1、素 材 增 分 篇四、破解文章長難句閱讀理解追滿分 英英 語語內 容 索 引unit 1unit 2unit 3unit 4unit 5培養耐心培養耐心,找準主干找準主干,長難句并不難長難句并不難學會理解長難句是考生必須掌握的一項重要閱讀技能,掌握該技能十分有助于準確理解句意。破解長難句一般需要分三步走:(1)判斷句子的主干部分,即主句中的“主謂賓或主系表”部分;(2)分析主句和從句之間的邏輯關系;(3)理解主句和從句中各種修飾、補充成分。以下是2020年新高考山東卷和近幾年全國卷中出現的長難句,請同學試著理清其句式結構,準確理解每一句的意思,然后誦讀、感悟各句,以達到融會貫通之目的。unit

2、 1unit 11.(2020新高考山東,b)jennifer received great support from her family as she worked to earn her degree:her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills,and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at times.句意詹妮弗在辛勤獲得學位的過程中,得到了家人的大力支持她丈夫做兩份工作,以便支付各種費用,還有她68歲的母親有時幫忙照看孩子。分析本句冒號之前部分是一個復合句,

3、“as she worked to earn her degree”是時間狀語從句;句中冒號部分起到解釋說明的作用,進一步說明家人是如何幫助她的,而該部分又是一個由連詞and連接的兩個并列句。2.(2020新高考山東,c)it is the story of an american travelling to a strange land,and of the people he meets on his way:rustam,his translator,a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful english in california

4、,oleg and natasha,his hosts in tashkent,and a string of foreign aid workers.句意這是一個美國人到陌生之地旅行的故事,也是一個他在沿途所遇之人的故事。這些人中有他的翻譯魯斯塔姆,24歲的他很可愛,他在加利福尼亞學到一些豐富多彩的英語;還有奧列格和娜塔莎,他們是他在塔什干的主人,還有一批外國援助人員。分析本句很長,但句子主干卻是簡單句式“it is the story of.”,story之后出現了兩個of短語作后置定語;冒號之后是前面the people he meets on his way的同位語,即介紹這位美國人所

5、遇到的人,其中his translator和a lovely 24-year-old都是rustam的同位語,who 是定語從句修飾先行詞rustam;his hosts是oleg and natasha的同位語;foreign aid workers是這位美國人所遇到另一批人。3.(2020新高考山東,c) mr bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references,making his tale a well-rounded picture of uzbekistan,seen from weste

6、rn eyes.句意比塞爾先生巧妙地構思了一些歷史見解和文化現象,使他的故事成為從西方人的視角看到的一幅全角度描述烏茲別克斯坦的畫面。分析本句較長,但主干是簡單句“mr bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references,”,后面的making.是動詞-ing形式短語作結果狀語,最后的“seen from western eyes”是過去分詞短語作后置定語,修飾前面的名詞picture。4.(2020新高考山東,d)and contrary to existing research that says

7、 you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份),its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.句意現有的研究表明比起與點大份額食物的那些較重的人一起進食,你真正應該要避免的是與那些胃口很大的瘦高個子一起進食。分析本句是一個復合句,主干句是“its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid”;“and contrary to.large portio

8、ns(份)”部分是形容詞短語作狀語,在這個形容詞短語中that引導定語從句修飾先行詞research;who引導定語從句修飾先行詞people;“you really need to avoid”是定語從句修飾先行詞beanpoles。5.(2020全國,c)according to most calculations,race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour,which is approximately twice as many as the

9、y would burn walking,although fewer than running,which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.句意根據大部分計算結果,競走者以每小時六英里的速度運動,每小時大約消耗800卡路里,這一消耗量盡管比跑步時所消耗的要少,但大約是走路所消耗熱量的兩倍之多,而跑步時大約每小時要消耗1 000卡路里或更多。分析本句是復合句,句子主干是“race walkers would burn about 800 calories per hour,”,之后的“which is appr

10、oximately twice as many as they would burn walking”是非限制性定語從句,which指代前面的“800 calories per hour”;although fewer than running是讓步狀語從句;最后的“which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour”是非限制性定語從句修飾前面的“running”。6.(2020全國,c)according to her research,runners hit the ground with as much as f

11、our times their body weight per step,while race walkers,who do not leave the ground,create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.句意根據她的研究,跑步者每一步落地時的重量是體重的四倍,而身體不離開地面的競走者每步只產生體重1.4倍的重量。分析本句是由while連接的兩個并列句,其中“who do not leave the ground”是定語從句,修飾先行詞race walkers。7.(2020全國,d)these include

12、 plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.句意其中包括在葉子上印有傳感器,用于顯示它們何時缺水的植物,以及能夠檢測地下水中有害化學物質的一種植物。分析本句是一個復合句。“that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water”是定語從句,修飾先

13、行詞plants,該定語從句中“to show when theyre short of water”是不定式作目的狀語;定語從句“that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater”修飾先行詞a plant。8.(2020全國,b) psychologist susan levine,an expert on mathematics development in young children at the university of chicago,found children who play with puzzles between ages

14、 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.句意心理學家蘇珊萊文是一名芝加哥大學兒童數學發展專家,她發現2至4歲玩拼圖游戲的兒童后期可發展出更好的空間技能。分析本句是一個復合句。“an expert on mathematics development in young children at the university of chicago”是前面名詞susan levine的同位語;“who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4”是定語從句,修飾前面的名詞children。9.(2020全國,b)the

15、 researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.句意研究人員分析了53對兒童和父母在家庭日常活動的錄像,發現26至46個月大小時玩拼圖游戲的兒童在54個月大的時候有更好的空間能力。分

16、析本句是一個復合句“who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age”是定語從句,修飾先行詞children;“when assessed at 54 months of age”是一個省略了從句主語“they are”的時間狀語從句。10.(2020全國,b)the creative team behind “apes” used motion-capture(動作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals,spending tens of millions of dollars on t

17、echnology that records an actors performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image(圖像).句意“猿”背后的創作團隊使用動作捕捉技術創建數字化動物,花費數千萬美元在技術上記錄演員的表演,然后使用計算機圖形處理它以創建最終圖像。分析本句是一個復合句。“spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records.to create a final image.”是動詞-ing形式短語作伴

18、隨狀語。“that records an actors performance and later.to create a final image.”是定語從句修飾先行詞technology。unit unit 2 21.(2019全國,a)if you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province,you could be eligible(符合條件) for this program,which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.句意如果你是

19、一個住在這個省某個地方的青少年,你就符合這個項目的條件,這個項目提供為期八周的帶薪工作和培訓。分析本句是一個主從復合句。句首是if引導的條件狀語從句;which引導非限制性定語從句對先行詞program進行補充和說明。2.(2019全國,b)whaley recalls(回想起) how at the beginning of the year,when called upon to read,chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.句意whaley回想起在今年年初,當chris被要求朗讀時,他會找借口去洗手間。分析本句是一個主從復合句

20、。when引導時間狀語從句,該狀語從句中省略了“chris was”。3.(2019全國,c)this smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(節奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.句意這款智能鍵盤可精確測量使用者的打字節奏和手指施加在每個按鍵上的壓力。分析本句是一個復合句。and連接兩個并列的賓語成分,名詞the cadence后是“介詞+which”引導的定語從句,名詞the pressure后的定語從句省略了關系詞that/which,因其

21、充當apply的賓語,故可省略。4.(2019全國,c)data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed,with very low error rates.句意從這個裝置上收集的數據可以根據參與者的打字方式辨別出不同的參與者,錯誤率非常低。分析本句是一個復合句。how引導賓語從句作based on的賓語;“collected from the device”為過去分詞短語作后置定語,修飾data。5.(2019全國,d)they ro

22、se in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes,breaking rules and playing jokes on others,among whom i soon found myself.句意他們地位的升遷不是靠為人友好,而是靠抽煙、違反規定和開別人的玩笑,我很快就發現自己是其中一員。分析本句是一個復合句。among whom引導非限制性定語從句。6.(2019全國,七選五)hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely

23、 to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead.句意看到窗外樹枝的住院病人有可能比看到建筑物或天空的病人恢復得更快。分析本句是一個復合句。兩個who均引導定語從句。7.(2019全國,a)its a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise whats going on is horribly enjoyable.句意這是一本真正的偵探小說,當你意識到正在發生的事情時,那種挫敗感是非常令人愉悅的。分析這是一個主從復合句。when引導

24、時間狀語從句;what引導賓語從句。8.(2019全國,b)however,if others benefit in the process,and i get some reward too,does it really matter where my motivation lies?句意然而,如果別人在這個過程中受益,而我也得到了一些獎勵,那么我的動機是什么真的重要嗎?分析if引導的條件狀語從句由并列連詞and連接的并列句構成;does it really matter where my motivation lies是主句,其中的it是形式主語,where my motivation l

25、ies是主語從句,作真正的主語。9.(2019全國,c)there was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one,but those days are over.句意曾經有一段時間,人們可能會對要一張單人桌感到尷尬,但那樣的日子已經過去了。分析這是一個并列復合句。but連接兩個并列分句;but前的分句中when引導定語從句,先行詞是time。10.(2019全國,d)gordon says his students are emailing daily with nasa engine

26、ers about the problem,readying a workable solution to test in space.句意戈登說,他的學生每天都在與美國航空航天局的工程師們就這個問題發電子郵件,為太空測試的可行性辦法做好準備。分析“gordon says”是句子的主語和謂語,“his students.in space”是省略了連接詞that的賓語從句,“readying a workable solution to test in space”是賓語從句中的伴隨狀語。unit unit 3 31.(2019全國,完形填空)“i figured whoever lost th

27、e dog was probably just as close to it as i am to my dogs,” says ehlers.句意ehlers說:“我想丟了狗的人可能和它很親密,就像我和我的狗一樣。”分析這是一個主從復合句。i figured后是賓語從句;whoever引導主語從句;as.as表示原級比較,意思為“和一樣”,后一個as引導比較狀語從句。2.(2019全國,語法填空)granddaughter gayle parks,31who works alongside her in the family businesssaid it remained unknown

28、as to who nominated irene for the award.句意31歲的孫女gayle parks和她一起在家族企業工作,她說,目前還不清楚是誰提名irene獲得該獎的。分析這是一個主從復合句。第一個who引導定語從句,先行詞是gayle parks;said 后是省略了連詞that的賓語從句;第二個who引導賓語從句,作as to的賓語。3.(2019全國,a)helen mirren stars in the play by peter morgan,about queen elizabeth of the uk and her private meetings wit

29、h twelve prime ministers in the course of sixty years.句意helen mirren主演了由peter morgan編劇的這部戲劇,該戲劇講述了英國女王伊麗莎白二世和她在六十年中與十二位首相的私人會晤。分析本句雖然較長,但其實是一個簡單句。about介詞短語作后置定語,修飾前面的名詞play;在這個較長的about短語中,and連接了“queen elizabeth of the uk”和“her private meetings.”這兩部分。4.(2019全國,b)“the most famous designers are chinese

30、,so are the models,and so are the consumers,” she says.句意她說:“最知名的設計師是中國人,最知名的模特也是中國人,而且最知名的消費者也是中國人。”分析本句引號中的內容含有倒裝結構。so be.是倒裝結構,意為“也如此”。5.(2019全國,c)publishers already in business,people who were owners of successful papers,had little desire to change the tradition.句意已經在此行業的那些出版者們,也就是那些辦得比較成功的報紙的主人

31、們幾乎沒有什么意愿來改變這一傳統。分析本句是一個主從復合句。“people who were owners of successful papers”是前面名詞“publishers”的同位語;在這個同位語中who引導定語從句,先行詞是people。6.(2019全國,d)a team of researchers trained three rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water o

32、r juice as a reward.句意一組研究人員使用零至二十五滴水或果汁作為獎勵來訓練三只河猴將26個明顯不同的符號關聯起來,這些符號含有數字和認真挑選過的字母。分析“to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters”為不定式短語作賓語補足語,“with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward”是介詞短語作方式狀語。7.(2019全國,d)heres how harvard medical school scientist

33、margaret livingstone,who led the team,described the experiment:in their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens.句意哈佛醫學院的科學家margaret livingstone是研究小組的負責人,她是這樣描述該實驗的:在籠子里,猴子被提供了觸摸屏。分析本句是一個復合句。who 引導非限制性定語從句,修飾先行詞“margaret livingstone”。8.(2018全國,a)morning or afternoon,this bike tour is the p

34、erfect tour for d.c.newcomers and locals looking to experience washington,d.c.in a healthy way with minimum effort.句意不管是早晨還是下午,對于那些盼望用最小的努力而又最健康的方式體驗一下華盛頓特區的新來者和當地人來說,這是一次完美的自行車旅行。分析morning or afternoon是whether it is morning or afternoon的省略句,是讓步狀語從句。looking to experience.是動詞-ing形式作后置定語修飾前面的newcomers

35、 and locals.9.(2018全國,b)good morning britains susanna reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning,but she is cooking up a storm in her latest roleshowing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.句意“早上好,英國”,這檔節目中蘇珊娜里德習慣于每天早上在沙發上盤問嘉賓,但是,她最近扮演的角色卻在醞釀一場風暴向家庭

36、展示如何在預算緊張的情況下做出美味、營養豐富的飯菜。分析該句是并列復合句,由并列連詞but連接而成。第二個分句中的破折號后面的內容是對前面分句進行補充說明。句中的用詞grilling和cooking up是緊扣本文的語境而有意選用的。10.(2018全國,c)in recent centuries,trade,industrialisation,the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education,especially globalisation and better commu

37、nications in the past few decades,all have caused many languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as english,spanish and chinese are increasingly taking over.句意近幾個世紀以來,由于過去的幾十年里貿易、工業化、單一民族國家的發展和義務教育的普及,尤其是全球一體化和更好的通信方式,這一切都導致了許多語言的消失,而且被英語、西班牙語和漢語等主流語言不斷地取代。分析該句是并列復合句,由并列連詞and連接而成。第一個分句中的tra

38、de,industrialisation,the development of.,the spread of.,globalisation和better communications作主語all的同位語。unit unit 4 41.(2018全國,c)the general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages,often spoken by many people,while hot,wet zones have lots,often spoken by small numbers.句意一般的規則是,溫和地帶的通常被許多

39、人所使用的語言相對較少;而在炎熱、潮濕的地區,語言種類多,通常為少數人所使用。分析該句是主從復合句。連接詞that引導表語從句。這個表語從句本身是一個并列句,由并列連詞while連接而成,表示對比,意為“然而”。兩個spoken.是過去分詞短語,作后置定語,表示被動關系。2.(2018全國,d)the teams data only went up to 2007,but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that ser

40、ve more than one function,such as a tablet for word processing and tv viewing.句意這個團隊的數據僅僅更新到2007年,但研究者探索了如果消費者使用多功能新電子設備比如一個既能進行文本處理又能觀看電視的平板去替換舊設備時,會發生什么情況呢?分析該句是并列復合句。由表示轉折的連詞but連接而成。what would happen.tv viewing是賓語從句。if.tv viewing是這個賓語從句中的條件狀語從句。that serve more than one function是定語從句修飾名詞new electr

41、onics。3.(2018全國,七選五)whether youre looking at wallpaper or paint,the time,effort and relative expense put into it are significant.句意不管你是在尋找壁紙還是漆料,所花費的時間、付出的努力和相關的費用都是至關重要的。分析該句是主從復合句。whether.or.是讓步狀語從句,表示“無論還是”。put into it是過去分詞短語,作后置定語修飾前面的the time,effort和expense,與它們之間是被動關系。4.(2018全國,a)thursday sees

42、us make the short journey to paris where we will visit disneyland paris park,staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks.句意周四,我們短途旅行去巴黎,游覽巴黎迪斯尼樂園,晚些時候我們觀看游行和煙花。分析該句是主從復合句。where we will visit disneyland paris park是定語從句修飾名詞paris。staying.是動詞-ing形式作伴隨狀語。to see.是不定式作目的狀語。5.(2018全國,c) while the

43、 decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers,some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many childrens lives,and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.句意雖然在過去的十年里,青少年讀者的數量急劇下降,但是,報告中的一些數據表明,閱讀仍然是許多孩子生活中的一個重要部分,并表明父母如何能幫助鼓勵孩子閱讀更多的書。分析該句是主從復合句。while.f

44、or teen readers是讓步狀語從句,由連接詞while引導。主句中有兩個并列的謂語動詞shows和indicates,后面分別跟了兩個賓語從句that.和how.。6.(2018全國,d)dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy,but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation.句意我們很容易認為閑談不重要而不考慮它,但是,我們不能忘記,如果沒有閑談的話,深厚的關系甚至就不會存在。分析該句是

45、并列復合句。第一個分句中,dismissing.是動詞-ing形式短語作主語。第二個分句是虛擬語氣,表示與現在情況相反的主觀假設。if it werent for casual conversation是非真實條件句。7.(2018全國,c)while famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in china such as the new cctv tower and the national center for the performing arts,many exce

46、llent chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.句意雖然著名的外國建筑師們被邀請來領導中國標志性建筑物的建設,比如新中央電視塔和國家大劇院,但是也有許多杰出的中國建筑師正在努力成為焦點。分析該句是主從復合句。while.the performing arts是讓步狀語從句,表示“雖然”。such as the new cctv tower and the national center for the performing arts是舉例說明。8.(2017全國,a)its an amazin

47、g accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals,corporations,and other social organizations.句意這是一個驚人的成就,一個沒有來自個人、公司和其他社會組織的慷慨的支持我們就不可能取得的成就。分析該句為復合句。其中,one指代前面的accomplishment,后面為定語從句,修飾先行詞one,且從句使用了cannot和without表示雙重否定。9.(2017全國,d)then lay the tube in place so th

48、at one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up and out the side of the hole.句意接著把管子放在恰當的位置,使得管子的一端一直放在杯子里并且管子的其余部分向上延伸到坑的外部。分析該句為復合句。主句lay the tube in place為祈使句。so that引導目的狀語從句,從句是and連接的并列句。10.(2017全國,七選五)if anyone had told me three years ago that i would be spending most o

49、f my weekends camping,i would have laughed heartily.句意如果三年前有人告訴我會用大部分的周末時間來野營,我會狂笑不已。分析該句為主從復合句。if引導的是條件狀語從句,因表示對與過去事實相反的假設,所以本句中的條件句使用過去完成時。此外從句中包含了一個that引導的賓語從句。unit unit 5 51.(2017全國,a)by translating the rich and humourous text of loves labours lost into the physical language of bsl,deafinitely t

50、heatre creates a new interpretation of shakespeares comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.句意通過把愛的徒勞那豐富、幽默的文本翻譯成手語,deafinitely 劇院創造了一種對莎士比亞喜劇新的解釋,通過向失聰人群和聽力健全人群演出,旨在在失聰和有聲世界之間搭建一座橋梁。分析在本句中,by translating.bsl為方式狀語,and連接creates和ai

51、ms兩個動詞作并列謂語。2.(2017全國,b)the friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and the sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference,we both came from a tradition of theater and live tv.句意拍電影和四年后出演the sting的經歷所建立起來的友誼源于一個事實:盡管我們存在年齡差距,但我們都源自戲劇和

52、直播電視的傳統。分析句子的主干是the friendship had its root in the fact.。其中,grew out of.later為that引導的定語從句,修飾先行詞friendship。后面的although there was.live tv為that引導的同位語從句,解釋說明fact的內容。此外,同位語從句中還包含了一個although引導的讓步狀語從句。3.(2017全國,b)we shared the belief that if youre fortunate enough to have success,you should put something b

53、ackhe with his newmans own food and his hole in the wall camps for kids who are seriously ill,and me with sundance and the institute and the festival.句意我們有著這樣的信念如果足夠幸運獲得成功,就應該有所回饋。他成立了 newmans own食品公司和為病重的孩子成立了hole in the wall夏令營,而我成立了圣丹斯協會和電影節。分析本句中,that引導同位語從句,解釋說明belief的內容;同位語從句中包含了一個if引導的條件狀語從句;

54、破折號后出現了一個who引導的定語從句,修飾先行詞kids。4.(2017全國,c)terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the transition,a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.句意terrafugia公司說機主需要通過測試并且完成20個小時的飛行時間才能駕駛 transition,這一要求對于飛行員來說相對容易達到。分析本句中 a re

55、quirement 為同位語,是對前面的內容作補充說明。pilots would find relatively easy to meet是定語從句,省略了充當賓語的關系代詞that/which,修飾先行詞requirement。5.(2017全國,d)back in 1983,two scientists,jack schultz and ian baldwin,reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.句意早在1983年年,杰克杰克舒爾茨和伊恩鮑德溫兩位科學家報道說被昆蟲咬的年輕楓樹會釋放一種鄰近的植物能夠獲得的特殊氣味。分析本句中第一個that引導賓語從句,作repo