1、1the fundamental concepts基本概念cross section橫截面the internal stresses produced in the bar桿的內應力continuous distribution ofhydrostatic pressure流體靜壓力 the tensile load拉伸載荷a uniform distribution over the cross section在橫截面均勻分布arbitrary cross-sectional shape任意截面形狀tensile stresses拉應力compressive stresses壓應力a nor

2、mal stress正應力through the centroid of the cross sectional area通過橫截面形心the uniform stress condition壓力均勻分布the stress distribution at the ends of the bar桿末端應力分布high localized stresses高度應力集中an axially loaded bar軸向載荷桿件a tensile strain拉應變an elongation or stretching of the material材料拉伸a compressive strain壓應變

3、the ratio of two lengths兩個長度的比值purely statical and geometrical considerations從純靜態以及幾何角度考慮1.That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics.研究位移、時間和力運動乘力是科學分析法的一種分支，被稱作力學，力學由兩大部分構成，靜力學和動力學。2.For example, if the f

4、orce operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing.例如：如果止推軸承上的作用力過大的話，會擠出油膜，引起金屬和金屬之間的互相接觸，軸承將過熱而迅速失效。3.Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direct

5、ion, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.力的直觀概念涉及力的作用點、大小、方向，這些被稱為力的三要素。4.All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of de

6、formation, in order to simplify the analysis.所有的物體既可以是彈性的也可以是塑性的，如果受到力的作用就產生變形。當變形很小的時候它們被假設成剛體，也就是不產生變形。5.The rigid-body assumption cannot be used in internal stresses and strains due to the applied forces to be analyzed. Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming.剛體假設不能應用于內應力和內應變的分析，因此在實

7、際力的分析時，要考慮物體的形變。6.If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, the particle will either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity.如果作用在質點上所有的力是平衡的，質點將會保持靜止或做做勻速直線運動。21) the main manifestations of capacity 重要的體現能力2) the maximum unit load （ stress） 最大單位載荷

8、（應力）3）stress-strain diagram 應力應變圖4）the simple tensile test 簡樸的拉伸實驗5）the percentage elongation at rupture 斷裂伸長率6）the ends of tensile specimens 拉伸試樣的兩端7）permanent deformation 永久變形8）the resulting load-displacement curve 由此產生的載荷位移曲線9）a substantial yielding of the material 大量產生的物質10）yield point 屈服點11) th

9、e transition from elastic to plastic behavior 從彈性到塑性的過度12）material property table 材料屬性表13）plastic deformation 塑性變形14）a specified standard length of the specimen 指定的原則式樣長度15）at the moment of rupture 此刻的破裂16）short cylindrical specimens 短圓柱標本17）ductile materials 韌性材料18）high stress concentration 高應力集中19

10、）ultimate tensile strength 極限抗拉強度20）strain hardening zone 應變硬化區Atensiletestconsistsofslowlypullingasampleofmaterialwithatensileloaduntilitbreaks.Theendsoftensilespecimensareusuallyenlargedtoprovideextraareaforgrippingandtoavoidhavingthesamplebreakwhereitisbeinggripped.拉伸實驗涉及慢慢加載拉伸載荷直到斷裂，拉伸試件兩端加粗為了提供

11、裝夾區域和避免試件斷裂。The usual manner of conducting thetestisto deform the specimen at a constant speed .For example, in the Universal testing machines, themotion between the fixed and moving cross heads canbe controlled at a constant speed.一般進行實驗的措施就是使試件以恒定速度發生變形。例如，在萬能拉伸實驗機上，固定端和移動的十字滑塊之間的變形是以恒定速度進行的。The l

12、oad that must be applied to enforce this displacement rate varies as the test proceeds. This load F may be divided by the cross-sectional area A to obtain the stress in the specimen at any time during the test.隨著實驗的進行，用來產生位移的載荷是隨位移的變化而變化。在實驗中，載荷F除以橫截面積A可以得到任意時刻點的應力。4）However actual measurement of L

13、ispreferablewhereThis is feasible. Stress and strain based onthe initial(undeformed) dimensions, Ai and Li, are called engineering Stress and strain.然而，在可行的位置的L的實際測量是更可取的，基于原始尺寸Ai和Li的應力和應變稱為工程應力和工程應變。5)Ductile and brittle materials behave differently in compression test as well. The compression test

14、 is conducted on short Cylindrical specimens placed between parallel plates.塑性和脆性材料在壓縮實驗中體現的特性是不相似的。壓縮實驗是把短圓柱形試件放在兩平行平板之間進行的The compression test diagram forthesematerials retains.The qualitative features of the tension test diagram.The ultimate compressive strength of a brittle of a brittle material

15、 is determined in the same wayasintension.材料壓縮實驗圖保持了拉伸實驗圖性能上的特性。脆性材料的最大壓縮強度與最大拉伸強度得到的措施相似。41) herringbone gears人字形齒輪2）spiral gears螺旋齒輪3）worm gears蝸輪4) bevel gears（圓）錐齒輪，傘齒輪5）hypoid gears準雙曲面齒輪6）sizes of spur-gear teeth輪齒尺寸7) the automotive rearaxle drives汽車后橋驅動8) rack-and-pinion drives齒條和小齒輪驅動9) dia

16、metral pitch徑節10) pitch circle節圓11) the tangency point切點12) pressure angles壓力角13) an involute curve漸開線曲線14) the radial distant徑向距離15) at right angles成直角16) the average number of teeth in contact平均嚙合齒數17) the reciprocal of the diametral pitch徑節的導數18) to change inches to millimeters將英寸改為毫米19) a line p

17、erpendicular to the centerlines垂直于中心線的線20) center distance between two meshed gears 兩個互相嚙合齒輪的中心距離1)Pressure angles for spur gears are usually 14.5 or 20 degress,although other values can be used. Meshing gears must have the same pressure angles. 譯文：雖然直齒圓柱齒輪的壓力角可以取諸多其她值，但一般大多是在14.5至20度之間?；ハ鄧Ш淆X輪的壓力角必須

18、相似。2)The shape of the space between gear teeth is complex and varies with the number of teeth on the gear as well as tooth module, so most gear manufacturing methods generate the tooth flank instead of forming.譯文：由于齒輪齒數以及齒形的不同，齒輪齒側間隙的形狀也是復雜多樣的，因此大多數齒輪的制造措施是范成發而不是成型法。3) Worm gears are used where high

19、 ratios are desired and where the shafts are nointersecting and at right angles.譯文：蝸輪蝸桿常用于那些規定高傳動比同步兩根軸不交叉但成直角的場合。4) It has the great advantage that the cutting tool is a simple rack with(nearly) straight sided teeth which can easily be ground accurately.譯文：一種很大的優勢在于刀具是在一種簡樸的齒條幾乎可以直接精確地支起被磨損的輪齒。5) M

20、odern shapers cutting car gears can run at cutting per minute. The shape of the cutter is roughly the same as an involute gear but the tips of the teeth are rounded.譯文：現代牛頭刨床削減汽車齒輪可以運營在每分鐘。刀具的形狀大體與漸開線齒輪的圓形輪齒相似。6) Bevel gears are often used when two shafts are at right angles to each other and their

21、centenline extensions intersect; however,some bevel gears are at angles other than 90 degrees.譯文：錐齒輪常用于兩軸互相垂直且它們中心線的延長線相交的場合下?？墒?，有些錐齒輪的軸線并非互相垂直。51. plate cams盤形凸輪2. cylindrical cams圓柱凸輪3. the cam assemblies in automatic record players錄音機上的凸輪組件4. cam profiles凸輪輪廓5. make a full-scale template制造一種實尺樣板6

22、. in the course of several revolutions of the cam在凸輪轉幾轉的過程中7. a tangential plate template切向盤形凸輪8. a translation cam移動凸輪9. the groove in the periphery of the cam凸輪表面上的槽10. a guided vertical reciprocated follower縱向做往復運動的從動件11. a constant-diameter cam等徑凸輪12. automatic washing machines自動洗衣機13. a face ca

23、m面凸輪14. the edge of a pivoted follower擺動從動件的邊沿15. a reciprocating knife-edged follower一種做往復運動的刃口式從動件16. miniature snap-action electrical switches 微型速動電開關17. a pivoted flat-faced follower一種轉動的平面從動件18. air pilot values空氣試點值19. the abrupt change in cam profile凸輪輪廓的突變20. a Scotch yoke mechanism蘇格蘭約克機構1.

24、The purpose of any cam is to produce a displacement of its follower is ofen used to produce additional displacement in another location.使用凸輪的目的是使其從動件產生位移，次級從動件常用來在另一位置產生附加位移2.The relative vertical position of point A with respect to B needs to be raised if the reaction value at B is excessive.如果B點的值

25、超量，點A相對于B的垂直位置就要升高 3.In general, the follower is considered to be the part that comes in contact with the cam profile. However, when a secondary follower is used, the motion of the secondary follower is dicatated by that of the primary follower. 總的來說，從動件是與凸輪輪廓相接觸的零件。然而，當用次級從動件時，次級從動件的運動就需要通過重要從動件來實現

26、4.The simplest type of follower is the reciprocating type that merely moves up and down (or in and out) with the rotation of the cam; the centerline can be either collinear with the cam centerline or offset from it.最簡樸的從動件是隨著凸輪的轉動而僅作上下（或進出）往復運動的從動件，其中心線可與凸輪中心線共線，也可與之偏離。 5.Fasteners are devices which

27、 permit one part to be joined to a second part and, hence, they are involved in almost all designs.緊固件是一種可以連接兩個零件的部件，因此她們幾乎在所有設計中都被波及到 。2.Springs are mechanical members which are designed to give a relatively large amount of elastic deflection under the action of an externally applied load. 彈簧是一種被設計

28、為在外部負載的作用下能發生相對大量彈性變形的機械部件。 61)a developing and demanding industry產業的發展與規定2)propeller shaft螺旋軸3)suspension components懸掛部件4)a sliding splined type of joint滑動式花鍵5)tow rear axle shafts雙轉向軸軸6)to mesh with a larger bevel gear與較大的錐齒輪嚙合7)the universal joints萬向節8)a steering wheel轉向盤9)unevenness of road surf

29、ace路面的不平整度10)the transverse line of the the axle shafts該軸的橫向線11)to cause excessive tyre wear使輪胎磨損過度12)the exactly similar diameter完全相似的直徑13)quarter-elliptic leaf springs四分之一橢圓鋼板彈簧片 14)the transmission of shock震動的傳播15)road surface variation路面的變化16)the final-drive gears最后傳動齒輪17)the precise alignment o

30、f shaft軸的精擬定位18)a rotating drum一種旋轉的筒鼓19)a hand lever手柄20)be locked in the one position被鎖定在一種位置 1)The lubrication system provides a constant flow of filtered oil to all moving parts of the engine. The system consists of an oil pan to store the oil, a pump to circulate it, a filter to remove solid ab

31、rasive particles, and an oil gauge or light in the drivers compartment for checking purposes.譯:潤滑系統提供了源源不斷的過濾油給發動機的各個運動部件，該系統由一種油箱來儲存油，一種泵來輸送油，一種過濾裝置除去固體磨料顆粒，并且在駕駛室里有個油壓表或者批示燈來以便駕駛員檢查油量與否充足。2)The drive line consists of mechanisms and units which transmit torque from the engine to the drive wheels an

32、d change torque and rpm in magnitude and direction.譯:傳動系涉及機制和單位，它將扭矩傳送到驅動輪并變化轉矩和轉速的大小和方向。3)It has been seen that if the conditions are not very abnormal, sufficient amount of tyre slip taking place under running conditions would release these stresses completely.譯:可以看到，如果運營狀況不是很正常，輪胎在行駛的狀況下發生足夠的滑移，這

33、些壓力就會被完全釋放出來。4)Much effort is required to crank the engine during starting, since it is necessary to overcome friction in the moving engine components and the resistance offered by the charge being compressed.譯:發動機開始運營需要通過許多努力，例如必須要克服發動機運動部件之間的阻力和內部裝置間的壓力。5)The clutch is a friction device used to co

34、nnect and disconnect a driving force from a driven member .It is used in conjunction with an engine flywheel to provide smo0th engagement and disengagement of the engine and manual transmission.譯:離合器是一種將驅動力從驅動機構連接或者斷開的摩擦裝置，它由人力操控連接發動機的飛輪來提供平滑的連接與分離。6)The differential is a gear system that transfers

35、power from the drive shaft to the driving axles. It also permits one driving wheel to turn faster than the other to prevent skidding and scuffing of tires on turns.譯:差速器是一種將動力從積極軸傳送到驅動軸的齒輪裝置，它的存在可以容許一種驅動輪的速度比另一種更快從而避免輪胎在轉動時發生打滑和擦傷。71.Green sand 型砂2.Pour molten metal into a prepared cavity 將熔融的金屬倒入型腔

36、中3.More stable and refractory sands 耐熔砂4.Be used to produce intricate molds 用來制作復雜鑄型5.Both ferrous and nonferrous materials 黑色及有色金屬6.Parting powder 分形砂7.Be rammed 夯實8.Pattern draft 拔模斜度9.Sprues,runners and gates 直澆道，橫澆道和內澆口10.A pouring basin 外澆口11.To make up for shrinkage losses 用于彌補收縮損失12.The cope

37、and the drag 上沙箱和下沙箱13.Some organic bonding materials 某些有機黏合材料14.Gross shrinkage 縮孔15.A bottom-pouring ladle 底部澆注鐵水包16.The rate of solidification 凝固速率17.To affect the degree of liquid contraction 影響液體收縮的限度18.Columnar growth present at the mold wall 鑄型中針狀物的成長19.The feeding characteristics of the rise

38、ring system冒口的補縮特性20.Unwanted metal protrusions 多余的金屬突起1.The first stage in the production of sand casting must be the design and manufacture of a suitable pattern.Casting pattern has to be made larger than the finished casting size to allow for the shrinkage that takes place during solidification a

39、nd cooling.在型砂鍛造生產中，第一階段是必須設計和制造合適的模型，考慮到鑄件在凝固和冷卻期間產生的收縮，鑄件模型的尺寸要比鑄件的尺寸大。2.If a hollow casting is to be made the pattern will include extension pieces so that spaces to accept the sand core are molded into the sand,These additional spaces in the mold are termed core prints.如果鍛造空心鑄件時，模型上涉及伸長桿便于在砂中放置砂

40、芯的空間稱為型芯座3.Sand molds for the production of small and medium-sized castings are made in a molding box.The mold is made in two or more parts in order that the pattern may be removed.中小型尺寸的鑄件砂型是在一種砂箱中制造，砂型由兩部分或更多部分構成，以利于模型的順利取出。4.This process of filling and ramming may be done by hand but mold product

41、ion is automated in a large foundry with the mold boxes moving along a conveyor,firstly to be filled with sand from hoppers and then to pass under mechanical hammers for ramming.填充和夯實的過程可以手工完畢，但在大型鍛造中砂型的制造是自動完畢的，砂箱隨著傳送帶移動，一方面被料斗中的砂子填滿，然后通過機械錘被打實。5.The risers should coincide with the highest points o

42、f the mold cavity so that the displaced air can readily escape from the mold. The sizes of risers should be such that the metal in them does not freeze too rapidly.冒口應當與型腔的最高點相連接，使得進入的空氣可以容易的從模型中溢出，冒口的尺寸應當足夠大使模型中金屬不會太快凝固。6.When the metal that has been poured into a sand mold has fully solidified, th

43、e mold is broken and the casting is removed. The casting still has the runner and risers attached to it and there will be sand adhering to portions of the surface. 當熔融的金屬被傾倒到砂型內并充足凝固后來，砂型將被打破取出鑄件，鑄件上仍然帶有橫澆口和冒口并且仍然有砂子粘在表面。81).bulk deformation df metals 金屬體積成形2).forging, rolling, or extruding鍛造、軋制、擠壓3

44、).plastic deformation 塑性變形4).impact blows 影響沖擊5).the recrystallization point of the metal 金屬的再結晶點6).hot working and cold working 熱加工和冷加工7).better surface finish 更好的表面光潔度8).hammer forging 錘鍛造9).striking the hot metal 熱金屬的10).a slow squeezing acting 緩慢的擠壓作用11).open dies ang closed dies 開模和封閉模具12).beve

45、l gears with straight or helical teeth 圓錐齒輪跟直齒輪或者螺旋齒輪的齒13).impression dies 型腔模具14).each of die cavities 每個模腔15).mass production 大規模生產16).a homogeneous circumferential grain flow 均勻圓周顆粒流17).the three-dimensional description 三維描述18).computer simulation計算機模擬19).hydraulic presses 液壓機20).be rough- and fi

46、nished-machined 是粗糙的并且通過機加工完畢的1.Forging means the shaping of metal by a series of hammer blows,or by slow application of pressure.The simplest example is a blacksmiths forging of a hot piece of metal by hammering the work-piece on an anvil.鍛造是指通過一系列的捶打或緩慢的擠壓使金屬成形的過程。最簡樸的例子就是鐵匠通過在鐵砧上捶打一塊熱的金屬來制造工件。2.H

47、eavy smiths forging is fundamentally similar,differing only in the scale of the operation,The work-piece may be an ingot of 100 tons and the deforming force provided by a massive forging hammer,but the whole process is controlled by the master smith,who decides each time where,and with what force ,t

48、he blow should take place.鐵匠們沉重的鍛造工作基本上是相似的,不同的地方只是在于鍛造的規模,工件也許是一種100噸的金屬錠，并且金屬錠變形所需要的力是通過一把大規模的鍛造錘提供,但是整個過程都是由主鐵匠控制,決定每一次捶打在什么地方，用什么力量以及與否需要冷卻。3.Forging operations may be carried out using either forging hammers or forging presses.With a press,as opposed to a hammer,pressure is slowly applied and p

49、lastic deformation tends to occur fairly uniformly throughout the meterial.鍛造時可以用鍛造錘，也可以用鍛造壓力機。與鍛造錘不同,通過鍛造壓力機鍛造時，壓力被緩慢的施加，塑性變形往往會相稱均勻地貫穿整個材料。4.Forging hammers are of two basic types with the large hammer either dropping on to the work-piece accelerated by gravity alone or,as in the steam hammer,acce

50、lerated by both gravity and steam pressure.大型鍛造錘有兩種基本類型，一種捶打工件僅僅靠重力使大錘加速,另一種靠重力和蒸汽加速使大錘加速，如蒸汽錘。5.Smiths or open-die forging is used for making very large forgings or when the number of forgings of a particular design is small.Open-die forging is also used to preform metal prior to final shaping by m

51、eans of closed-die forging.錘鍛或開模鍛合用于制造非常大鍛件，或少量特殊設計鍛件。開模鍛還可以用于金屬閉模鍛之前的粗加工。6.Closed-die forging involves the use of accurately machined die blocks.The capital cost of a pair of die blocks is high,but this is allowable when it is required to make forgings to close dimensional tolerances and in large q

52、uantity,as would be the case for,say,connecting rods fir the engine of a popular car.閉模鍛波及到精確加工模塊的使用。一對模具塊的成本很高,但當鍛件尺寸公差規定很高，數量很大狀況下，閉模鍛是合用的91) carrying high-amperage current 帶有高電流2) the electrode and the work-piece 電極和工件3) the weld pool 熔池4) a column of ionized gas called plasma 等離子區的柱狀電離氣體5) the o

53、xides and nitrides 氮氧化物6） the positive ions 正離子7) deleterious substances 有害物質8） the newly solidified metal 新凝固金屬 9) in overhead welding 仰焊10） current density 電流密度11） deposition rate 沉積速率12） an unbalanced magnetic field 不平衡磁場13） arc blow 電弧偏吹14） the electrode coating 焊條涂層15） in overhead position 仰焊場合

54、16） the cooling rate of the deposited metal 焊縫金屬的冷卻速率17） a more homogeneous microstructure 更均勻的顯微（構造）18） a soomth flow of molten metal 熔融金屬的平穩流動19） cellulosic-coated electrodes 纖維涂層的焊條20） perpendicular to the current path 垂直于電流通道1） Arc welding in one form or another is the most widely used form of w

55、elding. The electrical supply is low voltage but high amperage and may be either alternating or direct. 電弧焊在一種或另一種形式是應用最廣泛的焊接形式。電源供應低電壓，但是大電流,可以是交流或直流。2) The earliest forms of arc welding used carbon electrodes. But nowadays the arc is struck between a metal electrode and the work-piece. The electro

56、de may either be of tungsten or be a consumable metal electrode that melts, acting as a source of filler metal.最早的形式的電弧焊用碳電極。但如今弧金屬電極和工件之間。電極可以是鎢或可熔化,作為填充金屬供源的消耗性金屬電極。3) An alternating-current arc is broken and re-established at each half cycle and this leads to arc instability although the use of a

57、rc-establishing agents in the flux coating of electrode wires can overcome this problem. 交流電弧被打破,重新建立在每個半周期和這導致電弧不穩定雖然在電極布線焊劑涂層使用電弧建立劑可以克服這個問題。4) Uncoated welding rods can be used for arc wilding , but it is more usual to use flux-coated electrodes.When steels are welded using uncoated electrodes, o

58、xides and nitrides can form and remain in the weld with a consequent loss of toughness. 裸焊接棒可用于電弧野生植物,但更一般使用焊劑涂層電極。鋼焊接使用裸電極時,氧化物和氮化物可以形成并保持在焊縫的韌性。5) Flux-coated electrodes are widely used. The composition of the coating is complex and a variety of different coatings are used to cater for different t

59、ypes of welding application. 焊劑涂層電極被廣泛使用。涂料的構成很復雜,多種不同的涂料用于滿足不同類型的焊接應用。6) In this case the electron flow is from electrode to work-piece. A concentrated arc issues from the electrode tip and heating of the work-piece is largely confined to the very small area beneath the electrode.在這種狀況下,電子流動從電極到工件。

60、集中弧電極頭和工件的加熱問題重要局限在極小的區域下的電極。101) plain carbon steel一般碳素鋼2) carbon content 含碳量3) low carbon steel 低碳鋼4) medium carbon steel 中碳鋼5) high carbon steel 高碳鋼6) be cold worked 冷加工7) be heat treated熱解決8) contain 20 point of carbon 碳含量0.2%9) in the hot-rolled condition 熱軋狀態10) heat-treat-hardened plain carbo