1、專業(yè).專注.word完美格式英美文學(xué)名詞解釋1. Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or sett ings represe nt abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanin gs, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.寓言：用詩歌或散文講的故事，在這個(gè)故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品質(zhì)。所有的寓言都是一個(gè)具有雙重意義、文學(xué)內(nèi)涵或象征意

2、義的故事。2. Alliteration:The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.頭韻：詩歌中單詞開頭讀音的重復(fù)。3. Allusi on: A reference to a pers on, a place, an eve nt, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader torecognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or r

3、eligion.典故：文學(xué)作品中作家希望讀者能夠認(rèn)識或做出反應(yīng)的一個(gè)人物、地點(diǎn)、事件或文學(xué)作品。典故或來自歷史、地理、文學(xué)或宗教。4. America n Naturalism:America n n aturalism was a new and harsher realism. America n n aturalism had bee nshaped by t he war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America literary n aturalis

4、ts dismissed the validity of comfort ing moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivityand frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determinedby theiren viro nment and heredity .In prese nti ng the extremes of life, the n aturalists sometimes displaye

5、d an affinity to the sen sati on alism of early roma nticism, but un like their roma ntic predecessors, the n aturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and wome n had no free will, that lives were con trolled by heredity and en vir onment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in l

6、ife and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.專業(yè).專注word完美格式美國自然主義：美國自然主義是一種新的、更具批判性的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義。美國自然主義是在戰(zhàn)爭和影響人們早期信念的社會(huì)動(dòng)亂的影響之下形成的。美國的自然主義者往往否定了廣為接受的道德真理的正確性，他們想達(dá)到極端的客觀與直率，他們所展現(xiàn)

7、的人物往往都是下層社會(huì)的人，他們的命運(yùn)受到環(huán)境和遺傳的制約。在反應(yīng)生活方面，自然主義作家往往表現(xiàn)出早期浪漫主義中感傷主義特征,但和浪漫主義不同的是 ，自然主義者認(rèn)為，世界缺乏道德，人不論男女都沒有自由的意愿，他們的生活都受到遺傳和環(huán)境的控制，人在生前過著悲慘的生活 ，死后便被人所遺忘。雖然自然主義文學(xué)通過更為苛刻的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義手法來展現(xiàn)這個(gè)世界，但是他有時(shí)也是為了通過社會(huì)改革來改善這個(gè)世界。5. American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were origin

8、ally members of a divisio n of the Protesta nt Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the America nnation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral prin ciples. As the word itselfhin ts, Purita ns wan ted to

9、 purity their religious beliefs and practices. Theyaccepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special in fusi on of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Purita nism did have a profo und in flue nee on the early America n mind. America

10、 n Purita nism also had a en duri ng in flue nce on America n literature.美國清教主義：清教主義是新教徒的原來的一個(gè)分支一一清教徒的行為和信仰。在美國的第一批居民中有很多就是清教徒，他們有著嚴(yán)格的宗教信仰和道德準(zhǔn)則。就像這個(gè)詞所暗指的那樣，清教徒們想清化”他們的宗教信仰和行為習(xí)慣。他們相信宿命論、原罪說、全體墮落和有限的贖罪。作為一種文化遺產(chǎn)，美國清教主義在早期美國人的思想上有 著深刻的影響，他對美國文學(xué)的影響也是頗為持久的。6. American Realism: In American literature, the

11、Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age ofRealism came into existe nce. It came as a react ion aga inst the lie ofroma nticism and sen time ntalism. Realismturned from an emphasis on the stra nge toward a faithful ren deri ng of the ordin ary, a slice of life as it is really lived.I

12、t expresses the concern for com mon place and the low, and it offers an objective rather tha n an idealistic view ofhuma n n ature and huma n experie nce.專業(yè).專注word完美格式美國現(xiàn)實(shí)主義：在美國文學(xué)史上，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)宣告了浪漫主義的終結(jié)和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的開始。現(xiàn)實(shí)主義反對浪漫主義和感傷主義的謊言，它從一個(gè)陌生的世界轉(zhuǎn)向了普通人的真實(shí)生活的描寫。它所關(guān)心的是普通的下層勞動(dòng)人民而非理想中的人類本性和現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)歷。7. America n Roma ntici

13、sm:The Roma ntic Period covers the first half of the 19th cen tury. A risi ng America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its in dustrializati on, its westward expa nsion, and a variety of foreig n in flue nceswere among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not o

14、nly possible but also inevitab le in the period immediately following the nationical independene.sYpojitomantics frequently sharedcerta in gen eral characteristics: moral en thusiasm, faith in value of in dividualism and in tuitive percepti on, and a presumption that the natural world was a source o

15、f goodness and man s societfesDErupiocieRomanticvalues were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War. The romantic exaltation of the in dividual suited the n ati on s revolutio nary heitscfgeaied egalitaria ni sm.美國浪漫主義：浪漫主義階段涵蓋了19世紀(jì)前半頁。美國的不斷壯大和發(fā)展以及隨之而來的明珠和平等的思想、工業(yè)化的發(fā)展

16、、西北邊疆的不斷擴(kuò)展和國外的各種影響使浪漫主義作家文學(xué)不但成為一種可能，而且使它成為美國政治獨(dú)立后的一種必然。然而，浪漫主義文學(xué)往往有很多共性：他們熱心于道德、相信個(gè)人主義價(jià)值觀和對世界的直觀感受，并且他們認(rèn)為自然世界是真、善、美的源泉而人類社會(huì)則是墮落的根源。在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)以前，浪漫主義價(jià)值觀占據(jù)是政治、藝術(shù)、和哲學(xué)等領(lǐng)域，浪漫主義者對個(gè)人的贊揚(yáng)正好迎合了美國的革命遺風(fēng)和邊疆開拓者的品均主義。8. America n Transcenden talism:the emerge nee of the Tran sce nden talists as an ide ntifiable moveme nt

17、 took placeduri ng the late 1820s and 1830s, but the roots of their religious philosophy exte nded much farther back intoAmericanreligious history. Transcendentalismand evangelicalProtestantism followed separate evolutionarybran ches from America n Purita ni sm, tak ing as their com mon an cestor th

18、e Calvi nism of the seve ntee nth and eighteenth centuries. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most importa nt thi ng in the 專業(yè).專注word完美格式Un iverse. They stressed the importa nce of the in dividual. To them, the in dividual wa

19、s the most importa nt eleme nt of society. They offered a fresh percepti on of n ature as symbolic of theSpirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God s overwhel ming prese nce. Transcenden talism is basedthe belief that the most fun dame ntal truths about life and death can be reached

20、only by going bey ond the worldof the senses. Emerson Nature has been called the “ Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” andAmerican Scholar has been rightly regarded as America s “ Declaration of Intellectual Independence美國超驗(yàn)主義：美國超驗(yàn)主義出現(xiàn)的 19世紀(jì)20年代末期到三十年代，但是它的根源在宗教史上要遠(yuǎn)得多。超驗(yàn)主義和福音派新教分別是美國清教主義的兩個(gè)分支 ，

21、他們的祖先是17世紀(jì)和18世紀(jì)的加爾文神教。超驗(yàn)主義者主張文化 的復(fù)興，認(rèn)為超靈”是宇宙中最重要的事物。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人的重要性，反對精神上的物質(zhì)主義。對他們來說，個(gè)人是 一個(gè)社會(huì)最重要的元素。他們認(rèn)為自然就是精神”或上帝”的象征，它是有生命的，而上帝又無處不在。他們認(rèn)為生與死最基本的真理可以超越感官的世界而獲得 。艾默生的自然被稱為是美國超驗(yàn)主義的宣言”，他的美國學(xué)者則 被認(rèn)為是美國的文化獨(dú)立宣言書”。9.An alogy: (a figure of speech) A comparis on made betwee n tow things to show the similarities b

22、etwee n them.An alogies are ofte n used for illustrati on or for argume nt.類比：(修辭)把兩種事物放在一起進(jìn)行對比從而發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的相同點(diǎn)，類比一般用于說明或論述。10. Anapest: It s made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllable s, with the two unstressed ones in front.抑抑揚(yáng)格：抑抑揚(yáng)格由兩個(gè)非重度音節(jié)和一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)組成，兩個(gè)非重度音節(jié)在前。11. Antagonist:A person or force o

23、pposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine.反面人物：一個(gè)故事中和主人公相對立的人物或一種力量，是男女主人公的對手。專業(yè).專注word完美格式12. An tithesis: (a figure of speech) The bala ncing of two con trast ing ideas, words phrases, or senten ces. An an tithesis is ofte n expressed in a bala need sentence, that is,

24、a sentence in which ide ntical or similar grammaticalstructure is used to express con trasti ng ideas.對偶：(修辭)相互對稱的兩個(gè)短語、句子或思想。對偶往往用一個(gè)對稱的句子來表達(dá)，也就是，一句話中使用相同或相似的語法結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)相互對照的兩種事物。13. Aphorism: A con cise, poin ted stateme nt express ing a wise or clever observati on about life.警句：用一種簡練、準(zhǔn)確的方式來表達(dá)對生活充滿智慧的觀點(diǎn)

25、。14. Apostrophe:A figure of speech in which anabsent or a dead person,an abstract quality, or somethingnon huma n is addressed directly.頓呼：演說或詩歌等中對某人，常為死者或不在場者，或?qū)M人的事物所說的話15. Argume nt: A form of discourse in which reas on is used to in flue nee or cha nge peoplepractice argume nt most ofte n whe n

26、writi ng nonfiction, particularly essays or speeches.議論：用講道理的方法來影響人們的思想或行動(dòng)的一種文本形式。作家往往是在寫非小說文體，尤其是散文或演講的時(shí)候用這種方法。16. Aside: In drama, lines spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audienee. An aside is meant tobe un heard by the other characters on stage.旁白：在戲劇中低聲說出或直接說給觀眾的臺詞。旁白在舞臺上其

27、他人物是聽不到的。17. Assonance: The repetiti on of similar vowel soun ds, especially in poetry. Ass onance is ofte n employed to please the ear or emphasize certa in soun ds.類韻：在詩歌中相同或相似元音的重復(fù)，它的目的主要是用來使句子悅耳動(dòng)聽或用來強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)音。18. Atmosphere: The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often deve

28、loped, at least in part,專業(yè).專注word完美格式through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate for the writers to establish the reader s expectations and ititties.氣氛:文學(xué)作品中主要的基調(diào)或感覺。氣氛的渲染主要是通過對環(huán)境的描寫來展開的，這種描寫有助于作家創(chuàng)造一種情緒氣氛來時(shí)感染讀者19. Autobiography:A pers on s acco unt of his o

29、r her own life. An autobiography is gen erally writte n in n arrativeform and in cludes some in trospect ion.自傳：一個(gè)人對他或她自己生活的描述，自傳是一種敘述性的文體，多包含回憶性的描寫。20. Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of theearliest forms of literature. Folk bal

30、lads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation togeneration and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the com mon people. Devices com monly used in ballads are the refrain,

31、 in creme ntal repetiti on, and code Ian guage. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.民謠：民謠是一種做詩配唱的故事。在很多國家，民謠是最早的文學(xué)形式之一，都是無名作家所寫，它們從開始傳唱到真正寫下來要在口頭流傳好幾代人。民謠中所采用的手法多為疊句、重復(fù)和暗語。后來民謠就變成了有文字的歌謠，其風(fēng)格模仿民間歌謠。21. Ballad sta nza:A type of four-li ne sta nza.

32、 The first and third lines have four stressed words or syllables; thesec ond and fourth lines have three stresses. Ballad meter is usually iambic. The nu mber of un stressed syllables in each line may vary. The second and fourth lines rhyme.民謠體詩節(jié)：一種四行詩節(jié)，第一、三行由四個(gè)重讀單詞或音節(jié)組成，二、四行由三個(gè)重音組成。民謠的韻腳往往采用抑揚(yáng)格的形式，

33、每一行中非重度音節(jié)的數(shù)目不等，二、四行押韻。專業(yè).專注word完美格式22. Biography: A detailed acco unt of a pers on s life writte n by ano ther pers on.23. Bla nk verse: Verse writte n in un rhymed iambic pen tameter.素體詩：用五音步抑揚(yáng)格寫的無韻詩。24. Caesura: A break or pause in a line of poetry.休止：一行詩中的間斷或停頓。25. Can to: A sect ion or divisio n

34、 of a long poem.詩章：長詩的一部分。26. Caricature: The use of exaggeration or distortion to make a figure appear comic or ridiculous. A physicalcharacteristic, an eccentricity, a personality trait, or an act may be exaggerated.漫畫：用夸張或扭曲的手法來描寫一個(gè)人物的外貌特征、怪癖、個(gè)性或某個(gè)動(dòng)作來產(chǎn)生滑稽可笑的效果。27. Character: In appreciati ng a sh

35、ort story, characters are an in dispe nsable eleme nt. Characters are the pers ons prese nted in a dramatic or n arrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is prese nted without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and m

36、otivation and is represented with subtle particularity.人物：在短篇小說的欣賞中，人物是必不可少一個(gè)元素。人物是喜劇或小說中所描寫的人。福斯特把人物劃分為兩類，扁平型人物和圓型人物。扁平型人物往往缺乏個(gè)人化的細(xì)節(jié)描寫而圓型人物則在性格和行為動(dòng)機(jī)上較為復(fù)雜。28. Characterization: the means by which a writer reveals that personality.人物描寫：一個(gè)作家描寫某個(gè)人物的方法。29. Classicism: A movement or tendency in art, lite

37、rature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the artof ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditi onal and the uni versal, and places value on reas on, clarity, bala nee, .專業(yè).專注.word完美格式and order. Classicism, with its concern for reas on and uni versal themes, is tradi

38、ti on ally opposed to Roma nticism, which is concerned with emoti ons and pers onal themes.古典主義：在藝術(shù)、文學(xué)或音樂方面反映古希臘、羅馬文學(xué)原理的運(yùn)動(dòng)。古典主義強(qiáng)調(diào)傳統(tǒng)，追求理性、明晰、平衡和秩序。因?yàn)楣诺渲髁x強(qiáng)調(diào)理性和普遍主題，在傳統(tǒng)上反對強(qiáng)調(diào)感情和個(gè)人主題的浪漫主義。30. Climax: The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a story s turning point,climax and the simulta

39、neous in crease of tension in the plot are known as the risi ng actio n. All actio n after the climaxis referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.高潮：小說中最緊張、最有趣或最具懸念的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。情節(jié)中引起高潮的動(dòng)作和情節(jié)緊張度的增加稱作上升”，高潮后的動(dòng)作稱為回落”或結(jié)局”。有時(shí)候高潮又稱作轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)”。31. Con

40、ceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit maybe a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and in tellectual kind of con ceit is the metaphysical con ceit.新奇的比喻：將兩種截然不同的食物進(jìn)行對比的一種隱喻。它雖被視為

41、是一種隱喻，但是它往往構(gòu)建了整首詩的框架，最為奇特的應(yīng)屬玄學(xué)詩里面的。32. Con flict: A struggle betwee n two oppos ing forces or characters in a short story, no vel, play, or n arrative poem.Usually the events of the story are all related tothe con flict, and the con flict is resolved in some way by the story end.矛盾：在小說、短篇小說、戲劇或敘事詩中相

42、互對立的兩種力量。故事中的事件往往都和矛盾有關(guān)，并且在故事的結(jié)尾矛盾都會(huì)得以解決。33. Conno tatio n: All the emoti ons and associati ons that a word or phrase may arouse. Conno tati on is disti net fromdeno tation, which is the literal or“ dictionary ” meaning of a word or phrase.專業(yè).專注.word完美格式內(nèi)涵：一個(gè)詞或短語所指的所有的情感和聯(lián)系。與外延不同，外延則是指一個(gè)詞的字面意思或詞典上的解

43、釋。34. Consonance: The repetiti on of similar consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words.諧音：單詞詞尾或中間相似輔音的重復(fù)。35. Couplet: Two con secutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pen tameter couplet.對句：兩個(gè)連續(xù)押韻的詩行。英雄雙行體的對句一般都為抑揚(yáng)格五音步。36. Critical Realism: The critical realism

44、of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties.The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticiz ing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoi ntand deli neated the crying con tradict ions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradic

45、ate social evils.批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義：批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義在19世紀(jì)40年代達(dá)到高潮。批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家們往往把從民主的角度批評和揭露資本 主義社會(huì)的丑惡視為己任，但他們并沒有找到治療社會(huì)弊病的良方。37. Dactyl: It s made up of one stressed and two unstressed syllables, with the stressed in front.揚(yáng)抑抑格：揚(yáng)抑抑格由一個(gè)重度音節(jié)和兩個(gè)非重度音節(jié)組成，重讀音節(jié)在前。38. Denotation:The literal or“ dictionary ” meaning of a word.外延：單詞的

46、字面意義或詞典”解釋。39. Denouement:The outcome of a plot. The denouement is that part of a play, short story, novel, or narrativepoem in which con flicts are resolved or un raveled, and mysteries and secrets conn ected with the plot are expla in ed.結(jié)局：情節(jié)的結(jié)尾部分。在戲劇、小說、短篇小說的結(jié)尾部分，矛盾得以解決，和情節(jié)相關(guān)的秘密都得以揭露。40. Dictio

47、n: A writer s choice of words, particularly for clarity, effective ness, and precisi on.專業(yè).專注.word完美格式措辭：一個(gè)作家用詞的選擇，主要是為了清楚、有效和簡練等目的。41. Diss onance: A harsh or disagreeable comb in ati on of soun ds; discord.不和諧音：刺耳或無法融洽的音的組合，噪音。42. Dramatic mono logue:A kind of n arrative poem in which one characte

48、r speaks to one or more liste ners whosereplies are not give n in the poem. The occasi on is usually a crucial one in the speakerrson ality as well as thein cide nt that is the subject of the poem.戲劇獨(dú)白：在一種敘事詩里面，一個(gè)人物對其他的人物講話但并沒有交代他們的回答，這種場合往往對反映說話人的性格特征和詩歌的主題是至關(guān)重要的。43. Elegy: A poem of mourning, usua

49、lly over the death of an in dividual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usuallyformal in Ianguage and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.挽歌：為某個(gè)死去的人所做的詩，挽歌往往屬于抒情詩，在語言和機(jī)構(gòu)上比較正式，語氣上比較莊重甚至是哀傷的。44. Emblematic image:A verbal picture or figure with a long traditi on of moral or religious meani

50、ng attached toit.象征性意象：蘊(yùn)含道德或宗教意義的文字描述或人物。45. En lighte nment: With the adve nt of the 18th cen tury, in En gla nd, as in other Europea n coun tries, there spra nginto life a public moveme nt known as the En lighte nment. The En lighte nment on the whole, was an expressi on ofstruggle of the the n pr

51、ogressive class of bourgeois aga inst feudalism. The social in equality, stag natio n, prejudicesand other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind byconn ect ing them with the actual deeds and requireme nts of the people.啟蒙主義：啟蒙主義是在18世紀(jì)在英國發(fā)生的

52、。總體上，啟蒙主義是當(dāng)時(shí)的資產(chǎn)階級對封建主義，社會(huì)的不平等、死寂、偏見和其他的封建殘余的一種反對。通過將科學(xué)的各個(gè)分支與人民的日常生活和需要聯(lián)系起來，啟蒙主義者們努力將他們變成為人民大眾服務(wù)的工具46. Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from專業(yè).專注word完美格式which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and we

53、re transmitted by song and recitationbefore they were written dow n.史詩：講述英雄事跡并反映出這些英雄事跡的社會(huì)價(jià)值觀的長篇敘事詩。在成為之前，很多史詩都來自于口頭傳統(tǒng)并通過歌唱和背誦流傳。47. Epigram: A short, witty, pointed statement often in the form of a poem.警句詩：一種簡短、智慧、蘊(yùn)含深刻的詩。48. Epigraph: A quotation or motto at the beginning of a chapter, book, short

54、 story, or poem that makes somepoint about the work. 題詞：在一章、一本書、短篇小說或詩歌的開頭指涉作品內(nèi)容的引文或銘文。49. Epilogue: A short addition or conclusion at the end of a literary work.收場白：文學(xué)作品末尾簡短的補(bǔ)充或結(jié)論。50. Epiphany: A moment of illumination, usually occurring at or near the end of a work.頓悟：事實(shí)得以揭示的時(shí)刻，往往發(fā)生在作品的結(jié)尾或?qū)⒔瘴膊糠帧?

55、1. Epitaph: An in scripti on on a gravest one or a short poem writte n in memory of some one who has died.52. Epithet: A descriptive n ame or phrase used to characterize some one or someth ing.稱號：用來描述一個(gè)人或事物的描寫性詞或短語。53. Era of Moder ni sm:The years from 1910 to 1930 are ofte n called the Era of Moder

56、 ni sm, for there seems to havebeen in both Europe and America a strongawareness of some sort of“ break ” with the past. The new artists sia desire to capture the complexity of moder n life, to focus on the variety and con fusi on of the 20th cen tury by reshap ing and sometimes discard ing the idea

57、s and habits of the 19th cen tury. The Era of Moder nism was in deedthe era of the New.專業(yè).專注word完美格式現(xiàn)代主義時(shí)期：從1910到1930年這一段時(shí)間被稱作現(xiàn)代主義時(shí)期，因?yàn)樵谶@一時(shí)期，不論是在美國還是在歐洲人們都認(rèn)識到一種強(qiáng)烈的與過去的決裂”，新藝術(shù)家們都渴望反映現(xiàn)代生活的復(fù)雜性，都渴望通過重新構(gòu)建，有時(shí)候甚至放棄19世紀(jì)的思想和習(xí)慣來聚焦于20世紀(jì)的多樣性和困惑之上。54. Essay: A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals wi

58、th a subject in a limited way and expresses aparticular point or view. An essay may be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emoti on al. The two gen eral classificati ons of essay are the in formal essay and the formal essay. An in formal essayis usually brief and is wri

59、tte n as if the writer is talk ing in formally to the reader about some topic, using a conversational style and a personal or humorous tone. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style, and serious in tone.小品文：小品文一般都是簡短的散文，作家通過有線的篇幅發(fā)表自己獨(dú)特的看法。小品文的風(fēng)格要么嚴(yán)肅要么幽默，組織或嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)或松散，情感或抒發(fā)或藏而不

60、露。小品文大體上又分為正式的和非正式的兩種。非正式的小品文一般比較短，使用對話的風(fēng)格和個(gè)人化或幽默的語氣，似乎在給讀者針對一個(gè)話題侃侃而談。相比之下，正式的小品文則組織嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，風(fēng)格高雅，語氣嚴(yán)肅。55. Exemplum 說教故事：A tale, usually inserted into the text of a sermon that illustrates a moral principle.勸喻故事：穿插在步道中間來闡述一種道德原則的故事。56. Fable: A fable is a short story, often with animals as its characters,