1、3434胡壯麟語言學(xué)教程（修訂版）測試題第一章：語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論Choosethebestanswer.(20%)LanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanA.contactBcommunicationC.relationD.communityWhichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.treeB.typewriterC.crashD.bangThefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.i”sA.interrogativ

2、eB.directiveC.informativeD.performativeInChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎(歲歲)平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?A.InterpersonalB.EmotiveC.PerformativeD.RecreationalWhichofthefollowingp

3、ropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.TransferabilityB.DualityC.DisplacementD.ArbitrarinessStudythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflangua

4、ge?Aniceday,isntit?Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.PerformativeD.Interpersonalreferstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageusesrknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.A.PerformanceB.CompetenceC.LangueD.ParoleWhenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexi

5、stshearandnow.Itcouldntbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.ThisindicatesthedesignfeatureofB.productivityD.dualityB.productivityD.dualityC.displacementanswerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.A.PsycholinguisticsB.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Appliedlinguisticsdeal

6、swithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.LinguistictheoryB.PracticallinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD.ComparativelinguisticsDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.La

7、nguagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.Onlyhuma

8、nbeingsareabletocommunicate.DeSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespearestimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.Allthelanguagesinthew

9、orldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.Fillintheblanks.(10%)Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansofcommunication.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed.Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkabouti

10、tself.Thisfunctionis.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthetheory.Linguisticsisthestudyoflanguage.Modernlinguisticsisinthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticana

11、lysisistheprimacyofoverwriting.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisastudy.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussureslangueandChomskysExplainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)De

12、signfeatureDisplacementCompetenceSynchroniclinguisticsAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?(南開大學(xué)，2004)Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?(北京第二外國語大學(xué)，2004)Analyzethefollowingsituat

13、ion.(20%)Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?(青島海洋大學(xué)，1999)第二章：語音Choosethebestanswer.(20%)Pitchvariationisknownaswhenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.A.intonationB.toneC.pronunciationD.voiceConventionallyaisputinslashes(/).A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD.morphemeAnaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunre

14、leasedpareofthepphoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemesD.allophonesTheopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas.A.glottisB.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvulaThediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownasdiphthongs.A.wideB.closingC.narrowD.centeringAphonemeisagroupofsim

15、ilarsoundscalled.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophonesWhichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?A.AcousticphoneticsB.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.AuditoryphoneticsD.NoneoftheaboveWhichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?A.nB.mC.bD.pWhichvowelisdifferentfromt

16、heothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?A.i:B.uC.eD.iWhatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.ConsonantDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegme

17、nt-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadiffere

18、ntpronunciation.pisavoicedbilabialstop.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedivide

19、dintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.Fillintheblanks.(20%)Consonantsoundscanbeeitheror,whileallvowelsoundsare.Consonantsoundscanal

20、sobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causingThequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionoftheandthelips.Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthetowhichthatpartofthetongueisrai

21、sed.ConsonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithoutInphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating.InEnglishthereareanumberof,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.refe

22、rstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.isthesmallestlinguisticunit.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthecomingfromthelungs.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)SoundassimilationSuprasegmentalfeatureCompl

23、ementarydistributionDistinctivefeaturesAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whatisacousticphonetics?(中國人民大學(xué)，2003)Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?(南開04)Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;t

24、hengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstopddog.(青島海洋大學(xué)，1999)voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstoplowfrontvowellateralliquidvelarnasalvoicedinterdentalfricative/f/t-r*7-、=、第三章：詞匯Choosethebestanswer.(20%)Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedaslexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.func

25、tionwordsD.formwordsMorphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalledmorpheme.C.boundA.inflectionalB.freeD.derivationalTherearemorphemesintheworddenationalization.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.sixInEnglish-seand-ionarecalled.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.infixesD.stemsThethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suff

26、ixand.A.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffixC.infixD.back-formationisawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.affixationB.back-formationC.insertionD.additionTOC o 1-5 h zThewordTBisformedinthewayof.A.acronymyB.clippingC.initialism

27、D.blendingThewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby.A.blendingB.clippingC.back-formationD.acronymyThestemofdisagreementsisD.disagreementD.allomorphA.agreementB.agreeC.disagreeD.disagreementD.allomorphAllofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor.A.lexemeB.phonemeC.morphemeDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueor

28、false.(10%)Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixe

29、schangetheword-classofthebase.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.Back-format

30、ionisaproductivewayofword-formations.Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.Fillintheblanks.(20%)TOC o 1-5 h zAnispronouncedletterbyletter,whileanispronouncedasaword.Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith.Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:,and.Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot.Asmalls

31、etofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongtoclass,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongstoclass.isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilit

32、atedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthelevel.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:and.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)Blen

33、dingAllomorphClosed-classwordMorphologicalruleAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishIanguage?Whatarethey?(廈門大學(xué)，2003)WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII(武漢大學(xué)，

34、2004)IIIacronyma.foefreemorphemeb.subconderivationalmorphemeCsUlNESCOinflectionalmorphemed.overwhelmedprefixe.calculation第四章：句法Choosethebestanswer.(20%)Thesentencestructureis.onlylinearB.onlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchicalThesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare_innumber.A.largeB.smallC.fi

35、niteD.infiniteTherulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentencesA.lexicalBmorphologicalC.linguisticD.combinationalAsentenceisconsidered_whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.rightB.wrongCgrammaticalD.ungrammaticalAintheembeddedclausereferstothein

36、troductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD.subordinatorPhrasestructureruleshave_properties.A.recursiveB.grammaticalC.socialD.functionalPhrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_howwordsandphrasesformsentences.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwor

37、dshowpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesalloftheabove.Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is_A.thecityB.RomeC.cityD.thecityRomeThephrase“ontheshellfongs”tob_econstruction.A.endocentricB.exocentricC.subordinateD.coordinateThesentenceis“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.asentence.A

38、.simpleB.coordinateC.compoundD.complexDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefinitein

39、number,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.Minorlexicalcate

40、goriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb

41、.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.Fillintheblanks.(20%)A

42、sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.Aisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.Amaybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.Thepartofasentencewhichcompri

43、sesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalled.Asentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledanclause.Majorlexicalcategoriesarecategoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareco

44、nstantlyadded.conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.Thetheoryofconditionexplainsthefacttha

45、tnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)SyntaxICanalysisHierarchicalstructureTracetheoryAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?(武漢大學(xué)，2004)bymeansDistinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsofmorebeautifulflo

46、wersbymeansICanalysis(北京二外國語大學(xué)，2004)Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.第五章：意義Choosethebestanswer.(20%)ThenamingtheoryisadvancedbyPlatoB.BloomfieldC.GeoffreyLeechD.Firth“Weshallknowawordbythecompan

47、yitkeeps.ThisstatementrepresentsB.contexutalismD.behaviorismB.contexutalismD.behaviorismWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdiction

48、arycompilersarenotinterestedin.“CanIborrowyourbike?”“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswithB.isinconsistentwithC.entailsD.presupposesisawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.PredicationanalysisB.ComponentialanalysisC.PhonemicanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysis“A

49、live”and“dead”are.A.gradableantonymsB.relationalantonymsC.complementaryantonymsD.Noneoftheabovedealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sensereferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.Polysem

50、yB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.HyponymyWordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled.A.homonymsB.polysemiesC.hyponymsD.synonymsThegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby.A.grammaticalrulesB.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrulesD.semanticfeaturesDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Dialectalsynonymsca

51、noftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinher

52、entmeaningofthelinguisticform.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobse

53、rvablecontexts.Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheird

54、egreeofformality.“Itishot.”-pislaacenporedicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.Fillintheblanks.(20%)canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Theconcep

55、tualistviewholdsthatthereisnolinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferent

56、inspellingandmeaning,theyarecalled.oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalledrestrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatl

57、exicalitemscangowithwhatothers.A(n)isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.Accordingtothetheoryofmeaning,thewordsinaIanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)EntailmentProposition33Componentialanalys

58、isRefereneeAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whatarethesenserelationsbetweenthefollowinggroupsofwords?Dogs,cats,pets,parrots;trunk,branches,tree,roots(青島海洋大學(xué)，1999)Whatarethethreekindsofantonymy?(武漢大學(xué)，2004)Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)Foreachgroupofwordsgivenbelow,statewhatsemanticpropertyorprope

59、rtiesaresharedbythe(a)wordsandthe(b)words,andwhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesdistinguishbetweentheclassesof(a)wordsand(b)words.a.bachelor,man,son,paperboy,pope,chiefb.bull,rooster,drake,rama.table,stone,pencil,cup,house,ship,k,alcohol,rice,soupa.book,temple,mountain,road,tractorbidea,love,charity,si

60、ncerity,bravery,fear(青島海洋大學(xué)，1999)第七章：語言、文化和社會注：第六章無測試題Choosethebestanswer.(20%)isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.PsycholinguisticsB.SociolinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD.GenerallinguisticsThemostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregion