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1、.(UNIT1)現在完成時的重點和難點一、現在完成時的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”1.現在完成時的"完成用法" 現在完成時的"完成用法"指的是動作發生在過去某一時刻并已結束,但該動作對現在產生了影響,與現在情況具有因果關系。例如:He has turned off the light.他已把燈關了。(動作結束于過去,但說明的是現在的情況-燈現在不亮了。)現在完成時"完成用法"的特點是動作不延續,因此,該時態只能與表示不定的過去時間狀語(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、頻度時間狀語(如:never,eve

2、r,once等)、包括現在時刻在內的時間狀語(如:this morning month year.,today等)連用。例如: Have you found your pen yet.你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎.2.現在完成時的"未完成用法" 現在完成時的"未完成用法"指的是動作開始于過去某一時刻,一直延續到現在,或可能還要繼續下去。例如:He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來,他一直住在這兒。(動作起始于1978年,一直住到現在,可能還要繼續住下去。) I have been in the army for more t

3、han 5 years.我在部隊已經呆了五年多了。(動作開始于5年前,一直延續至今,有可能還要繼續下去。) 此種用法的句中常需一個表示一段時間的狀語(由since或for引導),或表示與現在時刻相連的時間狀語(如:up to now,so far到目前為止)等。例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒有他的任何消息。 注意:(1)現在完成時的未完成用法只適用于延續性動詞,不可用于終止性動詞,即瞬間完成或延續時間很短的動詞。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。(2)現在完成時常見兩種句型:主語

4、have / has beenfor短語 It is一段時間 since從句 例如:He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入團已三年了。3、延續性動詞和終止性動詞的概念英語中,動詞按其動作發生的方式、動作發生過程的長短,可分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。延續性動詞表示能夠延續的動作,這種動作可以延續下去或產生持久影響。如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, r

5、ead, sleep, live, stay等。終止性動詞也稱非延續性動詞、瞬間動詞或短暫性動詞,表示不能延續的動作,這種動作發生后立即結束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。4、延續性動詞的用法特征1.延續性動詞可以用于現在完成時,其完成時態可與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。表示"段時間"的短語有:for two years, during the past three years, since last year,

6、how long等。如:I have learned English since I came here.自從我來到這兒就學英語了。2.延續性動詞不能與表示短暫時間的"點時間"狀語連用。如:It raind at eight yesterday morning.(誤) rain為延續性動詞,而at eight表示"點時間",前后顯然矛盾。如果用延續性動詞表示一瞬間的動作,可以借助come, begin, get等終止性動詞來表示。上句可改為:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如:-When d

7、id you get to know Jack"-Two years ago.-Then you've known each other for more than two years.-That's right.5、終止性動詞的用法特征1.終止性動詞可用來表示某一動作完成,因此可用于現在完成時。如:The train has arrived.火車到了。Have you joined the computer group" 你加入電腦小組了嗎.2.終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫,不能持續。因此,不可與表示一段時間的狀語連用(只限肯定式)。如:(1)他死了三年了

8、。   誤:He has died for three years.正:He has been dead for three years.   正:He died three years ago.正:It is three years since he died.       正:Three years has passed since he died.(2)他來這兒五天了。  誤:He has come here for five days.正:He has been here for fiv

9、e days.      正:He came here five days ago.正:It is five days since he came here.   正:Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動詞,不能與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。那么,應如何正確表達呢.可以采用下面的四種方法:(1)將句中終止性動詞轉換為相應的延續性動詞,如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達方式。下面列舉幾例:leavebe away, borrowkeep

10、, buyhave, begin/startbe on, diebe dead, move tolive in, finishbe over, joinbe in/be a member of, open sth.keep sth. open, fall illbe ill, get upbe up, catch a coldhave a cold。(2)將句中表示"段時間"的狀語改為表示過去確定時間的狀語,如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達方式。(3)用句型"It is+段時間+since."表達原意,如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達方式。(4)用句型"

11、;時間+has passed+since."表達原意,如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達方式。3.終止性動詞可用于現在完成時否定式中,成為可以延續的狀態,因而可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。如:He hasn't left here since 1986.I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.4.終止性動詞的否定式與until/till連用,構成"not+終止性動詞+until/till ."的句型,意為"直到才"。如:You can't leave here until I a

12、rrive.直到我到了,你才能離開這里。I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我畫完畫,我才上床睡覺。5.終止性動詞可以用于when引導的時間狀語從句中,但不可以用于while引導的時間狀語從句中。when表示的時間是"點時間"(從句謂語動詞用終止性動詞),也可以是"段時間"(從句謂語動詞用延續性動詞)。而while表示的是一個較長的時間或過程,從句謂語動詞用延續性動詞。如:When we reached London, it was twelve o&

13、#39;clock. (reach為終止性動詞)Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away為延續性動詞短語)6.終止性動詞完成時不可與how long連用(只限于肯定式)。如:誤:How long have you come here"    正:How long have you been here"正:When did you come here"二、現在完成時與一般過去時的區別1. 一般過去時表示過去某個時間發生的事、存在的狀態或經常發生的動作。說話的側重點

14、只在于陳述一件過去的事情,不強調對"現在"產生的影響。如:He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年參觀過桂林。(只說明去桂林的時間)2. 現在完成時表示動作發生在過去,對現在造成了影響或產生了結果。不與確定的過去時間狀語連用。如:Jill has bought a new computer.吉爾買了一臺新電腦。(著重點是現在有了一臺新電腦)3. 兩種時態的區分(1)一般過去時的謂語動詞用過去式,而現在完成時的謂語基本構成是"助動詞have /has +過去分詞"。如:The film started at 7 oclock.

15、60;    He has been a teacher for many years.(2)一般過去時通常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等;而現在完成時則常與just, already, ever, never等副詞和these days, this week, since., for.等表示一段時間的狀語連用。看看以下的幾組句子,有什么區別. Have you seen the film"(A)  Did you see t

16、he film"(B)說明 你看過這部電影嗎.(A)句強調的是被問者對劇情是否了解;(B)句強調的是看這部電影的動作是否發生過,并不強調是否知道其內容。 How has he done it"(A)    How did he do it"(B)說明他是怎么做的這件事.(A)句強調的是他做這件事的方式對現在產生了某種影響;(B)句單純的詢問做這件事的方式。 He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)    He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)說明

17、他在北京住了8年。(A)句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8年,可能還會繼續在北京住下去。(B)句講的是他在北京住過8年,現在不在北京了。三、現在完成時考點例析現在完成時是較難掌握、中考考查較多的時態。涉及的考點有:一、考查其構成"助動詞have (has) +動詞過去分詞"構成現在完成時。如:1. Kate's never seen Chinese films,_ "  A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she D. is she析:陳述句部分含否定詞never,簡略問句部分要用肯定式,又

18、因Kate's是Kate has的縮寫,故選B。2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改為否定句)His uncle _ posted the photos to him _. 析:already常用在肯定句中,yet常用在否定句、疑問句中,故填hasn't, yet。3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So _her parents.   A. has B. had C. did D. have析:"so+助/系/情態動詞+主語"結構中的動詞形式

19、應與前句結構中動詞形式保持一致,又后句的主語為her parents是復數,故選D。二、考查其用法與標志詞(一)當句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等時,常用現在完成時。如:1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball" -_you_ your homework yet" A. Do; finish   B. Are; finishing   C. Did; finish    D. Have; finished2. -_ yo

20、u _anywhere before" -Yes, but I can't remember where I_A. Did; surf; surfed         B. Have; surfed; surfed C. Did; surf; have surfed    D. Have; surfed; have surfed析:據yet和before可知,應用現在完成時,故1題選D,2題選D。(二)當句中有"for +段時間"或"since +點時間"等

21、時,主句常用現在完成時,謂語動詞必須是延續性動詞,若是非延續性動詞,要改為延續性動詞或表狀態的詞(短語)。如:1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice_he came to Yunnan. A. after   B. before    C. since     D. for析:主句用的是現在完成時,而從句用的是一般過去時,故選C。2. Tom_the CD player for two weeks.A. has lent    B. has b

22、orrowed    C. has bought     D. has had析:A、B、C均為非延續性動詞,在肯定句中不與表"段時間"的短語連用,故選D。3. I_a letter from him since he left. A. didn't receive   B. haven't got   C. didn't have   D. haven't heard析:據since可知,應排除A、C,"hear

23、 from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."意為"收到某人的來信",故選B。三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的區別。如:1. -Have you ever_Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors"-Yes, I have. A. went to     B. gone to     C. been in   

24、60;  D. been to析:據句中的have,排除A,B項意為"去某地了",C項意為"一直呆在某地",D項意為"去過某地",符合題意,故選D。2. My parents _ Shangdong for ten years. A. have been in    B. have been to    C. have gone to     D. have been析:本題句中有"for+段時間"結構,據此可排除C,B項意為

25、"去過某地",不合題意,D項缺介詞,故選A。四、考查現在完成時與其他時態的聯系和區別。如:1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正確的句子)析:非延續性動詞與"段時間"連用時,除了把非延續性動詞改成延續性動詞外,還可把動詞改為一般過去時或借助句型"It's +段時間+since+從句"進行句子轉換。故答案為:Sun's aunt has been there for ten years. /Sun's aunt went there ten year

26、s ago. /It's ten years since Sun's aunt went there. 2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改為同義句)_more than ten years _Susan _to this city. 析:據上題分析,且since引導的從句要用一般過去時,故填It is, since, came。3. I won't go to the concert because I _my ticket. A. lost   B. don't

27、 lose   C. have lost   D. is coming析:因我丟了票的動作發生在過去,而且對現在造成了我不能參加音樂會的結果,符合現在完成時所表示的含意,故選C。(UNIT3)被動語態復習“三步曲”被動語態是動詞語態的一種形式,表示主語是動作的承受者。在歷年的中考題中,都有一定數量的考查被動語態的題目。因此,有必要對被動語態進行系統復習。第一曲:掌握被動語態的結構被動語態由"助動詞+及物動詞的過去分詞"構成。不同時態的被動語態的差異主要體現在助動詞be的變化上,同時助動詞be還要在人稱和數上與主語保持一致。現將初中階段

28、常見的幾種時態的被動語態總結如下:1.一般現在時的被動語態:am/is/are+done(指及物動詞的過去分詞,下同)如:English is used all over the world.2.一般過去時的被動語態:was/were+done如: The picture was painted two years ago.3.現在進行時的被動語態:am/is/are+being+done如: The flowers are being watered by them now. 4.現在完成時的被動語態:have(has)+been+done如:The room has been cleane

29、d.5.一般將來時的被動語態:will/be going to+be+done如:The work will be finished tomorrow.6.含有情態動詞的被動語態:情態動詞+be+done如:Your homework must be handed in today.其它幾種特殊句型:It is said that .         It is well known that .       It is reported that.have sth done  

30、60;  第二曲:掌握主動語態變被動語態的方法把主動語態變為被動語態時,應走好以下三步:1)主動語態的賓語變為被動語態的主語;2)主動語態的謂語動詞由主動語態形式變為被動語態形式; 3)主動結構的主語變為介詞by的賓語,組成介詞短語,放在被動結構的謂語動詞之后。在無須說明動作的執行者或只強調動作的承受者時,by短語可以省略。請看示范:主動語態:My brother   repaired    that bike yesterday.       主語    

31、0;謂語動詞賓語其余部分被動語態:That bike    was repaired   (by my brother) yesterday.    主語       謂語動詞       by+賓語其余部分對于主動語態變為被動語態方法的考查,主要在句型轉換題目中出現。只要能夠按照上面介紹的方法去做,一般是能夠做對的。第三曲:注意主動語態變為被動語態的幾種特殊句型1.含有短語動詞的被動語態一般來說,只有及物動詞才有被動語態。另外,許多不及物動詞加上介詞或副

32、詞構成的短語動詞,相當于及物動詞,后面也可加賓語。在變被動語態時,注意不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞,常見的這類短語動詞有:take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up等。如:The old people should be taken good care of.2.含有雙賓語的動詞的被動語態含有雙賓語的主動句改為被動句時,應將其中一個賓語改為被動結構的主語,另一個賓語仍保留在原處。一種情況是把間接賓語(指人)變為主語,直接賓語(指物)不變。另一種情況是把直接賓語(指物)變為主語,間接賓語(指人)不變,這時,間接賓語前通

33、常加介詞to,有時加for。如:My father gave me a new book on my birthday.I was given a new book (by my father) on my birthday. (間接賓語作了主語)A new book was given to me (by my father) on my birthday. (直接賓語作了主語)3.帶有復合賓語的動詞的被動語態帶有復合賓語(賓語和賓語補足語)的主動語態變為被動語態時,只把賓語變為被動語態的主語,原來的賓語補足語不動。同時,如果賓語補足語是省略to的動詞不定式,變為被動語態時,必須加上不定式符

34、號to,這類動詞有make, let, see, hear, watch等。如:We  find English  very useful. English is found very useful.  賓語賓補I often hear him   sing in his room. He is often heard to sing in his room.          賓語  賓補4.有的動詞的主動形式可以表示被動意義,這類動

35、詞有: wash, sell, smell, taste, sound, feel等。如:The books sell well.                  The food tastes good.以上四種情況在中考題目中經常出現,同學們在碰到類似題目時,應首先分析屬于哪種情況,然后再根據掌握的知識來做題。二、被動語態考點歸納1. 主動語態改為被動語態時,被動語態應和主動語態的時態保持一致。如:We speak English . (改為被動語態) English

36、_ _ by us. 分析此句主動語態為一般現在時態,被動語態也應用一般現在時態,因此,答案應是is spoken。2. 注意被動語態的謂語結構。一般現在時是:am / is / are + p.p ;一般過去時是:was / were + p.p ;現在完成時是:have / has / been + p.p;現在進行時是:am / is / are / + being + p.p;含有情態動詞的是:情態動詞be + p.p。有詩曰:被動語態須注意,謂語不離“be”“p.p”。主謂一致別忘記,“進行”易丟一個“be”。(注:p.p過去分詞)。如:We must take good care

37、of our eyes. (改為被動語態) Our eyes must _ _ good care of. 分析此句中含有情態動詞must,那么,我們根據“情態動詞be+p.p.”的公式可知,答案應是be taken。3. 注意句中主謂語的一致關系。如:Tea _ (grow)in southeast of China and India. 分析此句中主語tea是不可數名詞,作主語時謂語動詞應用單數形式。而此句說明的又是一自然現象,因此就應用一般現在時態。所以,答案應是is grown。4. 注意復合賓語的變化。如:They couldn”t make the cow go. (改為被動語態)

38、分析the cow go 在句中作make的復合賓語。一般情況下,變為被動語態后,賓語補足語的結構形式、所處位置原封不動地保存下來,但make / have / let / see / watch / hear 等后原可省的to要還原回來。顯然,此句中,the cow go 中省去的to應還原回來,因此答案應是The cow couldn”t be made to go. 5. 注意雙賓語的變化。如:Mr Smith showed the students two pictures yesterday . (改為被動語態)Two pictures _ _ _ the students by M

39、r Smith. 分析變為被動語態時,雙賓語中的任何一個皆可變為主語,一般變直接賓語,但間接賓語前必須加上介詞to或for。此句中顯然是把直接賓語變為被動語態的主語,那么,間接賓語前須加上介詞to,所以答案應是were shown to。6. 注意短語動詞中的“小詞”。如:The old men and the children _ in our country. A. must take good care     B. must be taken good careC. must be taken good care of   

40、D. must take good care of 分析短語動詞是一個不可分割的整體,應當做一個詞來看待,變成被動語態后,“小詞”不能丟棄。因此,此題答案應是C。(UNIT5)直接引語變間接引語一、句式的變化1.陳述句變為以that引導的賓語從句。that在口語中常省略She said,“Our train will arrive in five minutes.”She said (that) their train would arrive in five minutes.He said,“Im very busy.”He said (that) he was very busy.2. 一

41、般疑問句變成if/whether引導的賓語從句。He said,“Can you swim,John"”    He asked John if he could swim.The teacher said,“Have you all understood me"”  The teacher asked if we had all understood him.If/whether的用法主要區別點:a. whether可與or (not)連用I dont know whether he will come or not.b.與介詞連用

42、:We are talking about whether he will win.c.與不定式連用:I cant decide whether to go with you.3. 特殊疑問句變為由who/what/when等疑問詞引導的賓語從句。George said,“When will you get back from Shanghai,Mike"”George asked Mike when he would get back from ShanghaiHe said,“Where are you going"”      

43、 He asked where I was going.4. 祈使句變為動詞不定式。表示命令時常用tell;表示請求時常用ask。Dont變為notThe teacher said to the boy,“Open the window .”     The teacher told the boy to open the window.His father said to him,“Dont leave the door open.”   His father told him not to leave the door open.

44、5 .反意疑問句,變為由if/whether引導的賓語從句。She asked me,“You have seen the film, havent you"”  She asked me if/whether I had seen the film.6. 選擇問句,變為whetherorI asked him,“Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight"”I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.7. 直接引

45、語是感嘆句時,變間接引語時可用what或how引導,有時也可用that引導。She said,“What a lovely day it is!”     She said what a lovely day it was.She said that it was a lovely day.二、時態的變化附:時態不變的幾種情況:1. 如主句謂語動詞為一般現在時或一般將來時,則間接引語中的動詞仍保持直接引語的原來時態。He says,“Im very busy today.”         &#

46、160;    He says (that) he is very busy today.He will say,“I have watered the flowers.”      He will say (that)he has watered the flowers.2. 直接引語如果是客觀真理,事實,格言等內容時,變間接引語時,時態不變。例:He said: “Light travels much faster than sound.” 他說:“光傳播的速度要比聲音快得多。”    He said

47、 that light travels much faster than sound3. 直接引語是書信、新聞報道等相關內容時,變間接引語時,時態不變。4. 直接引語說的是一個人習慣的動作時,變間接引語時,時態不變。5. 轉述正在進行的對話時,變間接引語時,時態不變。6. 直接引語有具體的表示過去的時間時,變間接引語時,時態不變。7. when 和 since 引導的時間狀語從句時,變間接引語時,時態不變。否則:如主句謂語動詞為過去時,則間接引語中的動詞應由現在時變為過去時一般現在時一般過去時一般將來時過去將來時現在進行時過去進行時一般過去時過去完成時現在完成時過去完成時三、時間狀語的變化no

48、w then    last monththe month before    toightthat night  todaythat daythree days ago three days before    tomorrow the next day   this weekthat weeknext monththe next month  yesterdaythe day before   the day after tomorrowin two

49、days例:She said, “I went there yesterday.”  她說,“我昨天去那兒了。”She said that she had gone there the day before. 她說她前一天去那兒了。四、人稱的變化直接引語變為間接引語相當于把直接引語變為賓語從句。因此直接引語的人稱要做相應的變化。直接引語的主語為第一人稱時,變為間接引語要和主句的主語保持一致。He said: “I will go to Beijing tomorrow.”   He said that he would go to Beijing the

50、 next day.直接引語的主語為第二人稱時,要和主句的賓語保持一致。例:He said to me: “You will leave tomorrow.”   He told me that I would leave the next day.直接引語是第三人稱為主語時,變間接引語時不變。例:He said to me: “My sister will leave tomorrow.”  He told me that his sister would leave tomorrow.He said to us: “They want to come

51、.”     He told us that they wanted to go.五、其它變化指示代詞的變化  thisthat                            thesethoseShe said: “I will come this morning.”她說,“我今天上午來。”She said that she would go th

52、at morning. 她說她那天上午去。地點狀語的變化  herethereHe said, “My sister was here three days ago.他說:“我姐姐三天前在這兒。”He said that his sister had been there three days before. 他說他姐姐三天前去那兒。謂語動詞的變化 come goShe said, “I will come here tomorrow.” 她說,“我明天來這。”She said that she would go there the next day. 她說她第二天去那兒。

53、中考賓語從句常見錯誤例析賓語從句是中考的考點,也是英語學習中的難點。現將賓語從句的常見錯誤作一歸納、分析。一、連接詞的錯誤例1:He asked _ there was a bookshop in the street" A. that B. what C. how D. whether錯解:A剖析:ask 表明了賓語部分含有詢問意思。而that不能引導疑問語氣的句子。引導一般疑問句通常用whether或if。正解:D例2:Tell me _ you will go with us or stay at home.     A. if B. w

54、hether C. that D. how錯解:A剖析:在引導賓語從句時,if和whether通常可以互換。但有些情況是不能互換的。如果從句中提出了兩種選擇,或從句中有or not結構的時候,只能用whether。正解:B二、語序的錯誤例1:He wanted to know _.A. when would the holiday begin      B. that he had come back from BeijingC. which one did I like best       D. how he

55、could get to the station錯解:A或C剖析:賓語從句的從句部分必須用陳述句語序,而A、C為疑問句語序。正解:D例2:I wonder _.       A. who broke the window        B. who the window broke              C. whose coat is this     

56、0;    D. what is the population of China錯解:B、C或D剖析:C、D都是疑問句語序,此處需使用陳述句語序。B貌似陳述句語序,但實際上連接詞who同時是從句的主語,而the window則應是broke的賓語。正解:A例3:I dont know _.A. which room I can live    B. which room can I liveC. which room I can live in  D. which room can I live in錯解:A剖析:如果連接詞在賓語從句中充當不及物動詞后介詞的賓語,并被放到從句句首時,不及物動詞后面的介詞不能少。正解:C三、時態運用的錯誤例1:Long long ago, people didnt know the earth _ round the sun.A. moving B. moved C. moves D. went錯解:B或D剖析:在學習賓語從句時,我們知道有

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