Warmingupexercises1.材料2.金屬3.復合材料4.硬度5.超導體6.冶金7.碳8.奧氏體9.浸蝕10.回火11.退火12.退火13.滲碳1.puremetal2.intermetalliccompound3.plasticdeformation4.stainlesssteel5.meltingtemperature6.heattreatment7.solidsolution8.

hypoeutectoidsteel9.lever-law10.iron—carbondiagram第1頁Unit3CastingProcessesI.NewwordsandphrasesⅠ)Newwords?casting鑄造,鑄件?cavity型腔?bronze青銅?brass黃銅?pattern木模?sprue直澆道?core型芯?riser冒口?cope上箱?drag下箱?vent通氣孔?dendrite樹枝狀結晶?tolerance公差?第2頁Unit3CastingProcessesⅡ)phrases

sandcasting砂型鑄造?investmentcasting熔模鑄造?centrifugalcasting離心鑄造?moldcavity鑄型型腔?coreprint芯頭第3頁Unit3CastingProcesses

gatingsystem澆鑄系統pouringcup澆口杯

surfacefinish表面質量partingsurface分型面two-partmold兩廂造型

第4頁Unit3CastingProcessesbuilt-up混合?alignmentpin定位銷?wall-thickness壁厚?IDinsidediameter內徑?ODoutsidediameter外徑第5頁Unit3CastingProcessesII.

GuideforReading

Afterreviewingtheprintedmaterial,thestudentswilllearntheessentialsofthevariousmetalcastingprocessesusedinindustrytoday.?1.Thebasicprinciplesofcastingareexplained.?2.Thethreeprimarycastingmethodsaredetailed.?3.Moldandpatternconstructionisshown.第6頁Pleasewatchthevideoandanswerthefollowingquestions.Pleasepaytoattentiontothesekeywords:Pattern,injectionmolding;assemble;waxpost;runnersystem;pouringcup;shellmold;dip;slurry;smoothness;subsequentdip;furnace;autoclave;moisture;curedceramics;preheatedtopouring;ferrousandnon-ferrousmetals;solidify;closetolerance;Thinwall;andsmoothfinishes.1.Howtomakethepattern?2.Whyassemblethepatternonwaxpost?3.Explainthemainstepsofinvestmentcasting.4.Pleaseillustratethemainadvantagesofinvestmentcasting.第7頁Castingprocessisamanufacturingprocessinwhichmoltenmetalispouredorinjectionandallowedtosolidifyinasuitablyshapedmoldcavity.Duringoraftercooling,thecastpartisremovedfromthemoldandthenprocessedfordelivery

（交貨）.Castingprocessesandcastmaterialtechnologiesvaryfromsimpletohighlycomplex.Materialandprocessselectiondependsonthepart’scomplexityandfunction,theproduct’squalityspecification,andtheprojectedcostlevel.第8頁Castingsarepartsthataremadeclosetotheirfinaldimensionsbyacastingprocess.Withahistorydatingback6000years,thevariouscastingprocessesareinastateofcontinuousrefinementandevolutionastechnologicaladvancesarebeingmade.Sandcastingisusedtomakelargerparts(typicallyiron,butalsobronze,brassandaluminum).Moltenmetalispouredintoamoldcavityformedoutofsand.Theprocessesofsandcastingarediscussedinthissection,includingpatterns（模樣）,sprues（澆口）andrunners（澆道）,designconsideration,andcastingallowance（余量、公差）.（chippingallowance，fittingallowance，grindingallowance）第9頁Thecavityinthesandisformedbyusingapattern(anapproximateduplicateoftherealpart),whicharetypicallymadeoutofwood,sometimesmetal.Thecavityiscontainedinanaggregate（骨料、集料）housedinaboxcalledflask（砂箱）.Core（型芯）

isasandshapeinsertedintothemoldtoproducetheinternalfeaturesofthepartsuchasholesorinternalpassages.Coresareplacedinthecavitytoformholesofthedesiredshapes.Coreprint（型芯座）istheregionaddedtothepattern,core,ormold

thatisusedtolocateandsupportthecorewithinthemold.Ariser（冒口）isanextravoidcreatedinthemoldtocontainexcessivemoltenmaterial.The（another）purposeofthisistofeedthemoltenmetaltothemoldcavityasthemoltenmetalsolidifiesandshrinks,andtherebypreventsvoidsinthemaincasting.第10頁Inatwopartmold,whichistypicallyofsandcasting,theupperhalf,includingthetophalfofthepattern,flask,andcoreiscalledcope(上砂箱)andlowerhalfiscalleddrag（下砂箱）,asshowninfig.3.1.Thepartinglineorthepartingsurfaceislineorsurfacethatseparatesthecopeanddrag.Thedragisfirstfilledpartiallywithsand,andthecoreprint,thecores,andthegatingsystem（澆注系統）areplacednearthepartingline.Thecopeisthenassembled（assembleamachine）

tothedrag,andthesandispouredoncopehalf,coveringthepattern,coreandthegatingsystem.Thesandiscompactedbyvibrationandmechanicalmeans.Next,thecopeisremovedfromthedrag,andthepatterniscarefullyremoved.Theobjectistoremovethepatternwithoutbreakingthemoldcavity.Thisisfacilitated（容易進行）bydesigningadraft（拔模斜度）,aslightangularoffset（偏差，tooloffset刀具軸向偏差）fromtheverticaltotheverticalsurfaceofthepattern.Thisisusuallyaminimumof1.5mm,whicheverisgreater.Therougherthesurfaceofthepatternis,themorethedrafttobeprovided.第11頁Themoltenmaterialispouredintothepouringcup（澆口杯）,whichispartofthegatingsystem（澆注系統）thatsuppliesthemoltenmaterialtothemoldcavity.Theverticalpartofthegatingsystemconnectedtothepouringcupisthesprue（澆道）,andthehorizontalportioniscalledtherunnerandfinallytothemultiple

pointswhereitisintroducedtobemoldcavitycalledthegates.Additionallythereareextensionstothegatingsystemcalledventsthatprovidethepartforthebuilt-upgasesandthedisplacedairtoventtotheatmosphere.

Multi-multifunction,multidirectional,multimedia.第12頁Thecavityisusuallymadeoversizetoallowforthemetalcontractionasitcoolsdowntoroomtemperature.Thisisachievedbymakingthepatternoversize.Toaccountfortheshrinking,thepatternmustbemadeoversizebythesefactorsontheaverage.Thesearelinearfactorsandapplyineachdirection.Theseshrinkageallowances(收縮余量)areonlyapproximate,becausetheexactallowanceisdeterminedbytheshapeandsizeofthecastings.Inaddition,differentpartsofthecastingsmightrequiredifferentshrinkageallowances.Sandcastingsgenerallyhavearoughsurfacesometimeswithsurfaceimpurities,andsurfacevariations.Amachining(finish)allowanceismadeforthistypeofdefect.第13頁Ingeneral,typicalstagesofsandcastingoperationinclude:Patternsaremade.Thesewillbetheshapeusedtoformthecavityinthesand.Coresmayalsobemadeatthistime.Thesecoresaremadeofbondedsandthatwillbebrokenoutofthecastpartafteritiscomplete.Sandismulled(混砂mixed)thoroughlywithadditives（添加劑）suchasbentonite（膨潤土）toincreasebondingandoverallstrength.第14頁Sandisformedaboutpatterns,andgates,runners,risers,ventsandpouringcupsareaddedasneeded

.Acompactionstageistypicallyusedtoensuregoodcoverageandsolidmolds.Coresmayalsobeaddedtomakeinternalfeaturesforthecastpart.Alignmentpins（定位銷）mayalsobeusedformatingthemoldslater.Chills（冷鐵）maybeaddedtocoollargemassesfaster.Thepatternisberemoved,andmoldsmaybeputthroughabakingstage（烘烤）toincreasestrength.

省略句主語和主句一致，動詞中be.第15頁Moldhalvesarematedandpreparedforpouringmetal.Metalispreheatedinafurnace（爐）orcrucible（坩堝）untilisabovetheliquidstemperatureinasuitablerange.Theexacttemperaturemaybecloselycontrolleddependingontheapplication.Degassing（排氣）,andothertreatmentprocessesmaybedoneatthistime,suchasremovalofimpurities.(熔渣slag).Someportionofthismetalmayberemeltedscrap（廢料或碎屑）frompreviouslycastparts—10%isreasonable.第16頁Asthemoltenmetalcools(minutestodays),themetalwillshrinkandthevolumewilldecrease.Duringthistimemoltenmetalmaybackflow（回流）fromthemoltenriserstofeedthepartandmaintainthesameshape.Oncethepartsstarttosolidifysmalldendrites（樹枝晶）ofsolidmaterialforminthepart.Duringthistimemetalpropertiesarebeingdetermined,andinternalstressesaregenerated.Ifapartisallowedtocoolslowlyenoughataconstantratethanthefinalpartwillberelativelyhomogenous（homo-同質）andstressfree.（省略）第17頁Oncetheparthascompletelysolidifiedbelowtheeutecticpoint（共晶點）itmayberemovedwithnoconcernforfinalmetalproperties.Atthispointthesandissimplybrokenup,andthepartremoved.Atthispointthesurfaceofthepartwillhaveaquantityofsandadheringtothesurface,andsolidcoresinside.Abulkoftheremainingsandandcorescanberemovedbystrikingthepartmechanically.第18頁Investment(熔模鑄造)castingItmeansthelostwaxprocess（失蠟工藝）.Itisoneoftheoldestmanufacturingprocesses.TheEgyptiansuseditinthetimeofthepharaohs(法老)tomakegoldjewelry(hencethenameInvestment)some5000yearsago.Intricateshapescanbemadewithhighlyaccuracy.Itcanbeusedtomakepartsthatcannotbeproducedbynormalmanufacturingtechniques,suchasturbine（渦輪機）bladesthathavecomplexshapes,orairplanepartsthathavetowithstandhightemperatures.

第19頁Themoldismadeofthepatternusingwaxorsomeothermaterialsthatcanbemeltedaway.Thiswaxpatternisdippedinrefractory（難熔，耐熱）slurry（泥漿）,whichcoatsthewaxpatternandformsaskin.Thisprocessshouldberepeatedforseveraltimestoachieverobustthickness.Afterthis,theentirepatternisplacedinanovenandthewaxismeltedaway.Finally,moltenmetalispouredintothemold.Thewaxpatternitselfismadebyduplicatingusingastereolithography（平板印刷術）orsimilarmodel,whichhasbeenfabricatedusingacomputersolidmodelmaster.

第20頁Dependingonthefineness（精密度）ofthefinishdesiredadditionalcoatingsofsillimanite（硅線石）andethylsilicate（硅酸鹽，硅酸乙酯）maybeapplied.Themoldthusproducedcanbeuseddirectlyforlightcastings,orbereinforcedbyplacingitinalargercontainerandreinforcingitmoreslurry.第21頁Unit4ForgingProcessesI.NewwordsandphrasesⅠ)Newwords?anvil砧鐵?shape成型?steam蒸汽?compressedair壓縮空氣?hydraulic水力,水壓?elongation拉伸?lateral橫向,側面?upsetting鐓粗?shorten縮短,變短?axially軸向?ram壓頭,撞錘?ingot鑄錠?recrystallization第22頁Unit4ForgingProcesses?stationary固定?blocker預鍛模?undercut下陷,凹陷?fillet園角?rib肋板,加強板?lubricantn.滑潤劑Ⅱ)phrases?compressiveforce壓力?

hammerblow錘擊?forginghammer鍛錘?semimechanize半機械化?forgingpress鍛床?handforging手工鍛?open-dieforging開模鑄造?close-dieforging閉模鑄造

?impressiondieforging模鍛?precisionforging精密鑄造第23頁Unit4ForgingProcesses?rollforging滾鍛?swaging模鍛?draftangle模鍛斜度?massproduction大規模生產?finishedproduct成品,產品?bottomdie底模?topdie頂模?dropforging落錘鑄造?finishingoperation最后[完成]工序?coatingoperation涂漬操作第24頁Unit4ForgingProcesses?blockerforging預鍛?dieimpression模槽?leafspring板簧,片(彈)簧?gearblank齒輪坯料,齒輪毛坯?sharpcorner尖角?pressforging壓鍛?upsetforging鍛壓?crosssectionn.橫截面?recrystallizationtemperature再結晶溫度第25頁Unit4ForgingProcessesII.

GuideforReading

Thebasicsofforgingtechnologyareexplained.?Openandcloseddieforgingmethodsaredetailed.?featureofforgingisexplained.第26頁Hello,Chicago.IfthereisanyoneouttherewhostilldoubtsthatAmericaisaplacewhereallthingsarepossible,whostillwondersifthedreamofourfoundersisaliveinourtime,whostillquestionsthepowerofourdemocracy,tonightisyouranswer.It'stheanswertoldbylinesthatstretchedaroundschoolsandchurchesinnumbersthisnationhasneverseen,bypeoplewhowaitedthreehoursandfourhours,manyforthefirsttimeintheirlives,becausetheybelievedthatthistimemustbedifferent,thattheirvoicescouldbethatdifference.It'stheanswerspokenbyyoungandold,richandpoor,DemocratandRepublican,black,white,Hispanic,Asian,NativeAmerican,gay,straight,disabledandnotdisabled.Americanswhosentamessagetotheworldthatwehaveneverbeenjustacollectionofindividualsoracollectionofredstatesandbluestates.Weare,andalwayswillbe,theUnitedStatesofAmerica.It'stheanswerthatledthosewho'vebeentoldforsolongbysomanytobecynicalandfearfulanddoubtfulaboutwhatwecanachievetoputtheirhandsonthearcofhistoryandbenditoncemoretowardthehopeofabetterday.It'sbeenalongtimecoming,buttonight,becauseofwhatwedidonthisdateinthiselectionatthisdefiningmomentchangehascometoAmerica.第27頁Keywordstostudy:DistinctionofMfromN…Distinct–adj.bedistinctfromMinN…在N方面與M顯著不一樣Opendieforgingisdistinctfromclosedieforgingintheformofforging.Distinctive—adj.Distinguish—v.AttachMtoN把M連接到N上Attachment附件，輔助裝置Universalattachment萬能附件第28頁Resistantadj.resistance,resisting,resistivity.Heatresistivity耐熱性Valuableinvaluablepainting,valueless軸Axes(pluralofaxis)axisaxletree車軸，輪軸，shaft轉動軸spindle主軸第29頁GuidetothevideoOpen-dieforgingisperformedoningots,billets,barsorapre-form.Deformation.Workpiece;shapedie;restrict;metalflow;resultin;lengthening;crosssection;upsetingregionalongthelength;bulging;multipleimpact;incrementally;advance;lengthwiseLongitudinalaxis;rotate;hollow;considerable;machining;achievefinalshape.第30頁科技英語翻譯—術語翻譯科技文章文體特點是:精確、嚴密、清楚、精練。在科技翻譯中,精確是第一要素,而對于科技術語翻譯精確性尤顯突出。假如為追求譯文流暢而犧牲精確,不但會造成科技信息丟失,還也許引發誤解,造成嚴重后果。各個不一樣學科領域都有某些特殊技術術語,它們具有專業性強和意義單一等特點。在這些技術術語當中,有某些是專有名詞(propernouns),例如:Ampere(安培),Faraday(法拉第)。尚有某些是通過不一樣構詞法形成技術術語,常見包括:(1)通過復合法(Compounding)組成技術術語,例如:fallout(輻射微塵,原子塵),doghouse(高頻高壓電源屏蔽罩,調諧箱);(2)通過綴連法/綴合法(Affixation)組成技術術語,例如:cofunction(余函數),thermalization(熱化,熱能化);(3)通過縮合法(Blending)組成技術術語,例如:gravisphere(=gravity+sphere引力層),comsat(=communication+satellite通訊衛星);(4)通過首字母縮略法(Acronym)組成技術術語,例如:radar(=radiodetectingandranging雷達),laser(=lightamplificationstimulatedbyemissionofradiation激光);(5)通過截短法(Clipping)組成技術術語(多用于口語體),例如:flu(=influenza流行性感冒),fax(=facsimile傳真)。

第31頁常用否認前綴：Anti-;counter-,contra-,de-,dis-,in-,il-,im-,mis-,non-,un-;其他：bi-,di-,co-,cross-,electro-,ferro-,hydro-,inter-,iso-,macro-,mal-,mono-,multi-,photo-,semi-,super-,tele-,thermo-;后綴：-ics,-meter,-fold,Exercises:反恐怖主義；雙相；余函數；十字線；鋼筋混凝土；流體力學；互鎖裝置；等應力；宏觀效應；失調；單向；多種經營；光電開關；遙控作用；百倍；電壓表。第32頁1.意譯法:在大多數情況下,對于在科技文章中出現、通過復合、派生等構詞方式如形成技術術語,一般采取此辦法進行翻譯,而翻譯基礎是對原文思想內容有充足理解。例如:

Atransformerisadeviceusedtotransferelectricenergyfromonecircuittoanother,especiallyapairofmultiplywound,inductivelycoupledwirecoilsthateffectsuchatransferwithachangeinvoltage,current,

phase,orotherelectriccharacteristic.

變壓器是一種把電能從一種電位轉移到另一種電位裝置。尤指一對多組纏繞在一起且互相感應配對電線圈,通過電壓、電流、相位或其他電特性變化產生這樣一種電能轉換。

再例如:micromotor(微電機),autocoder(自動編碼器),superconductor(超導體),等等。

第33頁2.音譯法:對于像計量單位、科技發明、材料、化學品名稱等這樣技術術語,一般應使用音譯法進行翻譯。例如:

Inductanceismeasuredinhenries/henrys.

電感是用亨利作單位來度量。

再例如:ohm(歐姆),calorie(卡路里),joule(焦耳),nylon(尼龍),Vaseline(凡士林),micabond(米卡邦德〈一種絕緣材料〉),sonar(聲納),quark(夸克),logic(邏輯),等等。

3.意譯、音譯共使用方法:對于有些技術術語來說,它們現故意譯名,又有音譯名,二者同步使用。翻譯時,選擇任何一種都能夠。但我們應當注意到這樣一種趨勢,那就是意譯逐漸取代音譯。例如:

vitamin:維生素(意)/維他命(音)penicillin:青霉素/盤尼西林

engine:發動機/引擎microphone:話筒/麥克風

combine:聯合收割機/康拜因laser:激光/萊塞

第34頁4.形譯法:此辦法多用于用字母表達其外形技術術語翻譯,能夠選用近似該字母形狀漢語來翻譯;也可保存原英文字母不作翻譯,但保存字母有時表達形狀,有時表達概念,應注意辨別。例如:

T--square:丁字尺U-steel:槽形鋼

O-ring:O型環A-frame:A型架

P/Nregion:P區(電子不足區)/N區(電子剩下區)

Lelectron:L層電子(原子核第二層電子)

Exercises:T-beam;V-belt;I-section;T-joint;U-nut.第35頁三、準技術術語翻譯

準技術術語一般都具有一項或多項一般詞義,當將他們用在某一學科領域中時,他們又具有獨特專業詞義,并為該專業領域所廣泛接收,具有該專業獨特性。下列列舉某些機械專業中,借用一般名詞作專業術語例子:

1.借用動物名稱專業術語

cat(貓/履帶拖拉機),fish(魚/接合板,夾板),cock公雞旋塞，吊車,pig豬金屬錠塊,dog狗擋塊，止動爪,monkey(猴子/活動扳手,起重機小車),fox(狐貍/繩索)

2.借用物品名稱專業術語

coat(外衣/鍍層),cap(帽子/軸承蓋,罩殼),bed(床/底座,機床身),bench(長凳/拉床,鉗工臺),shoe鞋子閘瓦，履帶片,cup杯子皮碗，軸套,house房子箱體，罩,disk唱片硬磨盤,desk書桌控制屏3人體器官名稱專業術語

eye(眼/孔環),ear(耳/吊鉤)mouth(口/開度),finger(手指/測厚規)

第36頁句型背誦：Tothose--tothosewhowouldteartheworlddown:Wewilldefeatyou.Tothosewhoseekpeaceandsecurity:Wesupportyou.AndtoallthosewhohavewonderedifAmerica'sbeaconstillburnsasbright:Tonightweprovedoncemorethatthetruestrengthofournationcomesnotfromthemightofourarmsorthescaleofourwealth,butfromtheenduringpowerofourideals:democracy,liberty,opportunityandunyieldinghope.Eliminatingproblemsbytransferringtheblametoothersisoftencalledscape-goating.

用怪罪他人措施來處理問題一般被稱為尋找替罪羊。由機器來完成造型問題被稱為機器造型。

Themechanismbywhichbraincellsstorememoriesisnotclearlyunderstood.

大腦細胞儲存記憶機理并不為人明白。熱處理強化機制并不為人所明白。

第37頁Anarchismisatermdescribingaclusterofdoctrinesandattitudeswhoseprincipalunitingfeatureisthebeliefthatgovernmentisbothharmfulandunnecessary.

無政府主義這個詞描述是一堆理論和態度，它們主要共同點在于相信政府是有害，沒有必要。

Scientistsdonotknowwhydinosaursbecameextinct,butsometheoriespostulatethatchangersingeography,climate,andsealevelswereresponsible.

科學家不懂得恐龍為何絕種了，不過某些理論推斷是地理，氣候和海平面變化造成。

Televisionismorethanjustelectronics;itisameansofexpression,aswellasavehicleforcommunication,andassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings.

電視不但僅是一件電器；它是體現伎倆和交流載體并因此成為聯系他人有力工具。

第38頁Televisionthemostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologies,markedbyrapidchangeandgrowth,ismovingintoanewera,aneraofextraordinarysophisticationandversatility,whichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.

電視，這項從迅速變化和成長為標志最普及和最有影響力當代技術，正在步入一種新時代，一種極為成熟和多樣化時代，這將重塑我們生活和世界。

Artificialflowersareusedforscientificaswellasfordecorativepurposes.Theyaremadefromavarietyofmaterials,suchaswayandglass,soskillfullythattheycanscarcelybedistinguishedfromnaturalflowers.

人造花卉即可用于科學目標，也可用于裝飾目標，它們能夠用多種各樣材料制成，臂如蠟和玻璃；其制作如此精巧，幾乎能夠以假亂真。

Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.

昆蟲就將會使我們無法在這個世界上居住；假如我們沒有受到以昆蟲為食動物保護，昆蟲就會吞嚼掉我們所有莊稼并殺死我們飼養禽獸。

第39頁Unit6InjectionmoldingI.NewwordsandphrasesⅠ)Newwordsthermoplastics熱塑性塑料?thermosetting熱硬化性?fluidity流性,流度.?viscosity粘度,粘性elastic-viscosity?viscousadj.粘性,粘滯,膠粘resinn.樹脂vt.涂樹脂于?elastomern.彈性體,人造橡膠第40頁Ubiquitousadj.到處存在,(同步)普遍存在?synonymousadj.同義?extruder擠壓機?pressurizevt.增壓,密封,使...加壓?plungern.活塞pistonrheologyn.[物]流變學,流變能力differentiate

v.區分,辨別,微分運算Differentiatingequation,differentiatingamplifierDifferentialadj.crystalline晶體第41頁amorphous無定型opaquen.不透明物adj.不透明,不傳熱,solvent溶劑abrasiveness磨損性,磨蝕性(abrasion磨損)Abradev.abrasiven.a,pelletn.小球granularadj.由小粒而成,粒狀nozzle管口,噴嘴maintenancen.維護,保持,生活費用,扶養Maintainv.maintainMontoN…把M固定在N上reciprocating

往復,來回,交替,交換,擺動reciprocatingcircuit,reciprocatingvalue,reciprocatingpump.Variablenora.dependentvariable;independentvariable;complexvariable;random~;~gear;第42頁Ⅱ)phrases?crosslink橫向連接,交聯?molecularweight分子量?cycleofoperation(裂化過程中)連續運轉周期??reciprocatingscrewinjectionmachine往復式螺桿注壓機?cycletime周期,周期時間?matforming氈片成形?organicsolvent有機溶劑

第43頁II.

GuideforReading

①.Whatisthedefinitionofinjectionmolding?②.Whatkindofpolymerscanbeusedininjectionmolding?③.Whatistheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofinjectionmolding?第44頁科技英語翻譯3—被動語態英語中被動語態使用范圍極為廣泛,尤其是在科技英語中,被動語態幾乎隨處可見,凡是在無須、不愿說出或不懂得積極者情況下均可使用被動語態,因此,掌握被動語態翻譯辦法,對于碩士碩士入學考試復習與應考是極為主要,由于在碩士碩士入學考試中，英譯漢文章內容多以科普文章為主。對于英語原文被動構造,我們一般采取下列辦法:第45頁1.翻譯成漢語積極句。英語原文被動構造翻譯成漢語積極構造又能夠深入分為幾個不一樣情況。

(1)英語原文中主語在譯文中仍做主語。在譯文中使用“加以”,“通過”,“用……來”等詞來體現原文中被動含義。例如:

例1.Inotherwordsmineralsubstanceswhicharefoundonearthmustbeextractedbydigging,boringholes,artificialexplosions,orsimilaroperationswhichmakethemavailabletous.

換言之,礦物就是存在于地球上,但須通過挖掘、鉆孔、人工爆破或類似作業才能取得物質。

例2.Nuclearpower'sdangertohealth,safety,andevenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:radiation.

核能對健康、安全,甚至對生命本身組成危險能夠用一種詞—輻射來概括。

第46頁(2)將英語原文中主語翻譯為賓語,同步增補泛指性詞語(人們,大家等)作主語。例如:

例1.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthisserviceaswell,butontelevisioneverythingismuchmoreliving,muchmorereal.

也許有人會指出,無線電廣播同樣也能做到這一點,但還是電視屏幕上節目要生動、真實得多。

例2.Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowsonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogrammeswhicharebothinstructiveandentertaining.

人們常說,電視使人理解時事,熟悉政治領域最新發展變化,并能源源不停地為觀眾提供多種現有教育意義又有趣節目。

另外,下列構造也能夠通過這一伎倆翻譯:

Itisassertedthat…有人主張……

Itisbelievedthat…有人以為……

Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…大家(一般人)以為

Itiswellknownthat…大家懂得(眾所周知)……

Itwillbesaid…有人會說……

第47頁(3)將英語原文中by,in,for等做狀語介詞短語翻譯成譯文主語,在此情況下,英語原文中主語一般被翻譯成賓語。例如:

例1.Arightkindoffuelisneededforanatomicreactor.

原子反應堆需要一種合適燃料。

例2.Bytheendofthewar,800peoplehadbeensavedbytheorganization,butatacostof200BelgianandFrenchlives.

大戰結束時,這個組織拯救了八百人,但那是以二百多比利時人和法國人生命為代價。

例3.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.

許多人以為,一般人思維活動主線無法與科學家思維過程相比,并且以為這些思維過程必須通過某種專門訓練才能掌握。

第48頁(4)翻譯成漢語無主句。例如:

例1.Bythisprocedure,differenthoneyshavebeenfoundtovarywidelyinthesensitivityoftheirinhibittoheat.

通過這種辦法分析發覺不一樣種類蜂蜜抗菌活動對熱敏感程度也極為不一樣。

例2.Manystrangenewmeansoftransporthavebeendevelopedinourcentury,thestrangestofthembeingperhapsthehovercraft.

在我們這個世紀內研制了許多新奇交通工具,其中最奇特也許就是氣墊船了。

另外,下列構造也能夠通過這一伎倆翻譯:

Itisreportedthat…據報道……

Itissaidthat…據說……

Itissupposedthat…據推測……

Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat…能夠毫不夸張地說……

Itmustbeadmittedthat…必須認可……

Itmustbepointedoutthat…必須指出……

Itwillbeseenfromthisthat…由此可見……

第49頁

2.譯成漢語被動語態。英語中許多被動句能夠翻譯成漢語被動句。常用“被”,“給”,“遭”,“挨”,“為……所”,“使”,“由…”,“受到”等表達。例如:

例1.Thesesignalsareproducedbycollidingstarsornuclearreactionsinouterspace.

這些訊號是由外層空間星球碰撞或者核反應所造成。

例2.Thebehaviourofafluidflowingthroughapipeisaffectedbyanumberoffactors,includingtheviscosityofthefluidandthespeedatwhichitispumped.

流體在管道中流動情況,受到諸如流體粘度、泵送速度等多種原因影響。

例3.Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.

工具和技術本身作為主線性創新源泉數年來在很大程度上被科學史學家和科學思想家們忽視了。

第50頁Unit8GrindingSomewordsrelevanttothemachinetoolsDrillingmachines鉆床drills鉆頭Electricdischargemachines(EDM)電火花機Electricpowertools電動刀具boringmachines電腦數控鏜床CNCEDMwire-cuttingmachines電腦數控電火花線切割機床第51頁engravingmachines雕刻機grindingmachines磨床lathes車床machinetoolfittings機床配件millingmachines銑床Planingmachine龍門刨床boringmachine鏜床

verticalmillingmachine

horizontalmillingmachine

第52頁ListeningcomprehensionI''dratherbeasparrowthanasnail

I''dratherbeahammerthananail

Away,I''drathersailaway

Likeaswanthat''shereandgone

Amangetstieduptotheground

Hegivestheworlditssaddestsound

I''dratherbeaforestthanastreet

I''dratherfeeltheearthbeneathmyfeet

第53頁Afterreviewingthisprintedmaterial,theviewerwill：gainknowledgeandunderstandingoftheprimaryindustrialgrindingprocesses.?cylindrical,internal,centerlessandsurfacegrindingaredemonstrated?typesofabrasivesandbondingmethodsareshown第54頁1.Grindingisamaterialremovalandsurfacegenerationprocessusedtoshapeandfinishcomponentsmadeofmetalsandothermaterials.Theprecisionandsurfacefinishobtainedthroughgrindingcanbeuptotentimesbetterthanwitheitherturningormilling.2.Grindingemploysanabrasiveproduct,usuallyarotatingwheelbroughtintocontrolledcontactwithaworksurface.Thegrindingwheeliscomposedofabrasivegrainsheldtogetherinabinder.Theseabrasivegrainsactascuttingtools,removingtinychipsofmaterialfromthework.Astheseabrasivegrainswearandbecomedull,theaddedresistanceleadstofractureofthegrainsorweakeningoftheirbond.Thedullpiecesbreakaway,revealingsharpnewgrainsthatcontinuecutting.Therequirementsforefficientgrindinginclude:

（1）abrasivecomponentswhichareharderthanthework

（2）shock-andheat-resistantabrasivewheels

（3）abrasivesthatarefriable.Thatis,theyarecapableofcontrolledfracturing第55頁科技英語翻譯—常用句型體現辦法Pattern1.只有…..才能…..Only…can(will,isitpossible)….Onlywhen…can(will,isitpossible)…只有通過輸電線路，電力才能輸送到需要地方去。Onlythroughpowerlinescanelectricpowerbetransmittedtowhereitisneeded.我們只有把這個車間騰出來，才能安放這臺機器。Onlybyemptyingthisworkshop,isitpossibleforustohousethismachine.第56頁2.要…（必須….）Itisimperative(necessary,essential)to…必須采取多種措施處理工廠排出廢水和廢氣Itisnecessarytotakemeasurestotreatwastegasesand