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Clinicalanatomy&physiologyoftheearClinicalanatomy&physiologyAnatomyofearAnatomyofearLocatedOnbothsidesofcranialbone.Closewithparietalbone,sphenoidboneandoccipitalboneComposition:squamaous,tympanic,mastoidandpetrousparts+styloidprocessTemporalboneTemporalboneanditsabutment1.Occipitomastoidsuture2.Squamosomastoidsuture3.Occipitalbone4.Parietomastoidsuture5.Squamoussuture6.Parietalbone
7.Temporalbone8.Sphenosquamosalsuture9.Frontalbone10.Spheoidbone11.Zygomaticbone12.Mandible
13.ExternalacousticmeatusLocatedOnbothsidesofcraniExternalsurfaceoflefttymporalboneinadult1.Externalacousticmeatus2.Suprameataltrinangle3.Squamouspart4.Mastoidale5.Tympanomastoidfissure6.Zygomaticprocess7.Mandibularfossa8.Tymporalline9.Tympanosquamousfissure10.StyloidprocessInternalsurfaceoflefttymporalboneinadult11.Sulcusformiddlemeningealartery12.Petrousbone13.Inneracousticmeatus14.Sigmoidsulcus15.Sulcusforsuperiorpetrosalsinus16.Sulcusforinferiorpetrosalsinus17.Petrousapex18=Arcuateeminence19=InnerorificeofinternalcarotidcanalExternalsurfaceoflefttympo9.Notchofrivinus
10.
Suprameatalspine11.Suprameataltriangle12.Temporallinef
13.Parietalnotch
14.Externalacousticforamen15.Mastoidpart16.Occipitalmargin17.Suturamastoideosquamalis18.Mastoidforamen19.Tympanomastoidfissure
Externalsurfaceoftymporalbone1.Margoparietalis2.Squamouspart3.Temoralsurface
4.Margosphenoidalis
5.Processusretroarticularis6.Zygomaticprocess7.Articulartubercle8.Mandibularfossa20.Mastoidnotch21.Mastoid22.Petrotympanicfissure23.Tympanicpart24.Styloidprocess9.NotchofrivinusExternalsInternalsurface
oftymporalbone5.Posteriorbranchsulcusofmiddlemeningealartery6.Arcuateeminence
7.Grooveforsuperiorperosalsinus8.Internalauditoryforamen
9.Styloidprocess1.Suturapetrosquamosa
2.Sigmoidsulcus
3.Mastoidforamen
4.Orificeofvestibularaqueduct
Internalsurface
oftymporalInferiorsurface
oftymporalbone1.Caroticotympaniccanals2.Carotidcanal
3.Tympaniccanaliculusforjacobsonnerve4.Sulcusofmastoidcanaliculus
5.Externalapertureofaqueductofcochlea6.Mastoidcanaliculusforarnoldnerve
7.Jugularfossa8.Zygomaticprocess9.Articulartubercle
10.Articularfossaofmandible
11.Tympanosquamousfissure12.Tympanicpart
13.Styloidprocess
14.Externalacousticforamen15.Styloimastoidforamen
16.Mastoid
17.Mastoidnotch18.Sulcusforoccipitalartery
19.MastoidpartInferiorsurface
oftymporalAnatomicrelationship
offundusofinternalacousticmeatus3.Areaoffacialnerve4.Superiorvestibulararea5.Verticalcrest6.Inferiorvestibulararea7.Haplopore8.Centralcanalofcochlea1.Transversecrest2.Cochleararea（Tractusspiralisforaminosus）Anatomicrelationship
offundExternalearExternalearAnatomyofexternalearPinnaofear
anteriornotchofear
Externalacousticmeatus2.5-3.5cmLateral1/3:cartilage;
medial2/3:bone2stenosis：JuncturebetweenboneandcartilageIsthmusofexternalacousticmeatusAnatomyofexternalearPinnaoAnatomyofexternalear1.Triangularfossa2.Cymbaofauricularconcha
3.Cavityofauricularconcha4.Auricularconcha5.Anteriorincisureofear
6.Tragus7.Intertragicnotch8.Earlobe
9.Helix10.Superiorcruraofantihelix
11.Inferiorcruraofantihelix12.Auriculartubercle
13.Scaphoidfossa
14.Antihelix
15.Crusofhelix
16.Externalacousticmeatus19.AntitragusAnatomyofexternalear1.TrianMiddleearMiddleearAnatomyofmiddleearTympaniccavityEustachiantubeTympanicsinusMastoidAnatomyofmiddleearTympanicAnatomyofmiddleearDelimitationaccordingtomembranetensaAtticMesotympanumHypotympanumAnatomyofmiddleearDelimitatInternalsurfaceoftympaniclateralwall1.Incudomalleararticulation2.Superiorligamentofmalleus
3.Headofmalleus
4.Tympanicattic5.Processusanteriormallei
6.Anteriorfoldoftympanicmembrane
7.Anteriorfossaoftympanicmembrane
8.Cordoftympanum9.Eustachiantube
12.Bodyofincus13.Shortcrusofincus14.Tympanicantrum
15.Posteriorligamentofincusinincudalfossa16.Posteriorfoldoftympanicmembrane
17.Longcrusofincus
18.Posteriorfossaoftympanicmembrane
19.Lenticularprocessofincus
20.Tympanichordalpathway
10.Limbusmembranaetympani
11.Parstensa21.Tensortympanimuscle
22.HandleofmalleusInternalsurfaceoftympaniclTympanicmembraneTympanicmembrane(TM)
semi-transparentfilm,9*8*0.1mm3flaccidpart，tensapart
3layeredstructure:
EpitheliallaminaFibrouslaminaMucouslaminaTM1.Flaccidpart
2.Shortprocessofmalleus3.Handleofmalleus4.Tensapart
5.LightconeTympanicmembraneTympanicmembInternalwalloftympanumInternalwallofmiddleear=lateralwallofinnerear
Center-Promontoriumtympani
Posterosuperior–vestibularwindow(ovalwindow)-vestibule
Posteroinferior–cochlearwindow(roundwindow)-ScalatympaniSuperiorofvestibularwindow–horizontalpartoffallopianaqueduct
Posterosuperioroffallopianaqueduct–prominenceoflateralsemicircularcanal
Anteriorofvestibularwindow–cochleariformprocessInternalwalloftympanumInterInternalwalloftympanumGlomusjugulareCarotidarteryFossulaofroundwindowTympanicmembraneChordatympaninerveIncusMalleusTensortympanimuscleOstiumtympanicumtubaeauditivaeCanalfortensortympanimusclePromontoriumtympaniTymporallobeCochleariformprocessOrificeofchordatympaninerveFicialnervePyramidaleminenceProminenceoflateralsemicircularcanalProminenceoffacialcanalStapedialfootplateAditusadantrumInternalwalloftympanumGlomuAnteriorwalloftympanumAnteriorwallofmiddleear=carotidwall
separatedinferiorlybycarotid
2orificesinsuperiorpart:orificeofcanalistensortympani(superior)orificeofsemicanaliseustachii(inferior)AnteriorwalloftympanumAnterAnteriorwalloftympanum1.Tympanicattic
2.Stapes
3.Tegmentympani
4.Tendonoftensortympanimuscle5.Cochleariformprocess6.Greatersuperficialpetrosalnerve7.Lesserpetrosalnerve
8.Bonyseptumofeustachiancanal
9.Tensortympanimuscle10.Eustachiantube11.Carotidwalloftympanum12.Labyrinthinewalloftympanum13.Headofmalleus
14.Superiorligamentofmalleus
15.Neckofmalleus
16.Anteriorprocessandligamentofmalleus
17.
Lateralprocessofmalleus(shortprocessofmalleus)18.Handleofmalleus19.Umbooftympanicmembrane20.Limbusmembranetympani
21.Fibrocartilaginousring
22.TympanicsulcusAnteriorwalloftympanum1.TymPosteriorwalloftympanumPosteriorwall-
mastoidwallSuperiororifice–aditusadantrum
Incudalfossa–posteriorjunctionofhorizontalandverticalsegmentoffallopianaqueduct
Heightofvestibularwindow–pyramidaleminence
facialrecess–posteriortympanicapproachPosteriorwalloftympanumPostPosteriorwalloftympanum1.Stapes
2.Incus
3.Chordatympaninerve
4.Facialrecess
5.Chordatympaniccrest
6.Chordatympanic
eminence
7.Pyramidaleminence
8.Lateralsinustympani9.Styloidprocesseminence10.Malleus
11.Sinustympani
12.FossulaofcochlearwindowPosteriorwalloftympanum1.StSuperiorandinferiorwalloftympanumSuperiorwall-
tegmentympani
separatedwithtemporallobeinmiddlecranialfossaPetrosquamoussutureininfantisnotcloseyet
-infectionofmiddleearinvadeintocraniumPosteriorwall-Jugularwall
separatedwithglomusjugulare
ifdeletionofposteriorwall–bluedrumSuperiorandinferiorwallofContentoftympanumAuricularbone(thesmallestbone):Malleus,incus,stapes–ossicularchainLigamentofauricularboneTympanicmuscle:tensortympanimuscle,stapediusmuscleChordatympaninerve1.Superiorligamentofmalleus
2.Anteriorligamentofmalleus3.Tensortympanimuscle4.Superiorligamentofincus5.Posteriorligamentofincus6.StapediusmuscleContentoftympanumAuricularbEustachiantubePasswaybetweentympanumandnasopharynx.Lateral1/3:bonypart,medial2/3：cartilaginousparJunctionbetweenbonyandcartilaginous:isthmusRegulatetympanicpressure1.Incus2.Tympanicmembrane
3.Mandibularfossa4.Styloidprocess5.Carotidartery6.Tensortympanimuscle7.PharyngealopeningofauditorytubeEustachiantubePasswaybetweenTympanicantrum1.Tympanicantrum2.Tygmentympani
3.Lateralsemicircularduct4.Fallpianaqueduct5.Vestibularwindow6.Canalfortensortympanimuscle7.Bonyseptumofeustachiancanal8.Hiatuscanalisfacialis9.Carotidcanal10.Bonypartofauditorytube11.Promontoriumtympani12.Pyramidaleminence13.Cochlearwindow14.Tympanicsulcus15.Stylomastoidforamen16.MastoidaircellTympanicantrum1.TympanicantrMastoidMastoid:intratemporalcellsTyping:pneumatictype,dipoetictype,sclerotictype,mixedtypeDistribution:mastoidalegroup,perisigmoidgroup,antroduralgroup,perilabyrinthinegroup,epiduralgroup,zygomaticgroup,perifacialgroup.MastoidMastoid:intratemporalAnatomyofinnerearlabyrinth，includingreceptorofauditoryandequilibratorysensationContain：bonyandmembranelabyrinthPerilymph：betweenbonyandmembranelabyrinth,K↓Na↑Endolymph:inendolymphaticlabyrinth,K↑Na↓Anatomyofinnerearlabyrinth，AnterolateralviewofbonylabyrinthBonylabyrinth:vestibule,semicircularcanals,cochlea1.Anteriorsemicircularcanal
2.Commoncrus
3.Lateralbonyampulla
4.Cruraampullaria
5.Crussimplex
6.Lateralsemicircularduct
7.Vestibularwindow
8.Posteriorsemicircularcanal
9.Posteriorbonyampulla10.Anteriorbonyampulla11.Utricle
12.Sacculus13.Vestibule14.Cupulaofcochlea15.Cochlearmiddlecycle16.Cochleartopcycle
17.Cochlearbasiccycle18.Vestibularcrest19.CochlearwindowAnterolateralviewofbonylabInternalviewofbonylabyrinth1.Anteriorsemicircularcanal2.Commoncrus
3.Lateralsemicircularcanal4.Posteriorsemicircularcanal5.Parsampullaris6.Orificeofvestibularaqueduct
7.Cochlearrecess8.Orificeofcommoncrus9.Utricularrecess
10.Vestibularcrest
11.Sphericalrecess
12.Cochlea13.Scalatympani
14.Bonyspirallamina
15.Scalavestibuli
16.Orificeofcochlearaqueduct17.
CochlearwindowInternalviewofbonylabyrintVestibuleLocatedbetweencochleaandsemicircularcanalsSphericalrecess,utricularrecessLateralwall:vestibularwindow,stapedialfootplateVestibuleLocatedbetweencochlBonysemicircularcanals3
curvedbonycanals,perpendicularly,lateral,superior,posteriorsemicircularcanals.Commoncrus:superiorandposteriorcanalsPositionofsemicircularcanalsBonysemicircularcanals3curv上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheearMembranouslabyrinthComposition:Utricle,sacculus,membranoussemicircularcanalsandmembranouscochlearcanal1.Anteriorsemicircularcanal2.Commoncrus
3.Semicircularcanalisthmus4.Posteriorsemicircularcanal5.Lateralsemicircularcanal6.Endolymphaticsac7.Parsampullaris8.Utricle9.Utricleduct10.Saccule11.Sacculeduct12.Unionduct13.Vestibularcecum14.Semicircularcanalsinus15.ParsampullarisMembranouslabyrinthCompositioMembranouslabyrinthUtricleSacculusMembranoussemicircularcanals
MembranouslabyrinthUtricleMembranouscochlearcanal:betweenbonyspirallaminaandlateralwallofbonycochlearduct18.Basilarmembrane
19.Corti’stunnel
20.innerandouterpillarcell
21.Scalatympani
22.tympanicpic
23.innerspiralsulcus1.Spirallimbus
2.Vestibularlip
3.Internalbeamofspiralganglion4.Spiralganglion
5.Scalavestibuli
6.Vestibularmembrane
7.Innerhaircells
8.Outerhaircell
9.Tectorialmembrane10.Hensen
cell11.Claudiuscell12.Vestibularmembranecrest
13.Striavascularis
14.Spiralprominence
15.Externalspiralsulcus
16.Basilarmembrane
17.
SpiralligamentofcochleaMembranouslabyrinthMembranouscochlearcanal:betBasilarmembrane11.Claudius
cell
12.Deiters
cell
13.outerpillarcell
14.Corti’stunnel15.Basilarmembrane
16.spiralvessel
17.innerpillarcell
18.tympaniclip19.nervefibers
20.arcuatezone
21.Pectinatezone1.Spirallimbus
2.Vestibularlip
3.Tectorialmembrane4.Outerhaircell
5.Outertunnel
6.Henson
cell7.Innerspiralsulcus
8.Marginalcell
9.Innerhaircell10.NueIinterspace
MembranouslabyrinthBasilarmembrane11.ClaudiusceModelofacoustictransduction1.Mediallongitudinalbundle
2.Superiornucleus
3.Lateralnucleus
4.Medialnucleus5.Inferiornucleus
6.Vestibulospinaltract
7.VestibularganglionModelofacoustictransductionModelofacoustictransduction1.Auditorycortex
2.Dorsalacousticstriae3.Middleacousticstriae
4.Gastralacousticstriae5.Reticularformation
6.Medialgeniculatebody7.Inferiorcolliculus
8.Nucleusdorsalis9.Laterallemniscus
10.Ventralisanterior11.Superiorolivarynuclearcomplex
12.Cochleardorsalnucleus13.CochleargastralnucleusModelofacoustictransductionCentralpasswayofvestibularnerve1.Auditorycortex
2.Brachiumquadrigeminuminferius
3.Cochlea
4.Medialgeniculatenucleus
5.Nucleusofinferiorcolliculus6.Nucleusoflaterallemniscus
7.Superiorolivarynuclearcomplex8.CochlearnucleusCentralpasswayofvestibular上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheear上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheear上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheearPhysiologyofearAuditoryperceptionEquilibratorysensationPhysiologyofearAuditorypercSoundafferentpasswayAirconduction：
soundwave→pinnaofear→externalacousticmeatus→auditoryossicles→vestibularwindow→perilymph,endolymph
→SpiralorganofCorti→acousticnerve→differentlevelsofnucleus→acousticcenterSoundafferentpasswayAircond上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheear上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheearSoundafferentpasswayBoneconduction
translatorymodeofboneconduction
compressonalmodeofboneconductionSoundafferentpasswayBoneconPhysiologyofexternalearSoundcollectionDistinguishdirectionSympatheticvibrationProtectionSoundpressureamplificationPhysiologyofexternalearSounPhysiologyofmiddleearSoundtransformationandgainofmiddleearSoundtransmissionandtransformationstructure:tympanicmembraneandossicularchainPhysiologyofmiddleearSoundPhysiologyofmiddleearEffectivevibrativeaera:
55mm2,2/3ofanatomicarea.
Stapedialfootplatearea:3.2mm2,1/17ofeffectivevibrativeareaPhysiologyofmiddleearEfPressure=Force/areaAreaoftympanicmembrane~17>areastapesGainofarearatio~24dBFunctionMiddleear:amplificationfromarearatioPressure=Force/areaFunctionEnergylossatair-fluidinterface-99.9%loss(-30dB)Malleuslongerthanincus-amplifypressure~1.7X(+2dB)FunctionofMiddleear—pressureamplification-ossicles
Energylossatair-fluidinterPhysiologyoftympanicmuscleStapediusmuscleTensortympanimusclePhysiologyoftympanicmuscleSPhysiologyofeustachiantubeMaintainspressurebalancebetweenmiddleearandoutsideDrainagePreventretrogradeinfectionPreventstrongsoundPhysiologyofeustachiantubeMAuditoryphysiologySoundtransductionSoundperceptionAuditoryphysiologySoundtrans上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheearBasilarmembranedisplacementfora1kHztoneBasilarmembranedisplacementfora250HztoneBasilarmembranedisplacementfora4kHztoneBasilarmembranedisplacementMass&stiffnessgradientgivesrisetoaso-called“travelingwave”Characteristicfrequency—frequencywhichproducesthelargestamplitudeofresponseApex-maximumresponsetolowfrequenciesBasemaximumresponsetohighfrequenciesMass-increasesfrombase(stapes)toapexStiffness-increasesfromapextobase1234EnvelopeoftravelingwaveCharacteristicfrequencyCochlearmechanicalresponseduemassandstiffnessgradientMass&stiffnessgradientgiveStereociliaonOHCsattachedtotectorialmembraneStereociliaonIHCsfreestandingMotionofbasilarmembranetowardsscalavestibulideflectsstereociliainexcitatorydirectionTectorialmembranedeflectsOHCstereociliaViscousfluiddragoffluiddeflectsIHCstereocilia上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheearModel:OHCcontractioncauseorganofCortitodistortasshownhereCellmotilityfeedsbackenhancingbasilarmembranemotiontherebyincreasingtravelingwaveamplitudeandmakingthe“cochleaactive”Corti’sorganrespondsOHC’selectromotionModel:OHCcontractioncauseCOHCOHCPhysiologyofquilibriumEquilibriumisthestateofbalanceofthebody.Anerectstandinghumanhasahighlyunstableequilibrium.Throughavarietyofsensoryinputs(vestibule,visualandsoforth)andposturalreflexes(proprioception),thebodyismaintainedinitserectposture.Vestibule:Recognizelinearaccelerationbyotolithicmacula(utricle+saccule)Semicircularcanal:receptorofpositiveandnegateiveangularaccelerationPhysiologyofquilibriumEquiliThanksforyourattention
Thanksforyourattention
Clinicalanatomy&physiologyoftheearClinicalanatomy&physiologyAnatomyofearAnatomyofearLocatedOnbothsidesofcranialbone.Closewithparietalbone,sphenoidboneandoccipitalboneComposition:squamaous,tympanic,mastoidandpetrousparts+styloidprocessTemporalboneTemporalboneanditsabutment1.Occipitomastoidsuture2.Squamosomastoidsuture3.Occipitalbone4.Parietomastoidsuture5.Squamoussuture6.Parietalbone
7.Temporalbone8.Sphenosquamosalsuture9.Frontalbone10.Spheoidbone11.Zygomaticbone12.Mandible
13.ExternalacousticmeatusLocatedOnbothsidesofcraniExternalsurfaceoflefttymporalboneinadult1.Externalacousticmeatus2.Suprameataltrinangle3.Squamouspart4.Mastoidale5.Tympanomastoidfissure6.Zygomaticprocess7.Mandibularfossa8.Tymporalline9.Tympanosquamousfissure10.StyloidprocessInternalsurfaceoflefttymporalboneinadult11.Sulcusformiddlemeningealartery12.Petrousbone13.Inneracousticmeatus14.Sigmoidsulcus15.Sulcusforsuperiorpetrosalsinus16.Sulcusforinferiorpetrosalsinus17.Petrousapex18=Arcuateeminence19=InnerorificeofinternalcarotidcanalExternalsurfaceoflefttympo9.Notchofrivinus
10.
Suprameatalspine11.Suprameataltriangle12.Temporallinef
13.Parietalnotch
14.Externalacousticforamen15.Mastoidpart16.Occipitalmargin17.Suturamastoideosquamalis18.Mastoidforamen19.Tympanomastoidfissure
Externalsurfaceoftymporalbone1.Margoparietalis2.Squamouspart3.Temoralsurface
4.Margosphenoidalis
5.Processusretroarticularis6.Zygomaticprocess7.Articulartubercle8.Mandibularfossa20.Mastoidnotch21.Mastoid22.Petrotympanicfissure23.Tympanicpart24.Styloidprocess9.NotchofrivinusExternalsInternalsurface
oftymporalbone5.Posteriorbranchsulcusofmiddlemeningealartery6.Arcuateeminence
7.Grooveforsuperiorperosalsinus8.Internalauditoryforamen
9.Styloidprocess1.Suturapetrosquamosa
2.Sigmoidsulcus
3.Mastoidforamen
4.Orificeofvestibularaqueduct
Internalsurface
oftymporalInferiorsurface
oftymporalbone1.Caroticotympaniccanals2.Carotidcanal
3.Tympaniccanaliculusforjacobsonnerve4.Sulcusofmastoidcanaliculus
5.Externalapertureofaqueductofcochlea6.Mastoidcanaliculusforarnoldnerve
7.Jugularfossa8.Zygomaticprocess9.Articulartubercle
10.Articularfossaofmandible
11.Tympanosquamousfissure12.Tympanicpart
13.Styloidprocess
14.Externalacousticforamen15.Styloimastoidforamen
16.Mastoid
17.Mastoidnotch18.Sulcusforoccipitalartery
19.MastoidpartInferiorsurface
oftymporalAnatomicrelationship
offundusofinternalacousticmeatus3.Areaoffacialnerve4.Superiorvestibulararea5.Verticalcrest6.Inferiorvestibulararea7.Haplopore8.Centralcanalofcochlea1.Transversecrest2.Cochleararea（Tractusspiralisforaminosus）Anatomicrelationship
offundExternalearExternalearAnatomyofexternalearPinnaofear
anteriornotchofear
Externalacousticmeatus2.5-3.5cmLateral1/3:cartilage;
medial2/3:bone2stenosis：JuncturebetweenboneandcartilageIsthmusofexternalacousticmeatusAnatomyofexternalearPinnaoAnatomyofexternalear1.Triangularfossa2.Cymbaofauricularconcha
3.Cavityofauricularconcha4.Auricularconcha5.Anteriorincisureofear
6.Tragus7.Intertragicnotch8.Earlobe
9.Helix10.Superiorcruraofantihelix
11.Inferiorcruraofantihelix12.Auriculartubercle
13.Scaphoidfossa
14.Antihelix
15.Crusofhelix
16.Externalacousticmeatus19.AntitragusAnatomyofexternalear1.TrianMiddleearMiddleearAnatomyofmiddleearTympaniccavityEustachiantubeTympanicsinusMastoidAnatomyofmiddleearTympanicAnatomyofmiddleearDelimitationaccordingtomembranetensaAtticMesotympanumHypotympanumAnatomyofmiddleearDelimitatInternalsurfaceoftympaniclateralwall1.Incudomalleararticulation2.Superiorligamentofmalleus
3.Headofmalleus
4.Tympanicattic5.Processusanteriormallei
6.Anteriorfoldoftympanicmembrane
7.Anteriorfossaoftympanicmembrane
8.Cordoftympanum9.Eustachiantube
12.Bodyofincus13.Shortcrusofincus14.Tympanicantrum
15.Posteriorligamentofincusinincudalfossa16.Posteriorfoldoftympanicmembrane
17.Longcrusofincus
18.Posteriorfossaoftympanicmembrane
19.Lenticularprocessofincus
20.Tympanichordalpathway
10.Limbusmembranaetympani
11.Parstensa21.Tensortympanimuscle
22.HandleofmalleusInternalsurfaceoftympaniclTympanicmembraneTympanicmembrane(TM)
semi-transparentfilm,9*8*0.1mm3flaccidpart，tensapart
3layeredstructure:
EpitheliallaminaFibrouslaminaMucouslaminaTM1.Flaccidpart
2.Shortprocessofmalleus3.Handleofmalleus4.Tensapart
5.LightconeTympanicmembraneTympanicmembInternalwalloftympanumInternalwallofmiddleear=lateralwallofinnerear
Center-Promontoriumtympani
Posterosuperior–vestibularwindow(ovalwindow)-vestibule
Posteroinferior–cochlearwindow(roundwindow)-ScalatympaniSuperiorofvestibularwindow–horizontalpartoffallopianaqueduct
Posterosuperioroffallopianaqueduct–prominenceoflateralsemicircularcanal
Anteriorofvestibularwindow–cochleariformprocessInternalwalloftympanumInterInternalwalloftympanumGlomusjugulareCarotidarteryFossulaofroundwindowTympanicmembraneChordatympaninerveIncusMalleusTensortympanimuscleOstiumtympanicumtubaeauditivaeCanalfortensortympanimusclePromontoriumtympaniTymporallobeCochleariformprocessOrificeofchordatympaninerveFicialnervePyramidaleminenceProminenceoflateralsemicircularcanalProminenceoffacialcanalStapedialfootplateAditusadantrumInternalwalloftympanumGlomuAnteriorwalloftympanumAnteriorwallofmiddleear=carotidwall
separatedinferiorlybycarotid
2orificesinsuperiorpart:orificeofcanalistensortympani(superior)orificeofsemicanaliseustachii(inferior)AnteriorwalloftympanumAnterAnteriorwalloftympanum1.Tympanicattic
2.Stapes
3.Tegmentympani
4.Tendonoftensortympanimuscle5.Cochleariformprocess6.Greatersuperficialpetrosalnerve7.Lesserpetrosalnerve
8.Bonyseptumofeustachiancanal
9.Tensortympanimuscle10.Eustachiantube11.Carotidwalloftympanum12.Labyrinthinewalloftympanum13.Headofmalleus
14.Superiorligamentofmalleus
15.Neckofmalleus
16.Anteriorprocessandligamentofmalleus
17.
Lateralprocessofmalleus(shortprocessofmalleus)18.Handleofmalleus19.Umbooftympanicmembrane20.Limbusmembranetympani
21.Fibrocartilaginousring
22.TympanicsulcusAnteriorwalloftympanum1.TymPosteriorwalloftympanumPosteriorwall-
mastoidwallSuperiororifice–aditusadantrum
Incudalfossa–posteriorjunctionofhorizontalandverticalsegmentoffallopianaqueduct
Heightofvestibularwindow–pyramidaleminence
facialrecess–posteriortympanicapproachPosteriorwalloftympanumPostPosteriorwalloftympanum1.Stapes
2.Incus
3.Chordatympaninerve
4.Facialrecess
5.Chordatympaniccrest
6.Chordatympanic
eminence
7.Pyramidaleminence
8.Lateralsinustympani9.Styloidprocesseminence10.Malleus
11.Sinustympani
12.FossulaofcochlearwindowPosteriorwalloftympanum1.StSuperiorandinferiorwalloftympanumSuperiorwall-
tegmentympani
separatedwithtemporallobeinmiddlecranialfossaPetrosquamoussutureininfantisnotcloseyet
-infectionofmiddleearinvadeintocraniumPosteriorwall-Jugularwall
separatedwithglomusjugulare
ifdeletionofposteriorwall–bluedrumSuperiorandinferiorwallofContentoftympanumAuricularbone(thesmallestbone):Malleus,incus,stapes–ossicularchainLigamentofauricularboneTympanicmuscle:tensortympanimuscle,stapediusmuscleChordatympaninerve1.Superiorligamentofmalleus
2.Anteriorligamentofmalleus3.Tensortympanimuscle4.Superiorligamentofincus5.Posteriorligamentofincus6.StapediusmuscleContentoftympanumAuricularbEustachiantubePasswaybetweentympanumandnasopharynx.Lateral1/3:bonypart,medial2/3：cartilaginousparJunctionbetweenbonyandcartilaginous:isthmusRegulatetympanicpressure1.Incus2.Tympanicmembrane
3.Mandibularfossa4.Styloidprocess5.Carotidartery6.Tensortympanimuscle7.PharyngealopeningofauditorytubeEustachiantubePasswaybetweenTympanicantrum1.Tympanicantrum2.Tygmentympani
3.Lateralsemicircularduct4.Fallpianaqueduct5.Vestibularwindow6.Canalfortensortympanimu
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