1、大學英語寫作教案語法式一， 造句1， 熟悉五種基本句型1） 主語+謂語（不及物動詞）The earth trembled.2) 主語+謂語（及物動詞）+賓語The earthquake destroyed the city. 3） 主語+謂語（聯(lián)系動詞）+主語補足語The trees are oaks.4) 主語+謂語（及物動詞）+ 間接賓語+直接賓語Business gave the museum money.5) 主語+謂語（及物動詞）+賓語+賓語補足語The results proved Jane wrong.二 寫作中經(jīng)常用到的并列連詞用并列連詞連接單詞、詞組或分句，可以增加句子的內容

2、，加強句子的表達力。并列連詞And but For no Both.andNot onlybut alsoNotbutEitherorOr yet SoNeithernorWhetherorAsas二 寫作中經(jīng)常用到的連接副詞連接副詞連接分句，以說明分句之間的關系。連接副詞AccordinglyAlso AnywayBesidesCertainlyConsequentlyFinallyFurtherFurthermoreHenceHoweverIncidentallyIndeedInsteadLikewisemeanwhileMoreoverNamelyNeverthelessNextNone

3、thelessNowOtherwisesimilarlyStill SubsequentlyThenThereafterThereforeThusundoubtedly第二章 段落的構成 我們在寫文章之前應該擬出一個提綱，而提綱的每一個要點都能發(fā)展成一個段落。 段落是指一組相互關聯(lián)，用來闡述某一中心思想的句子群。例如：要寫一段中心思想是“I prefer to live in the city”的段落請擬一個提綱：1） Transportation and communication is more convenient than in the country.2) Cultural life

4、 is richer.3) Material life is better.一 段落和提綱我們修改一下提綱：1） Culture life is richer.2) Material life is better.3) Transportation and communication is more convenient. 請寫出下面短文的提綱 Growing cities use more land.Over the years,Los Angeles has been spreading out.The city has also been using land in new ways.M

5、uch of the land is used for large roads called freeways.The freeways connect the many communities that are part of Los Angeles.The city has grown higher.Office buildings, hotels and stores are now taller. Public places, such as sports stadiums, have grown bigger. They must fit the growing number of

6、people that Now live in the city. Today more than7 million people live in LosAngeles. Growing city means more people, too. 提綱可以寫成：1） More land 2) Buildings Higher and Bigger3) More People二 段落主題句 （topic sentence) 主題句：每一段落只能包含一個中心思想，表達這一中心思想 的句子就是主題句。請找出下面段落的主題句。 There are two factors which determine

7、an individuals intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably,some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with,an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the seco

8、nd factor is what happens to the individual- the sort of environment in which he is brought up. If an individual is in poor environment, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable. 主題句位于句首，后面的輔助句發(fā)展主題句的中心意念。請找出下面段落的主題句。 I

9、n the small French town, the town clerk spends two hours or so talking in the cafe every day. The village doctor often drops in for an aperitif when he is between calls. People from outlying sections of the valley who come to the village only on official business at the town hall drop into the cafe

10、and leave news of Their neighborhood. Through the cafe owner the postman relays Messages that he has been given on his route. With these and many other sources of information at his disposal, the cafe owner usually knows better than anyone else in the village the news of the community.本段落主題句位于段末。前面的

11、輔助句首先充分發(fā)揮某一中心意念，然后逐漸收攏，最后以主題句點睛。請找出下面段落的主題句。 In the past it was possible to know in advance what occupations would exist when a boy become a man. Today the Life span of occupations has also been compressed. The computerProgrammer, who was first heard of in the 1950s, will be as extinct as the blacks

12、mith within a number of years. Individuals Now train for a profession and look forward to remaining in that profession for the entire period of their working life. Yet within a Generation the notion of serving in a single occupation for ones entire life may seem quaintly antique. Individuals may nee

13、d to be trained to serve successively in three, four, or half a dozen different professions in the course of a career. The job will no longer serve as mans anchor and organizing principle.該段落主題句位于段落中間“Individuals may need to be trained to serve successively in three,four, or half a dozen different p

14、rofessions in the course of a career. ”三 段落的統(tǒng)一性 (unity) 一段文章只應該集中說明一個問題或一個問題的某一方面；只能敘述一件事情或一件事情的某一階段。句子是一組詞匯在某一語法形式下的集合。段落則是一組句子在某一中心思想下的邏輯組合。中心思想通常包含在主題句中，其他的事實、例證、說理等都應圍繞這一中心思想以輔助句的形式出現(xiàn)。統(tǒng)一性原則是寫好英語段落的極其重要的原則。 因此，我們在寫作時要擯棄一切與本段的中心、主題無關的句子。 The bright children is patient. He can tolerate uncertainty

15、and failure and will keep trying until he gets an answer. When all his experiments fail, he can even admit to himself and others that for the time being he is not going to get an answer. This may annoy him, but he can wait. Very often, he does not want to be told how to do the problem or solve the p

16、uzzle he has struggled with.because he does not want to be cheated out of the chance to figure It out for himself in the failure. This is not so for the dull child. He cant stand uncertainty or failure. To him, an unanswered question Is not a challenge or an opportunity, but a threat. If he cant fin

17、d the answer quickly, it must be given to him, and quickly; and he must have answers for everything. 這段文字的中心思想十分明確，即論述聰明孩子和不聰明孩子在對待疑難問題時的不同態(tài)度。第一部分論述聰明孩子的態(tài)度，第二部分進行對比，卻不枝不蔓。請刪去下列段落中與主題句無關的句子。 Books are placed on the library shelves in numerical order.In other words, all the books on one subject are pu

18、t together under the same number; for example, all books on United States history are numbered 973, and are placed together on the 973 shelf or shelves. Of course, such books are borrowed mostly by students who learn history.把最后一句去掉。請刪去下列段落中與主題句無關的句子。 Malthus calculated that two parents would have f

19、our children. The four children would marry.Each child would have four children.This would go on and on. In our country, most people Like boy babies.In this way, the population would grow very rapidly. In fact, he thought it would double every twenty-five years, if food was available. 將“In our count

20、ry, most people like boy babies.” 去掉。 四 段落的連貫性 (coherence) 段落的連貫性著眼于句與句之間的連接與組織，它包含句與句之間外部結構及過渡詞 (transition) 的通迅自然和內部邏輯關系的清晰明確。 英語寫作與漢語寫作是完全不同的。不能將頭腦中的漢語句子譯成英語。 英語民族的思維模式是線性的，因此往往先有一個主題句，然后沿著這一線索發(fā)展。 這一思維模式?jīng)Q定了每一句子都是為了輔助說明中心思想而自然流暢地承接前面的句子，就像一條流淌的意識流。 It is important that the teacher should be in pos

21、session of the Necessary information. This can generally obtained from books.It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear metal picture of the relationship between the sounds of diff

22、erent language, between the speech habits of the English people and of those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may on his students Pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use, and less time spent on pronunciation may well be time wasted. 范文： 這是一段符合連貫性原則的

23、文章。 主題句首先指出教師應具有一定的語音知識。然后分兩個大層次展開：1）教師的這些知識可以通過書本獲得；2）否則，語音課的教學效果就可能不佳。第一個大層次又分為兩個小層次，以兩個例子說明可以獲得書本知識的途徑。整個段落層次清楚、脈絡分明，再加上適當?shù)倪^度詞this, and, unless 等的運用，完全達到了連貫的目的。給下列段落的句子作適當?shù)恼{整，使其符合連貫性原則： 一 In an experiment, several people were put in an airtight room.Everyone felt very uncomfortable. The air soon

24、became warm and moist. The amount of carbon dioxide increased and the amount of oxygen decreased. Then, without letting in any fresh air, and electric fan was turned on. Almost as soon as the air was set in motion, everyone became comfortable again. In an experiment, several people were put in an ai

25、rtight room. The air soon became warm and moist. The amount of carbondioxide increased and the amount of oxygen decreased. Everyone felt very uncomfortable. Then, without letting in any fresh air, and electric fan was turned on. Almost as soon as the air was set in motion, everyone became comfortabl

26、e again. 調整以后的句子：給下列段落的句子作適當?shù)恼{整，使其符合連貫性原則： 二 Therefore driving in streets today is not safe as used to be. In recent years, in the bigger cities in the country, there have arisen traffic problems, for cars, trucks, buses and bicycles have increased in number, size and speed. As a result the streets

27、are more crowded than ever before. To make matters worse the population is ever on the increase.調整以后的句子： In recent years, in the bigger cities in the country, there have arisen traffic problems, for cars, trucks, buses and bicycles have increased in number, size and speed. Therefore driving in stree

28、ts today is not safe as used to be. As a result the streets are more crowded than ever before. To make matters worse the population is ever on the increase.給下列段落的句子作適當?shù)恼{整，使其符合連貫性原則： 三 Observers report that a person usually gets restless before a dream. As soon as the machine indicates that the dream

29、 is over, a buzzer wakens the sleeper. Once the dream has started, his body relaxes and his eyes become more active,as if the curtain had gone up on a show. He sits up, records his dream, and goes back to sleep-perhaps to dream some more. Observers report that a person usually gets restless before a

30、 dream. Once the dream has started, his body relaxes and his eyes become more active,as if the curtain had gone up on a show. As soon as the machine indicates that the dream is over, a buzzer wakens the sleeper. He sits up, records his dream and goes back to sleep-perhaps to dream some more.調整以后的句子：

31、 五 過渡語 (transition) 過渡語：它可以是一個詞、一個短語、一種語法手段、或者是一種表達方式，用來使句與句、段與段之間邏輯地連接起來， 使他們相互之間關系明確，推動文章向前發(fā)展或使文章意義轉折， 使發(fā)展脈絡清楚明白。 代詞和連詞可以是過渡語；同義詞的運用， 重復某一詞語或平行結構等，都可以是過渡語；修辭疑問句可以是過渡語，甚至某些符號如：1、2、3、a, b, c, 在列舉事物時，也可以作為過渡語。 許多學生對于過渡語這一術語感到陌生，但在實際寫作中卻常常有意無意地運用著它。 過渡語在英語寫作中極為重要，可以說，無過渡語就不構成文章。過渡語分類例舉：解說性過渡語： now, th

32、us, for, in this case;強調性過渡語： indeed, certainly, above all轉折性過渡語： but, however, yet, unless, except for;例舉性過渡語： for example, for instance, thus;比較性過渡語： like, similarly, likewise, in the same way; 對照性過渡語： in contrast, on the other hand, instead, unlike;讓步性過渡語： admittedly, nevertheless, of course, alt

33、hough, after all;因果性過渡語： therefore, as a result, consequently, thus, hence, so, accordingly;總結性過渡語：in conclusion, to sum up, all in all, finally作為過渡語使用的代詞： I, you, he, she, they, them, this, that, these, those, one, such, it. 在指代前面名詞的同時， 它們使句子順利地從上句過渡到下一句。 In 1807 Noah Webster began his greatest wor

34、k, “An AmericanDictionary of the English Language.” In preparing the manuscript, he devoted ten years to the study of English and its relationship to other languages, and seven more years to the writing itself. 該段落第二句的 “he” 使上一句平穩(wěn)地過渡到了下句。如果不使用代詞，不僅使文章顯得累贅，而且破壞了其連貫性。例如： 2） 同義詞、近義詞 用來做過渡語。例如： Teacher

35、play a very important role in the teaching-and-learning work, in which, of course, the students must cooperate with them.Without the instructors, the students might be some what like a Swimmer in the sea of knowledge, not knowing the direction to the seashore. 在這個例子中， 同義詞和近義詞都起到了平穩(wěn)過渡的作用。3) 關鍵詞的重復， 可

36、以起到過渡語的作用。 In such a society, there was very little leisure left for hobbies. In deed the word “l(fā)eisure” itself meant time that was saved, with some difficulty, in the midst of many jobs. Such leisure was used to practise the arts-to sing, paint, carve or act. Since their professional work was so la

37、rgely physical it was natural for people to seek emotional and mental satisfaction through these arts in their leisure time. 此段中關鍵詞的重復， 使文章能夠自然地由上一個句子過渡到下一個句子。4） 平行結構的運用常可起到過渡語的作用。例如： Modern society depends a great deal on mineral oil. Without it, there would be no paraffin-oil for lighting or cooki

38、ng;Withoutit, there would be no motorcars, aeroplanes or diesel engines for trains. 這種平行結構的運用不僅能夠起到平穩(wěn)過渡句子的作用，而且也強調了句子。 5）運用過渡詞、并列連詞、一部分副詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞， 以及一些短語都可以起過渡語的作用。 （1） 表示空間關系的過渡詞：above, across, from, up, under, before, below, beyond, farther, down, around, here, in the distance, nearby, near to, clo

39、se to, next to, on the left, on the right, opposite, on the top of, beneath, over 等。 （2） 表示時序方面的過渡詞： first, second(and so on),First of all, now, then, to begin with, at first, at last, finally, in the end, eventually, recently, lately, immediately, since then, soon, after a while, a moment later, af

40、terward, before, after, today, tomorrow, yesterday 等。 （3） 表示對照比較的過渡詞： on the country, on the other hand, despite, yet, unlike, in contrast, however, different from, in spite of, although, but, whereas, nevertheless, instead, while, still, otherwise, conversely, equally important, accordingly, like,

41、like wise, in the same way, similarly, meanwhile, at the same time, even so等。 (4) 表示因果關系的過渡詞： because of, because, for, for this reason, since, as, due to, owing to, thanks to, on this account, on that account, therefore, as a result, consequently, Accordingly, so, hence, thus, in this way, otherwise等。 （5） 表示讓步的過渡詞： even though,