1、一、概述形容詞和副詞都是起修飾作用的詞類,兩者的區(qū)別之一就在于它們所修飾的對象不同。形容詞主要用來說明或修飾名詞或代詞,描述名詞或代詞所代表人或事物的性質(zhì),增加或補充其含意,從而限制或縮小其適用范圍。副詞的主要功能是修飾動詞,形容詞或其它副詞有時也可以修飾全句。boris has brains. in fact,i doubt whether any one in the class has a higher iq. 保利斯有頭腦。事實上,我懷疑班上是否有人比他智商高。(形容詞修飾名詞二、形容詞1、形容詞的定義形容詞用來修飾和形容名詞,表示名詞的屬性,補充說明它的意思。a big house

2、一幢大房子a new bicycle一輛新自行車2、形容詞的語法功能形容詞修飾名詞或不定代詞,表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、特征或狀態(tài),在句子中主要用作定語、表語、補足語、狀語等。(1作定語前置定語a.形容詞作定語一般需放在它所修飾的名詞之前并盡量靠近被修飾的詞。在這種位置上的定語叫前置定語。語序一般為“冠詞(或其他限定詞+形容詞+名詞”。he is an honest boy.他是個誠實的孩子。b.若有多個形容修飾名詞,它們的位置要由它們與被修飾詞的密切程度來決定。關系最密切的形容詞靠近被修飾詞,而關系較遠的離被修飾詞則相對較遠。其排列順序通常是:限定詞+描繪性形容詞+顏色+國籍、地區(qū)+用途、類別+名

3、詞。the happy and healthy children幸福而健康的孩子們-it was great. we visited some friends, and spent the last few sunny days at the seaside. 很好。我們拜訪了朋友,在海邊度過最后幾天陽光明媚的日子。巧記形容詞的排列順序:“縣官行令謝國材”幫你掌握英語里形容詞的排列次序。“縣”(限代表限定詞,包括:冠詞、指示代詞、形容詞性物主代詞、名詞所有格、數(shù)詞等。“官”(觀代表表示觀點的描繪性形容詞。“行”(形代表表示大小、長短、高低及形狀的形容詞。“令”(齡代表表示年齡、新、舊的形容詞。

4、“謝”(“色”的近似音代表表示顏色的形容詞等。“國”代表表示國籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞(名詞等。“材”則代表形成中心名詞的材料的形容詞,stone,wooden,silk,plastic等。多個形容詞同時修飾同一個名詞時,就按上述順序排列,然后加上中心名詞。c.以er結尾的形容詞,elder(eldest,inner, other, upper, lower, latter, outer, hinder, utter,lesser(也包括daily,weekly只能作前置定語。d. 以en結尾的形容詞,如wooden, leaden, golden, silken, woolen, brazen

5、,等形容詞,作前置定語。后置定語有些形容詞作定語要放在被修飾詞之后,在這種位置上的定語叫后置定語。形容詞作后置定語通常有一定的原因。a.作不定代詞的定語作不定代詞someone, something, somebody; anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything everybody; nothing, no one nobody的定語時,定于后置。注意:如果上述詞作名詞表示其他含義時,形容詞作定語需前置。her husband is a real nothing.她丈夫是個微不足道的人。b.前綴以a-構成的形容詞作定語時要求后置。常見的有a

6、fraid, alive, alone, alike, ashamed, asleep, afloat, awake等。c. 形容詞短語作定語時要后置這些形容詞短語多是由“形容詞+介詞短語/不定式短語”構成。it is a problem difficult to solve.這是一個難解決的問題。he is a boy good at sports.他是個擅長體育運動的孩子。d.形容詞成對使用時由and/or連接的并列形容詞成對使用時后置。e. 同表示方位、時間和數(shù)量等習語、詞組連用時后置。f.某些作形容詞非限定性定語時后置。3、形容詞的比較等級與形容詞的原級(原形相對而言,形容詞的比較等級

7、一般有兩個:比較級(comparative degree和最高級(superlative degreehot熱hotter更熱hottest最熱careful認真more careful更認真most careful最認真(1規(guī)則形容詞級的構成形容詞的比較級形式是在形容詞末加-er或其前面加more;最高級形式是在詞末加-est 或在其前面加most。形式變化一般有如下規(guī)則:單音節(jié)詞er和est型構成規(guī)則原級比較級最高級一般在詞未加-er和-estgreat greater greatesthard harder hardesttall taller tallest以e結尾的只加-r和-st

8、nice nicer nicestlarge larger largest以輔音字母加y結尾的,先變y為i,再加-er,-est dry drier driest閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞如末尾只有一個輔音字母,須先雙寫這個輔音字母,再加-er,-estthin thinner thinnesthot hotter hottestbig bigger biggest雙音節(jié)詞er和est型少數(shù)以-y, -er, -ow, -ble, -ple結尾的雙音節(jié)單詞,方法同單音節(jié)詞happy happier happiestsimple simpler simplestclever cleverer clevere

9、stnarrow narrower narrowestmore和most型其他的多音節(jié)詞在前面加more,most分別構成比較級和最高級useful more useful most usefulquickly more quickly most quicklycareful more careful most carefulbeautiful more beautiful most beautifuldifficult more difficult most difficult 巧記比較等級構成:“比較”與“最高”,“單音”加后綴;-er是“比較”,-est是“最高”。原級結尾若是e,只加-

10、r或-st。重讀閉音節(jié),輔音要成對,其它多音節(jié),加詞不加綴。輔音若加y, y變i加后綴。y若是后來加,不在此規(guī)內(nèi)。(2不規(guī)則形容詞的級的構成不規(guī)則形容詞的級的變化是不規(guī)則的,只能記住。原級比較級最高級good better bestwellbad worse worstillmany more mostmuchlittle less leastfar farther farthestfurther furthestold older oldestelder eldest(3在形容詞前加less和least,表示“較不”和“最不”interesting有趣的less interesting較無趣

11、的least interesting最無趣的important重要的less important較不重要的least important最不重要的巧記特殊形式的比較級合二為一共三對,“壞”、“病”、“兩多”并“兩好”;一分為二有兩個,一是“遠”來,二是“老”;還有一詞含雙義,只記“少”來不記“小”。4、形容詞比較級和最高級的用法(1二者之間的比較形容詞比較級用于事物二者之間的比較,表示程度上“更高”;常用從屬連詞than連接。其結構為含有形容詞比較級的主句+than引導的從句(其中意義上和主句相同的部分常省去。Tom is taller than his deskmate.湯姆比他同桌高。th

12、e black car is more expensive than the red one .這輛黑車比那輛紅車更貴。the weather here is even better than that of Qingdao.這里的氣候甚至比青島的還好。after ten years of hard work, she looks much older than before.十年的辛勞之后,她看上去比以前老多了。注意:有些情況下,形容詞比較級不必用than。do you want a better job?你想找份更好的差使嗎?they have made the house bigger

13、and stronger.他們把房子擴大、加固了。(2二者以上的事物比較形容詞最高級用于二者以上的事物比較,表示程度上“最高”。最高級前一般需加定冠詞the。this is the best film i have ever seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。that seemed to be the happiest day of her life.那似乎是她一生中最快活的的一天。is your grandma the oldest woman in your village?你奶奶是你們村中年齡最大的女人嗎?which do you think is the most instructiv

14、e of his plays?你認為他的劇本中哪部最有益?john has three sisters. mary is the cleverest of the three. 約翰有三個妹妹,瑪麗最聰明。巧記比較等級用法:兩者比較用than連,三者比較the在前。同級比較用原級,asas永不離。若是否定加not,asas否前者。asas加not,只說兩者有區(qū)別。soas加not,后者總是強前者。三、副詞1、副詞的定義副詞用來修飾動詞、形容詞和其他副詞等,使它們的意思更清楚、更準確、更完整,說明時間、地點、程度、方式等。yesterday昨天here這兒often經(jīng)常quite很quickly

15、快速happily幸福地2、副詞的分類(1根據(jù)副詞的語法功能即在句中的作用可將副詞分為:普通副詞well好carefully認真地together一起疑問副詞when何時where何地why為何關系副詞when何時where何地why為何連接副詞so因此however然而otherwise否則(2根據(jù)副詞的詞義來分類方式副詞well好地easily容易地suddenly突然很多方式副詞由形容詞+-ly構成。但是一些形容詞本身可作副詞。high高地wide寬廣地deep深深地時間副詞tomorrow明天before以前once曾經(jīng)地點副詞there那邊abroad在國外downstairs樓下程

16、度副詞very很quite非常terribly極數(shù)量副詞little少much多twice兩次疑問副詞。when何時why為何how如何3、副詞的語法功能(1 副詞主要用來修飾動詞、形容詞和其他副詞,或者修飾整個句子。she asked her daughter not to drive too fast.她請女兒別開車太快。in the battle every soldier fought bravely.戰(zhàn)斗中每個戰(zhàn)士都英勇作戰(zhàn)。he has never heard of the name before.他以前從未聽人說過這個名字。are you quite sure we are on

17、 the right way back to the camp?你很肯定我們走對了回營地的路嗎?luckily, she was in when i called.很幸運,我去看她時她正好在家。(2作定語副詞作定語一般放在被它所修飾的名詞、代詞之后。the boys there are talking about football.那邊的男生正在侃球。is life here full of joy?這里的生活充滿歡樂嗎?on her way back home, she found a wallet.她在回家的路上發(fā)現(xiàn)一個錢包。4、副詞的位置(1程度副詞在句中的位置程度副詞一般放在被修飾的動

18、詞、形容詞或副詞的前面,放在to be或第一個助動詞和情態(tài)動詞之后。常用的這類詞:just, too, fairly, nearly, awfully, slightly, exactly, perfectly, thoroughly, hardly, almost, quite, extremely, completely, rather等。i can hardly believe what he said.我?guī)缀醪幌嘈潘f的話。i am very happy to be with you.和你在一起和愉快。(2頻度副詞在句中的位置通常在不需要強調(diào)時放在行為動詞前,放在to be或第一個助動

19、詞和情態(tài)動詞之后。常用的這類詞:ever, rarely, often, sometimes, seldom, never, constantly, frequently, occasionally, always, usually等。i often saw her walk in the park.我常看見她在公園里散步。you must nt always be talking so much.你絕對不能說那么多話。(3方式副詞在句中的位置方式副詞一般放在動詞后。the girl danced beautifully.這個姑娘的舞姿很美。she speaks english very we

20、ll.她的英語講得很好。(4時間副詞時間副詞,尤其是表示具體時間的副詞,一般放在句首或句尾。常用的副詞:finally, yet, still, now, soon, lately, shortly, then, recently, personally, already, before, early, late, today等。he will be back tomorrow.他明天回來。tomorrow he will be back.他明天回來。(5地點副詞通常置于句尾,有時置于句首,一般不置于句中, 常用的副詞:away, abroad, downstairs, everywhere,

21、 outside, around, here, below, anywhere, somewhere, near, far, up, down等。the boy are playing downstairs.孩子們在樓下玩。here the speaker paused for a while.發(fā)言的人在這里停頓了一會。(6enough 在句中的位置當enough修飾形容詞或副詞時,把enough放在形容詞或副詞后。修飾名詞放名詞前。if i had a long enough holiday i'd visit europe, stopping at all the small in

22、teresting places.如果我有足夠長的假期,我將去歐洲旅行,在所有有趣的地方逗留。i think i'm well enough to get back to school.我認為我好了,可以返校了。5、副詞的比較等級和形容詞一樣,副詞也有比較級和最高級形式。fast快faster更快fastest最快early早earlier更早earliest最早badly糟地worse更糟worst最糟brightly明亮地more brightly更明亮most brightly最明亮副詞比較等級的用法也與形容詞相似,即用比較級表示兩者間“更”,用最高級表示多者間“最”,但副詞最高

23、級前可用定冠詞the,也可以不用。Betty plays tennis better than her brother.貝蒂打網(wǎng)球比她哥哥強。Mr. Wang always gets to the school earlier than any other teacher.王老師經(jīng)常到校比其他教師 早。 who swims （the） best in your team?你們隊誰游泳最棒？ Susan sings the most beautifully and is chosen to play the part.蘇珊唱得最動聽就被選中擔任 這一角色。 四、有關形容詞、副詞等級的特殊用法 1

24、、不用來比較的形容詞 有些形容詞由于其本身涵義一般不用來比較。 perfect 完善的 full 滿著的 empty 空的 square 方形的 round 圓的 wooden 木的 monthly 每月的 red 紅色的 2、 “most+形容詞”可表達一種程度上非常高的特性和品質(zhì)， 表示“非常”或“在很大程度上”， 但卻 不表示比較，這時 most 前一般無 the。 what he said is most interesting.他說的話有趣極了。 lucy is a most beautiful girl and she cooks most delicious cakes.露西是個

25、非常美貌的姑娘， 她做 的糕餅也格外好吃。 don't you know it is a most important question?難道你不知道這是個很重要的問題嗎？ 3、 表示程度相等 （同） 或不相等 （同） 時， “相等 （同） ”asas， “不相等 （同） ”用 not so(as。 asas 之間通常用表示數(shù)量、程度、性質(zhì)的詞，如 many, much, little, few, good, tall, far 等。 john plays football as well as, if not better than, David. 如果說約翰的足球踢的不比大衛(wèi)好，

26、至 少和他踢的一樣好。 you look as tall as your father.你看上去跟你爸爸一般高。 I want another jacket as large as that one.我想再要件跟那件一樣尺碼的夾克衫。 in order to catch up with your deskmate, you should work as hard as him.要想趕上你同桌，你 就得跟他一樣用功。 it was not so hot as yesterday.天不像昨天那么熱了。 she can't speak English as frequently as you

27、.她的英語講得不如你流利。 now jack isn't driving so fast as he used to.如今杰克開車不如以前那么快了。 注意：如果形容詞作定語修飾一個單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，一般將不定冠詞 a 放在形容詞之后。 French is as difficult a language as English.法語跟英語一樣難學。 I've never seen so moving a film as titanic.我以前從未看過像 泰坦尼克號 那么動人的電影。 4、倍數(shù)的表達方式 英語中要表示甲物是乙物的幾倍時，常用下列幾種結構: （1） 用形容詞表示甲是乙的幾倍

28、時，用下面三個句型，用副詞表示則一般只用前兩個句 型。 倍數(shù)+形容詞 (或副詞的比較級+than this rope is twice longer than that one.這根繩的長度是那根繩的三倍。(比那根繩長二倍 this hall is five times bigger than our classroom.這個大廳比我們的教室大五倍。(是我們教室 的六倍 the car runs twice faster than that truck.這輛小車的速度比那輛卡車快兩倍 (是那輛卡車的 三倍 。 倍數(shù)+as+形容詞(或 much或副詞原級+as Asia is four time

29、s as large as Europe.亞洲的面積是歐洲的四倍。 this big stone is three times as heavy as that one.這塊大石頭的重量是那一塊的三倍。(這塊石 頭比那塊重二倍 the plane flew ten times as high as the kite. 那架飛機飛行高度是那個風箏的十倍。(高出九倍 倍數(shù)+the size(length, width, heightof this street is four times the length of that one.這條街是那條街的四倍長。 this hill is four t

30、imes the height of that small one.這座山的高度是那座小山的四倍。(比那座小 山高三倍 也可用:the height of this hill is four times that of that small one. paper produced every year is three times the weight of the worlds production of vehicle. 每年 的造紙量是世界生產(chǎn)汽車重量的 3 倍。 （2）要用名詞表示“量”的倍數(shù)時，則用以下兩個句型: 倍數(shù)+more+名詞 (可數(shù)，不可數(shù)+than there are f

31、our times more books in our library than in yours.我們圖書館藏書(數(shù)量是你們圖書 館藏書的四倍。(我們圖書館藏書比你們的多三倍。 we have produced twice more grain this year than we did last year.我們今年生產(chǎn)的糧食比去 年增長一倍。(是去年的兩倍 倍數(shù)+as many(或 much+名詞+其他+as after the technique was introduced,the factory produced twice as many tractors in 1988 as t

32、he year before.采用新的技術以后， 那個工廠 1988 年生產(chǎn)的拖拉機是前一年 (1987 年的兩倍， (比前一年增長一倍 there is three times as much water in this pot as in that one.這個壺里的水(量是那個壺里的三 倍。 5、比較等級的修飾 形容詞和副詞的比較等級常可用下列一些詞來修飾，表示比較的程度：much, far, even, still, a little, no ,any, a lot, a great deal 等。. the girl sang far better than the others a

33、nd got the first prize finally.那女孩唱得比其他人好多 了，最后獲得一等獎。 i'm sure you'll make still greater progress.我肯定你能取得更大的進步。 there're now a lot more trees on the hills around the village.現(xiàn)在村莊四周的山上樹木多多了。 it's far more difficult to learn english well without practice.不操練要學好英語就難多了。 6、比較級+and+比較級 常用“

34、比較級+and+比較級”來表達“越來越。 his voice got weaker and weaker.他的聲音越來越弱。 take some medicine and you'll get better and better.吃些藥吧，你會越來越好。 7. "the+比較級，the+比較級"結構，意為"越，越"，表示程度的平行增長，如： The higher the temperature(is,the greater is the pressure.(=the greater the pressure is. 溫度越高，壓力就越大。 The

35、 older he gets, the wiser he becomes. 他越長越聰明。 The bigger, the better. 越大越好。 1. John has three sisters. Mary is the _ of the three. (MET88 A. most cleverest B. more clever C. cleverest D. cleverer 2. The students are_ young people between the age of sixteen and twenty. (MET88 A. most B. almost C. mos

36、tly D. at most 3. She told us _story that we all forgot about the time. (MET88 A. such an interesting B. such interesting a C. so an interesting D. a so interesting 4. It is impossible for so_ workers to do so _ work in a single day. (MET88 A. few, much B. few, many C. little, much D. little, many 5

37、. The horse is getting old and can't run _ it did. (MET88 A. as faster as B. so fast than C. so fast as D. as fast as 6. The story sounds_ . (MET89 A. to be true B. as true C. being true D. true 8. This year they have produced _ grain _ they did last year. (MET89 A. as less; as B. as few; as C.

38、less; than D. fewer; than 9. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced _ tractors in 1988 as the year before. (MET90 A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as 10. The pianos in the other shop will be _ , but_ . (MET90 A. cheaper; not as better B. more che

39、aper; not as better C. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good 11. -Can I help you? -Well, I'm afraid the box is_ heavy for you, but thank you all the same. (MET90 A. so B. much C. very D. too 13. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with _ money and _ people. (

40、MET90 A. less; less B. fewer; fewer C. less; fewer D. fewer; less 14. Oh, John. _ you gave me! (MET90 A. How a pleasant surprise B. How pleasant surprise C. What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise 15. -How did you find your visit to museum? -I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was _ than I expect

41、ed. (MET91 A. far more interesting B. even much interesting C. so more interesting D. a lot much interesting 16. Canada is larger than _ country in Asia. (NMET91 A. any B. any other C. other D. another 19. _ food you've cooked! (NMET91 A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice 21. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes_ . (MET92 A. open B. to be opened C. to open D. opening 22. -Are you feeling _? -Yes, I' m fine now.