buy a new car. 他決定想買一輛新車。 聯想 make up ones mind, settle, determine 決定；選定 10. forget v. 忘記；忘卻 e.g. Ive forgotten what her name is. 我忘了她名字叫什么。 拓展 反義詞為 remember。 辨析 forget to do sth.和 forget doing sth. forget to do sth 忘記去做某事（動作尚未發生）， 而 forget doing sth 忘記做過某事（動作已經發生）。 e.g. Dont forget to turn off the light when you go out. 你出去時 ,別忘了關燈。 I forgot seeing you somewhere. 我忘記在哪里見過你了。 聯想 remember to do sth. 記著去做某事 （動作尚未發生） remember doing sth 記著做過某事 （動作已經發生） 1 look after=take care of 照顧；照看 e.g. Please look after yourself and keep healthy. 請照顧好你自己，保持健康。 拓展 look at 看 look like 看起來像 look the same 看上去一樣 look up 查找，（順便）拜訪 look for 尋找 look through 瀏覽 look down upon/on 輕視，看不起 look back 回顧，回憶 look over 仔細檢查 look around 到處看看 look ahead 為將來考慮 look forward to 盼望，期待 短語突破 5 聯想 care about 關心；在意 care for 照顧；喜歡 2 be good for, 對有好處（有益） e.g. Doing morning exercises is good for your health. 做早操對你的健康有好處。 辨析 be good for, be good to 和 be good at be good for 對有好處（有益），其反意短語為 be bad for。 e.g. Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 電視看得太多對你的眼睛不好。 be good to 對好，其反意短語為 be bad to。 e.g. She is very good to us. 她對我們很好。 The boss is bad to his workers. 那個老板對他的工人不好。 be good at +doing sth / sth (某人 )在方面好；擅長，同義短語為 do well in, 其反義短語為 be weak in “在方面弱”。 e.g. She is good at English and Chinese.=She does well in English and Chinese. 她擅長英語 和中文。 聯想 be good with 意為 靈巧的 , 與 相處得好 。 e.g. She is good with her hands. 她手很巧。 He is very good with the children. 他與這些孩子處得很好。 3 lots of 許多 e.g. He has lots of friends. 他有許多好朋友。 辨析 a lot of, lots of , many, much 和 a lot a lot of=lots of 可修飾可數名詞和不可數名詞，修飾可數名詞時，可與 many 互換； 修飾不可數名詞時，可與 much 互換。一般情況下， a lot of/lots of 用于肯定句。 many 用來修飾可數名詞，表示數目，其反義詞是 few； much 用來修飾不可數名 詞，表示數量，其反義詞是 little。 many 和 much 除用于肯定句外，還可用于否定句和疑問句。 e.g. I have a lot of/ lots of books, but I dont have many bookshelves. 我有許多書，但沒 有許多書架。 a lot 意為“非常；十分”，相當于 much 或 very much。在句中作狀語。 e.g. I felt a lot better. (a lot=much) 我感覺好多了。 I like bananas a lot. (a lot=very much) 我非常喜歡吃香蕉。 拓展 “許多”還可以表示為 a lot of, a large number of, plenty of 4 too much 太多 e.g. Maybe you have too much Yin. 或許你 吃了太多的陰性食品。 辨析 too much,和 much too too much 太多 ，可以作主語，賓語，表語或狀語。作定語時，用來修飾不可數名詞。 e.g. I have got too much work to do. 我有太多的工作要做。 much too太、非常、實在太 ，副詞短語 , 用來修飾形容詞和副詞，但是不能用 來修飾動詞。 e.g. Thats much too dear. 那太貴了。 聯想 too many 太多 ,用來修飾可數名詞復數。 e.g. They have too many rooms. 他們有太多的房子。 6 5 may be 可能是；也許是 e.g. This may not be enough money. 這點錢也許不夠。 辨析 may be 和 maybe 在 may be 中， may 是情態動詞， be 是動詞原形，兩者構成完整的謂語形式 . e.g. He may be a soldier. 他可能是個軍人。 maybe 是副詞，意為“也許；可能”，在句中作狀語，常位于句首。 e.g. Maybe Ill go this afternoon. 我可能今天下午去。 maybe 和 may be 可相互轉換。 e.g. He may be in the office.=Maybe he is in the office. 他或許在辦公室。 聯想 perhaps, probably 可能，大概，或許 6 go camping 去野營 e.g. We are going to go camping in Yellowstone Park in summer. 今年夏天我們打算去黃石公園野營。 拓展 “go+ v-ing 形式 表示體育運動或娛樂消遣，類似的短語有： go fishing 去釣魚 go bike riding 騎自行車旅行 go sightseeing 去觀光旅行 go hiking 遠足旅行 go skating 去滑冰 go shopping 去購物 go swimming 去游泳 go hunting 去打獵 go boating 去劃船 聯想 go for a walk 去散步 go to bed/work/school 上床睡覺 /去上班 /上學 go on 繼續 go over 認真看，復習 go through 排練，從頭練習 go home 回家 Hows it going? 情況怎么樣？ 1. So maybe Im not very healthy, although I have one healthy habit. 因此或許我不是很健康，盡管我擁有一個健康的習慣。 精析 although 此處用作連 詞，意為“盡管；雖然”，引導讓步狀語從句。含有 although引導的讓步狀語從句的復合句通常可以與 but 引導的并列句互換。 e.g. Although I have many friends, I feel a little lonely sometimes.= I have many friends, but I feel a little lonely sometimes. 盡管我有許多朋友，但是有時候我感到有點孤單。 拓展 although 或 though 和 but， because 和 so，在漢語上常成 對地出現，即“雖然 但是”，“因為 所以”，但是英語里不能這樣連用。 e.g. Although my father is very busy, he helps me with my physics. 盡管我爸爸很忙，他還幫助我學習物理。 As I was ill, I didnt go to school. 由于生病，我不能上學。 2. Its easy to have a healthy lifestyle, and its important to eat a balanced diet. 擁有一個健康的生活方式很容易，均衡飲食很重要。 精析 在該句中 , 兩個 it 均用作形式主語，真正的主語分別是動詞不定式短語 to have a 句型精析 7 healthy lifestyle 和 to eat a balanced diet。 Its +adj.+ to do sth.是一個常用句型，意為“做某事是的”。類似的結構還有： Its +adj.+ for sb. to do sth., 意為“對某人來說，做某事是（怎樣的）”。 e.g. Its polite to greet your teachers when you meet them. 遇到老師時打招呼是有禮貌。 Its wrong to flight with others. 和別人打架是不對的。 拓展 由動詞不定式、動名詞或從句擔任主語的句子（謂語動詞通常用單數），常用 it來作形式主語，而把真正的主語放在句子的后面。 e.g. It helps him a great deal meeting with people from different parts of the country. 接觸來自全國各地的人對他幫助很大。 It is said that he has joined the Party. 據說他已經入黨了。 此外， it 還可以做形式賓語。 e.g. I find it interesting to remember English words. 我發現記英語單詞很有趣。 3. What are you doing for vacation? 你假期打算做什么？ 精析 詢問對方對假期 的計劃和安排，用現在進行時表明事情的發生已經有跡象可尋，或者已經做好了計劃安排，不能輕易變動。一般情況下指的是比較近的 將來要發生的事情。 e.g. What are you doing tomorrow? 你明天打算干什么？ 拓展 表示將來的三種形式 用現在進行時表示將來。 e.g. We are going to the zoo next week. 下周我們打算去動物園。 用 be going to do 表示將來。 e.g. I am going to be a teacher when I grow up. 我長大后想成為一名老師。 用“ will+動詞原形”表示將來。 e.g. He will go to Paris next month.他下月要去巴黎。 4. Whats the matter? 怎么了？ 精析 常用來詢問對方的病情或其他不好的情況，也可用 Whats wrong?來表示，如要說明對象，則需要介詞 with。 5 Whats the weather like there? 那里的天氣怎樣？ 精析 Whats like? 是一個固定的句型，意思是“ 怎么樣 ”，常用來詢問“天氣”，也可用來詢問人的相貌和品行。 e.g. Whats your English teacher like? 你的英語老師怎么樣？ 聯想 類似的句型還有許多。 意思是“你覺得怎么樣？” e.g. How do you like China? 你覺得中國怎么樣？ Shes very great. 她太偉大了。 意思是“你認為怎么樣？” e.g. What do you think of my singing? 你覺得我的歌唱得怎么樣？ 意思是“怎么樣？”“身體怎么樣？” e.g. How is your brother? 你哥哥身體好嗎？ How is the weather here in winter? 這里冬天的天氣怎么樣？ 8 . 單項選擇： 1. _do you have a sports meeting? Twice a year. A. How soon B. How often C. How long D. How many 2. I think drinking milk is good _ our health. Yes, I agree _ you. A. for, with B. to, to C. with, to D. at, with 3. Whats the matter? _. A. Im sorry to hear that B. I did some washing this morning C. I left home after breakfast D. Im really tired 4. Could you come please? I want some help. _ . A. Yes, I could B. You are welcome C. Sure, Im coming now D. Thats right 5. He looks tired. I think hed better_ a rest. A. to have B. has C. had D. have 6. My grandpa cant hear clearly. Theres something wrong with his _. A. mouth B. eyes C. ears D. nose 7. Tom, if you _ so many mistakes, youll lose your job. A. will make B. made C. make D. makes 8. is very difficult for me to work out this math problem. A. It B. This C. That D. They 9. Lets go dancing tonight? Sorry, I _ . I have to go to a meeting. A. mustnt B. may not C. neednt D. cant 10. Please dont be angry _ me. It wasnt my fault. A. for B. at C. with D. to .完型填空 Once there 1 a king. He liked 2 pictures. He always thought his 3 were wonderful. And he liked to show to his people who were 4 of him and said his pictures were very 5 . One day the king showed the pictures to a famous artist. He wanted the artist to say good of his pictures. But after 6 at them, the artist said the pictures were so bad that he would break them into pieces. The king got very 7 and threw him into prison(監獄 ). After a few days, the 8 showed some other pictures to him again. The artist looked at the pictures 9 a few seconds, turned to the guard (衛兵 )and said, Take me back to the 10 . ( ) 1. A. lives B. lived C. living D. live ( ) 2. A. drawing B. draw C. drew D. drawn ( ) 3. A. people B. sons C. pictures D. queen ( ) 4. A. kind B. afraid C. happy D. nice ( ) 5. A. well B. good C. better D. best ( ) 6. A. reading B. watching C. looking D. seeing ( ) 7. A. angry B. happy C. surprising D mad 中考演練 9 ( ) 8. A. king B. artist C. guard D. queen ( ) 9. A. with B. for C. on D. in ( ) 10. A. home B. palace C. prison D. hotel . 閱讀理解 A man went to a fast-food restaurant to buy his lunch. Hi, a worker said, May I help you? Id like a hamburger, large chips and a coke. the man said. Anything else? the worker asked. No. the man answered. Thats it. Is that for here or to go? the worker asked. To go. the man said. The worker put the mans lunch in a bag. The man took out his money and paid for his lunch. Thank you, the worker said, have a nice day. The man took the bag and walked to a park. He sat down and opened the bag. He was surprised. There was no hamburger in the bag. There were no chips. There was no coke. There was only money in the bag-a lot of money! The man counted the money. Two thousand dollars! Why was the money in the bag? Where was the mans lunch? The manager of the fast-food restaurant needed to go to a bank. He put the envelop in a bag and put the bag down. The worker gave the managers bag to the man by mistake. So the manager had a hamburger, chips and a coke, and the man had two thousand dollars. What should the man do? ( ) 1. The man went to a restaurant to_. A. buy his lunch B. have a rest C. sell drinks D. cook food ( ) 2. The man wanted to have his lunch_. A. in a hotel B. in a shop C. in a restaurant D. in a park ( ) 3. When the man opened the bag, he found _in it. A. food B. drink C. money D. nothing ( ) 4. _couldnt find his money. A. The man B. The manager C. The worker D. Nobody .完成句子 從方框中選出適當的單詞完成句子 1. Do you often brush your _ before you go to bed? 2. Katrina didnt come to school because she got a serious _. 3. Can you tell me the _ between look and see? 4. I can never _ meeting my school headmaster for the first time. 5. She often helps her mother _ her little sister. 用括號內所給詞的適當形式填空 differences, teeth, babysit, illness, forget 10 1. My English writing is good, but I need to _ my listening skills. 2. Please tell me if you _ at King s party yesterday. 3. They spent much time _in Beijing this summer. 4. - What can I do for you? - Id like to buy a few kilos of _ 5. - Have you finished _ the newspaper? - No, not yet. .任務型閱讀 閱讀下面短文，根據短文內容，完成表格中所缺的信息。 Eating habits (習慣 ) are different in different countries. The Chinese have a saying Eat good things for breakfast, eat a big meal for lunch, but eat less at dinner. Many Americans agree that one should start the day with a good breakfast, but their ideas about lunch and dinner are different. Most Americans only give themselves a short time for lunch. So they eat a small lunch. After work they will have more time to eat a big dinner. Also a quiet dinner at home with all the family talking about their day is a way to take a good rest after a long, hard day of work. Eating at restaurants is also different. In China, people like to talk and laugh while eating. Very often you can hear people talking and laughing loudly, and they are just having a good time. In America it is not like this. They want a quiet place where they can eat a good meal far away from the noises of the outside world. If someone is talking too loudly, the manager (經理 ) of the restaurant will look at him or her angrily. If some people are talking too loudly, the manager of the restaurant may come out and ask them to be quiet. The title (標題 )of the text 1. Chinese Americans 2. for breakfast. Start the day with a good breakfast. Eat a big meal for lunch. 3. 4. at dinner. Prefer a big dinner at home or restaurant. 5. while eating at the restaurant. Like to eat far away from the noises. 補全對話 根據對話內容，從方框中選出恰當的語句認真填空，每句只能用一次。 A: 1 B: I am not feeling well. I have a cough. A: 2 B: Two days ago. A: Oh, thats too bad. 3 banana, have a good time, read, go sighting, improve 11 B: No, I didnt. A: I think you should go to see a doctor. 4 _ B: