1、ELECTRICAL SAFETY電氣安全 1Current flow through the body電流通過人體 Your body acts like a conductor.你的身體是一個導體 Most common path usually involves heart&lungs.一般路線會經(jīng)過心臟和肺2Electrical Injuries電的傷害There are four main types of electrical injuries:電傷害的主要類型：Direct直接的:Electrocution or death due to electrical shock 電死或

2、電擊致死Electrical shock電擊Burns 電灼傷Indirect Falls 間接墜落3 The effects that electric shock will have on an individual will depend upon the type of circuit, its voltage, resistance amperage, the pathway through the body, and the duration of the contact. Electric shock produced by alternating currents of pow

3、er line frequency (normally 50 Hertz) passing from hand to foot for one second can produce the following effects: 觸電對人體產(chǎn)生的危害要視電路的類型，電壓，電阻大小，(相同電流交流比直流危險,電壓越高越危險,電阻越小越危險).電流流經(jīng)人體的路線以及接觸持續(xù)的時間而定(胸至手,手至腳最危險;手至手,背或臀至手比較危險;電流經(jīng)過大腦時相當危險;腳至腳危險性較小)。由電源線（通常為50赫茲）的交流電從手流到腳1秒鐘的觸電會產(chǎn)生以下的后果：The Effects Of Electrical

4、 Shock觸電的結(jié)果40.71 milliamp- (LADY-MEN) barely perceptible.0.71毫安剛能覺察到（手指麻刺）9-25 milliamps-Interruption of muscular control.9-25毫安對肌肉的自控中斷（手迅速麻痹，呼吸困難）milliamps - interruption of heart function75毫安心臟功能中斷（心室開始顫動）amps - Immediate cardiac arrest4 安培心博立即停止The Effects Of Electrical Shock觸電的結(jié)果5Secondary inju

5、ries are frequently associated with electrical shock. These injuries are normally associated with falls or collisions related to the electrical shock causing involuntary muscle reactions. Obviously, in the case of falls the result can also be fatal.電還會經(jīng)常引發(fā)二次傷害。這類傷害通常與因觸電引起肌肉不自覺的反射而跌倒或碰撞相關(guān)。顯然，如果跌倒的話，

6、也會引起傷害甚至死亡。6內(nèi)容綜述：Todays topics include:雷電Lightning電動工具electrical Hand Tools配線及插座Wring & Extension Cords接地/接零電流保護Earth Leakage Protection 臨時用電設施 Electrical Temporary Facilities系統(tǒng)掛牌、加鎖 lockout/Tagout其它要求Addition requirement7雷電LIGHTNING 8Lightning classification直擊雷Direct clash lightning靜電感應雷Static indu

7、ction lightning電磁感應雷 Magnetic induction lightning雷擊分類9Lightnings characteristics完全不可預測 Totally unpredictable極高的能量 High energy雷電的危害Lightnings harm人身傷亡 Human injuries電力中斷、設備及建筑物損壞 Power outage & equipment, buildings damage火災及爆炸 Fires & explosions 雷電的特性10Rules of thumbs estimating the distance between

8、you and a lightning flash看見閃電和聽到雷聲之間的時間/你和雷電之間的距離Seconds Between Seeing Lightning and Hearing the Thunder / 5 = Distance (miles)記住：雷電可以擊中10英里外的物體 Remember: It can strike as far as 10 miles from the storm cloud. 1英里=1.609千米經(jīng)驗估計你和雷電之間的距離11告訴你的上級和你的同事 Tell your supervisor and your co-workers.主管必須采取所有必要

9、的預防措施保護工人 The supervisor must take all precautions necessary to protect the workers.把有關(guān)防雷的緊急程序納入工作計劃的一部分 Prepare an emergency procedure as part of the job plan. 當看到閃電或聽到雷聲時，你應該Dos when you see the lightning or hear the thunder12進入屋內(nèi)，或車內(nèi) Get indoors, or inside a car.遠離門窗，避免與任何金屬物接觸 Stay away from win

10、dows and doors, avoid contact with any conductors.避免使用電話，除非是無繩電話或移動電話 Avoid using the telephone unless it is a cordless or cellular phone.當雷電來臨時，保護你自己When lightning comes, protect yourself13卸除你的工具帶，手中不要拿任何東西Remove your tool belt and dont hold any objects in your hands. 遠離樹木和水 Stay away from trees an

11、d water.蹲下并使雙腳盡量靠緊. Put your feet as close together as possible and crouch down.除了腳以外，不要讓你身體的任何部分接觸到大地 Do not let any part of your body other than your feet contact the ground如果你沒法進入屋內(nèi) If you cannot get indoors14手持電動工具ELECTRICAL POWERED HAND TOOLS15確定你已接受足夠的可以安全使用工具的訓練 Ensure that you have been prop

12、erly trained to use the tool safely.保證工具的完善 (外殼,手柄,負荷線,插頭,開關(guān)等) Ensure the tools integrity.使用合理的插頭 Ensure electrical cords, connections and plugs are proper.在使用手持電動工具前應做些什么?What should you do before using powered hand tools?16每次使用前 Prior to each use.檢查其外表是否有裂紋或其他損傷 Check the outside for cracks or oth

13、er damages.檢查導線是否損壞，檢查插頭是否有裂紋或插針錯誤 Inspect the cords for defects.Inspect the plug for cracks and for faulty prongs. Note: Portable electrical equipment should not be picked up or carried by its power cord. 手提式電氣設備的電源線不能作提起或搬運用。何時/如何檢查電動工具?When and how should you inspect powered hand tools?17馬上換掉不要“使

14、用” Replace it immediately label the tool with “do not use”清楚的標示 Mark it clearly.工具必須交給合格的人員修理 Have tools repaired by a qualified person.當發(fā)現(xiàn)工具損壞時如何處理？What should you do if you find a tool defective?18當有連續(xù)的火花產(chǎn)生或?qū)Ь€過熱時應立即檢查 Check immediately if the cord feels more than comfortably warm or a tool is spar

15、king excessively.在調(diào)整和更換附件時應斷開電源 Disconnect the power supply before making adjustments or changing accessories.使用時，導線遠離工具，只能用經(jīng)批準的合格插座 During use, keep power cords clear of tools. Use the approved extension cords only.使用手持電動工具時When you use the powered hand tools19將工具存放于干燥，安全的地方 Store tools in a dry, s

16、ecure location.不要采用拔扯電源線的方法斷開電源 Do not disconnect the power supply by pulling or jerking the cord.在潮濕環(huán)境使用時應小心，保持手的干燥 Take care when use electric tools in wet conditions. Keep your hands dry. X使用手持電動工具時When you use the powered hand tools20當使用插座提供臨時電源線時When you use the extension cords插座只可用于提供臨時電源 Exte

17、nsion cords may only be used to provide temporary power.每次使用前檢查 Inspect them before any use.插座電源線必須為三芯或五芯 Extension cords must be of the three-wire or five-wire types.現(xiàn)場制作的插座電源線須由合格人員完成 Job-made extension cords may only be built by qualified persons.必須使用接地保護短路器 Ground-fault circuit interrupter must

18、be used.使用時避免損壞 Prevent damage when you use them.21Tool Safety Tips電動工具使用小知識Use gloves and appropriate footwear使用手套和適當?shù)男琒tore in dry place when not using當不用時存儲在干燥的地方Dont use in wet/damp conditions 不要在潮濕環(huán)境里使用Keep working areas well lit 作業(yè)區(qū)域有足夠的照明Ensure not a tripping hazard 確保沒有絆倒危險Dont carry a tool

19、by the cord 不要搬動被束縛的工具Dont yank the cord to disconnect it 拆除連接時不要拽電源線Keep cords away from heat, oil, & sharp edges 避免電線接觸熱，油和鋒利的邊緣Disconnect when not in use and when changing accessories such as blades & bits 不用時或更換附件如刀片時拆除連接Remove damaged tools from use禁止使用損壞的工具22接地故障斷路器Ground Fault Circuit Interru

20、pter 23Grounding接地/接零 Grounding creates a low-resistance path from a tool to the earth to disperse unwanted current. 接地在工具和地面之間形成低阻路徑，分散不需要的電流 When a short or lightning occurs, energy flows to the ground, protecting you from electrical shock, injury and death. 發(fā)生短路或閃電時，能量流入地面，避免人觸電/受傷/死亡。2425人員安全 Sa

21、fety of personnel.配電回路的安全 Safety of power distribution circuit.減少短路造成的事故 Minimizes the accident caused by electrical faults.接地故障斷路器保護的目的Purposes of Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter26接地故障斷路器保護應用于TN-S接零系統(tǒng) The Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter should only be used in TN-S system.保證上下極動作的選擇性 Ensure the se

22、lective characteristics.保證接線的正確性 Ensure the correct wiring method.保證選擇正確的規(guī)格 Ensure the right choice of rating. 注意Attention:27臨時用電設施TEMPORARY ELECTRICAL FACILITIES28承包商應遵守當?shù)卣块T頒發(fā)的所有相關(guān)規(guī)定。例如：施工現(xiàn)場臨時用電安全技術(shù)規(guī)范 JGJ46-2005 Contractors will comply with all relevant rules as issued by local authorities, such

23、as “Site Safety Technical Specifications for Temporary Power Supply” JGJ46-2005建筑施工現(xiàn)場采訪臨時用電工程中性點直接接地的三相四線低壓電力系統(tǒng),必須符合下列規(guī)定:采用三級配電系統(tǒng)采用TN-S 接零保護系統(tǒng)采用二級漏電保護系統(tǒng)總體要求General request for the power supply:29施工現(xiàn)場臨時用電設備在5臺及以上或設備總?cè)萘吭?0KW及以上者,應編制用電組織設計.所有從事電氣工作的人員，包括臨時供電或接線作業(yè)的人員應具備當?shù)卣块T頒發(fā)的有效的電工操作證書。 All persons en

24、gaged in electrical work involving a temporary power supply or associated wiring shall possess a valid Electricians Certificate issued by the local authority.總體要求General request for the power supply:30All Temporary Power Supply equipment, facilities and wiring shall be selected as per the voltage le

25、vel of the supplied electrical power. All associated electrical components shall satisfy the requirements as indicated in associated National Specifications and Standards. Three phases and five-wire system shall be used for low voltage temporary power supply.所有臨時用電設備，設施和線路必須按供電電壓正確選用，所有有關(guān)的電氣元器件必須滿足相

26、關(guān)的國家規(guī)范和標準要求，臨時用電電源和有關(guān)的線路必須嚴格遵守電氣施工和安裝規(guī)范。低壓臨時用電設施采用三相五線制31All temporary power (All portable tools driven by electrical ) facilities shall have suitable leakage and grounding protection and be operated in a mode of “One tool, one switch”. The rating of the electric current of the leakage protection /

27、grounding device shall not greater than 30mA and the action time must be less than 0.1s. Bypassing fuses or using ordinary wire instead of fuse wire is strictly forbidden。所有的臨時用電設施(包括便攜式電動工具)應有合適的漏電保護器和接地保護。并且實行“一閘一機一保護” , 開關(guān)箱漏電保護器動作電流應不超過30毫安，且反應時間應小于0.1秒。嚴禁用普通電線代替保險絲.32電箱設置一般以三級配電,即總配電箱,分配電箱,開關(guān)箱.分

28、開關(guān)箱與開關(guān)箱距離不得超過30m,開關(guān)箱與用電設備不宜超過3m, 配電箱應裝設在干燥,通風的常溫場所.箱體應采用冷軋鋼板或阻燃絕緣材料制作,固定式下底與地1.4m1.6m,移動式的0.8m 1.6m,一般固定式電箱要重復接地,電箱必須防雨,防潮,防塵.33Power Distribution Box must be weather proofed 34臨時電源箱的低壓出線及其它臨時用電線路，應采用絕緣良好的橡皮軟導線；在地下敷設時，每隔20米清晰的標記所有地下電纜的走向。如架空敷設時，可選用絕緣導線，嚴禁采用裸線。電纜不能直接敷設在地上，保證電纜不直接接觸地面。 Low voltage out

29、going cable from temporary power supply substation and other temporary power supply wiring shall be of soft rubber type with sound insulation. When it is necessary to be laid on or under ground, rubber sleeve cable shall be used. All underground cables shall be clearly marked with red and white conc

30、rete markers at the surface at intervals of 20m. When it is to be laid overhead, insulation cable shall be selected, bare lead is strictly forbidden. Cables shall not be laid directly on the ground but shall be supported by poles with sufficient spacing to ensure cable does not touch the ground.電纜線要

31、求35Temporary power cable, when cables crossing a road must be guarded by installing a steel protection sleeve. Protection measures shall be taken in places where embedded cables could be subject to mechanical damage. 臨時用電線路穿過馬路的電纜應安裝金屬保護套管。埋地電纜在可能受到機械損傷的區(qū)域應采取保護措施 All temporary power supply cables an

32、d wiring must have sound insulation, proper splices and be reliably connected, and shall not be laid in places where they could sustain damage or create a hazardous condition. i.e. too close to steam pipeline. 所有臨時用電電纜和配線要有可靠的絕緣，正確的接線，可靠的連接，并且不得敷設在可能遭到傷害或產(chǎn)生危險的地方，例如太靠近蒸氣管線 電纜線要求36電纜需有過路保護No proper pr

33、otection for power cable cross the road surface37Cable cross road protectionTo use appropriate cable coverage across the road38電箱內(nèi)電器應當具有電源隔離,短路,過載及漏電保護功能If a circuit is opened by the tripping of a protective device such as a fuse, circuit breaker , do not reset the circuit until you have identified

34、and resolved the problem. In some cases, it may be necessary for a “Qualified” person to investigate and correct the situation. Protective devices in a circuit are there for a purpose and are not to be defeated, modified, or bypassed even temporarily.若電熔絲熔斷、斷路器等保護裝置的跳閘而斷開時，在找出原因和解決故障之前，不要重新接通電路。有時，可

35、能需要請專業(yè)人員到現(xiàn)場尋找原因并解決問題。電路中的保護裝置在電路中都是有它的用途，不能隨意修改或被短接，即使臨時這樣做也不行。電箱內(nèi)電器要求39All Temporary Power Supply and Distribution panels and cabinets on site shall be properly numbered and equipped with rain protection. The doors of all temporary power supply cabinets and panels shall be firmly closed and all inc

36、ome / outcome cable of temporary power supply cabinet shall be correctly and neatly laid out。現(xiàn)場上所有臨時用電設施、配電盤和配電柜應正確編號并配備防雨保護設施。所有臨時用電配電柜和配電盤的門應關(guān)閉好，所有臨時配電盤/柜的進線/出線應正確地和整潔地敷設。The voltage of any portable lamp shall not exceed 36V. While working in extraordinary damp and wet work environments or inside

37、metal equipment such as process vessels, container or tanks, the voltage of the temporary portable lamp shall not exceed 12V. 任何一個手提燈的電壓不應超出36V。當在特別潮濕的環(huán)境或在金屬設備如工藝塔、容器、集裝箱或罐內(nèi)工作時，臨時手提燈的電壓不應超過12V電箱內(nèi)電器要求40一個重要原則是：盡可能減小被損害的可能One of the most important principle is: minimize the risk of damage as practical

38、 as possible. 臨時電纜 Temporary cabling41與項目其他永久電纜及設施之間至少2米凈距 A minimum 2m separation with any permanent project cabling or other services.高壓電纜埋深：-0.8米；低壓電纜埋深：-0.7米 For HV cables depth: -0.8m minimum; LV cables: -0.m minimum.所有電纜宜沿途采用標記 All the cables should be properly marked along the routing.地下電纜Und

39、erground Cable42如果不可避免，電纜與道路的凈距為： If it is unavoidable, the clean height above the road and route crossings are:當?shù)缆愤^車時，6.0米6.0m, where the roads and routes are designated for use by vehicular traffic.當?shù)缆方管囕v通行時，3.5米 地上電纜應采取措施固定，并盡可能避開人行道、扶梯、樓梯等 Above ground cables shall be fixed on site, and be inst

40、alled clear of passageways, ladders, stair etc. where possible.地上電纜 Above Ground Cable43地上電纜應纏繞黃/黑色膠帶 Above ground cables shall be labeled with yellow/black colored tapes.與管道設施保持最少150厘米的間距 Keep distance with piped services, at a minimum of 150mm.經(jīng)常移動的電纜應采用重型氯丁橡膠電纜或類似功能電纜 Frequently moved cables shal

41、l be flexible heavy-duty neoprene rubber type or equivalent.地上電纜Above Ground Cable44低壓接地系統(tǒng)采用TN-S保護系統(tǒng). LV supplies earthing system shall be arranged as TN-S.接地網(wǎng)電阻不應大于4歐姆。接地線應為標準銅導體黃綠色PVC絕緣，應選用合適規(guī)格。 The resistance of earthing grid shall not exceed 4.Earth wires shall be of the standard copper conducto

42、r with green/yellow PVC sheathing, and properly sized.接地/接零保護45Transformer substations所有戶外型變電所均應滿足戶外使用要求 All the substations used out door shall meet the outdoor use requirements.變壓器連接組別應為三角形-星形連接，低壓中性點應直接接地Transformers shall be connected delta-star and the LV neutral point shall be solidly earthed.

43、使用緊湊型變電所時，保證其置于水泥柱基礎上并圍以帶鎖的圍欄 When use the packaged substations, make sure they are mounted on concrete plinths with a fenced enclosure with pad lockable gates.使用角桿保護變電所不受車輛影響，其與路邊的距離宜大于5米 The corner posts shall protect the substation equipment from vehicle impact. And it should be located at least

44、5m clear from the edge of any road. 變電所46Distribution boards (LV) 所有戶外用配電柜均應滿足戶外使用要求 All the distribution boards used out door shall meet the outdoor use requirements.回路應采用熔斷器或塑殼短路器保護，最大不超過355安 The outgoing circuits shall be protected by fuses or MCCBs having a maximum rating of 355A.分配電盤 For the su

45、b-distribution board應有進線開關(guān) One incoming switch shall be provided with. 所有配出回路均應采用短路及漏電電流保護。最大不超過125安 Each outgoing feeder shall be provided with short circuit and residual current protection.Maximum outgoing feeder rating shall be 125A.配電盤（低壓）47系統(tǒng)掛牌、上鎖System Lockout/Tagout48系統(tǒng)掛牌、加鎖可保護人員、設備在項目建設及起動過程

46、中不受危險能源的危害，并為停用的系統(tǒng)設備及系統(tǒng)提供信息Safety tags and lockouts will help to protect personnel and equipment form hazardous energy sources during the construction and start up phase of the project, and also provide a description of the equipment components and systems that are out of service. 目的Purpose 49Two ty

47、pes of tags危險不得操作/移除 掛牌Danger - Do Not Operate/Remove Tag禁止人員操作、通電、或加壓設備及電氣回路 prohibiting personnel form operating, energizing, or pressurizing equipment and electrical circuits.兩種掛牌形式50注意限制操作掛牌Caution Restricted Operation Tag控制人員操作、通電或加壓于設備或電路的方法。controlling the methods personnel may use to operate

48、, energize or pressurize equipment and electrical circuits.51Electrical Lock-Out電的鎖定的要求In the event an electrical system is required to be locked-out, the Supervisor of the Employee requesting the lock-out must contact the appropriate Project or Unit personnel. Qualified Project or Unit personnel wi

49、ll assist with isolation of the electrical systems needed to isolate the electrical energy source by: 在電系統(tǒng)要求鎖定的情況下，主管人員要求鎖定必須與項目或者單位人員進行適當?shù)臏贤ǎ椖炕騿挝挥匈Y格的人員將幫助隔離電源：Placing a lock-out device on the appropriate isolating device. 放一個鎖定裝置在適當?shù)母綦x裝置上。Placing a completed tag on each lock-out device he/she plac

50、ed. 在放鎖定裝置上放一個有效的標簽52Trying to operate equipment or machinery locked-out to assure isolation. 試著操作設備或機械確保隔離有效Remove lock-out devices and tags last, after all work and other lock-out devices and tags have been removed. 在所有工作完成并且其它的鎖定和標簽已取消后取消鎖定和標簽。Each Supervisor of the any department working with th

51、e electrical lock-out must ensure the lock-out of the system by testing start buttons or switches. 每個工作要在電鎖定部門的主管要確保鎖定系統(tǒng)經(jīng)過起動試驗或開關(guān)試驗。Electrical Lock-Out電的鎖定的要求53ELECTRICAL LOCKOUT 電氣開關(guān)鎖定54注意Requirements加鎖是好方法 Locks are preferred means.在正確位置掛牌 Use the tag in right place.兩種掛牌不可用于同一設備 The two types of t

52、ags shall not be hung on the same component.決不可操作危險掛牌的設備。 No one may operate a component with the Danger Tag. ELECTRICAL LOCKOUT 電氣開關(guān)鎖定55其它要求及常見問題Additional Requirement and Common Issue56對帶電設備進行操作前，摘下首飾（如指環(huán)、項鏈、手表、手鏈等）。細察看潛在的危險：如潮濕的地板、不接地的擴展電源線、磨損的電源線;將緊急開關(guān)放在工作間，以便事故發(fā)生時，迅速切斷電源； 如果有潛在的危險，請不要單獨工作；進行檢查前

53、，務必請斷開電源；如果事故發(fā)生，關(guān)掉系統(tǒng)電源；報警；判斷是否受害者需要進行人工呼吸，及時尋求醫(yī)療幫助。設備只允許經(jīng)培訓合格的人員操作和維護；系統(tǒng)上電前，請認真閱讀安裝指南。帶電作業(yè)57keeping a prescribed safe distance (Attach table) from exposed energized lines, avoiding the unsafe use of electrical equipment, and following lockout/Tag-out procedures. 離開暴露的帶電線路保持規(guī)定的安全距離(附表)，避免使用不安全電氣設備，遵守

54、上鎖或掛牌程序58Attachment 附表 1. The minimum safe approach distance for crane to power line at follow: 起重機與架空導線低端的最小安全距離 導線電壓等級(KV) 1以內(nèi) 10 35 110 220 330 500 垂直方向(m) 1.5 3.0 4 .0 5 .0 6.0 7.0 8.5 水平方向(m) 1.5 2.0 3.5 4.0 6.0 7.0 8.5 2. The minimum safe approach distance operate persons to naked power line a

55、t follow : 操作人員與帶電體的最小安全距離 設備電壓等級(KV) 10以內(nèi) 2035 44 60110 154 220 最小安全距離(m) 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.5 2 3 3. The minimum safe approach distance for welding to naked power line at follow : 電氣焊作業(yè)與帶電體的最小安全距離 設備電壓等級(KV) 1 10 以內(nèi) 10以上 最小安全距離(m) 1 1.5 34 . The minimum safe approach distance for operate persons on pol

56、e or tower to naked power line at follow : 在帶電線路的桿,塔上作業(yè)與帶電體的最小安全距離 導線電壓等級(KV) 10以內(nèi) 2035 44 60110 154 220 最小安全距離(m) 0.7 1 1.2 1.5 2 359Electricity has the ability to arc, or jump from unguarded power lines to an individual in close proximity to the line. Quite a few people have been killed or injured

57、 while carrying a piece of conductive equipment, such as a ladder, in an elevated position or by being in contact with a vehicle that comes within arcing range of an overhead power line. 電可產(chǎn)生電弧，能從未做防護的電源線跳到附近的人身上。所以有人在高處扛著一個導電的設備（如梯子）走的時候， 或接觸了處于架空電源線電弧范圍內(nèi)的車輛，觸到電源線的電弧而死亡或受傷。60During High potential i

58、nspections on electric equipment, the area around should be clear and barricade with red ropes, not authorized person cannot enter. 電氣設備作耐壓試驗時應保持設備周圍有安全空間，人員不可進入，并圍上警示帶，避免人員誤入。Before, during and after DC High Voltage inspection, worker should use suitable electrographic pencil to touch the electrifi

59、ed portion where the electric can be touched by grounding. 直流耐壓實驗時不論測試前后,人員接觸帶電部份時均應先以驗電筆驗電，以免人員觸電. Should assign a person to watch and keep other people a safe distance away. 需有人員警戒避免人員誤接觸造成觸電。61Before Energization , Visually check and make sure the connection and relay apparatus are in good condit

60、ion and without any other equipment on circuit.電氣設備送電前以人工目視檢查各輸配電設備內(nèi)有無異物，各接點連接是否正常,繼電保護設定是否正確.Anybody shall be informed of emergency always happening. When operate the switch breakers no standing opposite the breakers is allowed. 告知每一位參與者，再好的設備都可能發(fā)生故事，操作開關(guān)應避開正面位置，而以斜角或側(cè)面方式操作.62Inform all the relativ