NHCEBookIV

ReadingandWriting

Student'sBook

Unit1PreviewAperson'sreputationisoneofthemostimportantthingshepossessesanditdeservesprotecting.Thekeytobuildingagoodnameistobeconsistent.Youwillnotwinthefavorofthepublicorthepeoplearoundyouovernight.Infact,itwilltakemanyyearsofeffortsbeforeyouestablishyourproperplaceinsociety.Onceyouhaveearnedagoodname,becarefultomaintainitthroughcivility,integrityandhumility.?—1?SectionAPre-readingActivitiesFirstListeningListentoapassageaboutOscarWildeandquotationsfromhim.OscarWildewasfamousnotonlyforhisplaysandoffensivepublicbehavior,butalsoforhiscynicalquotations.Herearetwoquotesandtheirmeanings.Thefirstquoteis,“Nomanisrichenoughtobuybackhispast."Itmeansthatapersonshouldbecarefulaboutthechoicesheorshemakesinlife,becausesomemistakescanneverbecorrectedlaterThesecondquoteis,"Menbecomeold,buttheyneverbecomegood."Itmeansthatwhilemenmaygetolder,theyneverlearntobegood.Wildeseemedtohaveverylittlefaithinhimselforhisfellowman.SecondListeningListentothepassageagainandanswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtowhatyouhear.Thelastquestionisopen-endedandmayhavedifferentanswers.ForwhatwasOscarWildefamous?OscarWildewasfamousforhisplays,offensivepublicbehaviorandhiscynicalquotations.Whatdoesthequote"Menbecomeold,buttheyneverbecomegood"mean?Itmeansthatwhilemengraduallybecomeolder,theyneverlearnhowtobegood.HereisanotherquotefromWilde:"Lifeisneverfair...Andperhapsitisagoodthingformostofusthatitisnot."Howdoyouunderstandthisquote??BackgroundInformationTennesseeWilliams(1911-1983)wasanAmericanwriterwhoseplaysaremainlyaboutpeoplewithemotionalproblemsandaresetintheSouthernState.AsaplaywrightWilliamsbeganhiscareerwhilestudyingattheUniversityofMissouriandWashingtonUniversity,St.Louis.Thefirstcriticaltriumphcamein1945withTheGlassMenagerie.TheGlassMenagerieranonBroadwayforoverayearandreceivedtheNewYorkDramaCritics9CircleAward.Williams9nextmajorplay,AStreetcarNamedDesire(1947),wonthePulitzerPrize,andestablishedhimasamajorAmericandramatist.WilliamsalsoreceivedthePulitzerPrizeforCatonaHotTinRoof(1955),aboutthemoraldecayofaSouthernfamily,andforTheNightoftheIguana(1961).FormoreinformationaboutWilliams,visithttj)://.ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)wasoneofthemostfamousAmericannovelists,shortstorywritersandessayists,whosedeceptivelysimpleprosestylehasinfluencedawiderangeofwriters.Hemingwaywasawardedthe1954NobelPrizeforliterature.Hemingway9sfirstbooks,ThreeStoriesandTenPoems(1923)andInOurTime(1924),werepublishedinParis.TheTorrentsofSpringappearedin1926andHemingway9sfirstseriousnovel,TheSunAlsoRises,inthesameyear.ThenoveldealswithagroupofexpatriatesinFranceandSpain,membersofthedisillusionedpost-WorldWarILostGeneration.HemingwaywroteandrewrotethenovelinvariouspartsofSpainandFrancebetween1924and1926.Itbecamehisfirstgreatsuccessasanovelist.Althoughthenovel9slanguageissimple,Hemingwayusedunderstatementandomission,whichmakethetextmultilayeredandrichinallusions.AfterthepublicationofMenWithoutWomen(1927),HemingwayreturnedtotheUnitedStates,settlinginKeyWest,Florida.InFloridahewroteAFarewelltoArms,whichwaspublishedin1929.In1937HemingwayobservedtheSpanishCivilwarfirsthand.Asmanywritersdid,hesupportedthecauseoftheLoyalists.InMadridhemetMarthaGellhorn,awriterandwarcorrespondent,whobecamehisthirdwifein1940.InForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)HemingwayreturnedagaininSpain.HededicatedthebooktoGellhorn-Mariainthestorywaspartlymodeledafterher.Theydivorcedin1945.TheOldManandtheSea,publishedfirstinLifemagazinein1952,againrestoredhisfame.The27,000wordnovellatoldastoryofanoldCubanfishermannamedSantiago,whofinallycatchesagiantmarlinafterweeksofnotcatchinganything.Ashereturnstotheharbor,thesharkseatthefishlashedtohisboat.OnJuly2,1961,Hemingwaycommittedsuicidewithhisfavoriteshotgunathishome.FormoreinformationaboutHemingway,visithttp://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/heminswa.thmandhttp://www.ernest.heminK/.RobertFrost(1874-1963)wasoneofAmerica'sleading20th-centurypOejsan()afour-timewinnerofthePulitzerPrize.AnessentiallypastoralpoetoftenassociatedwithruralNewEngland,Frostwrotepoemswhosephilosophicaldimensionstranscendanyregion.Hispoetryisthusbothtraditionalandexperimental,regionalanduniversal.Heunquestionablysucceededinrealizinghislife'sambition:towrite“afewpoemswheretheywillbehardtogetridof."Visitthewebsites-net.co.uk/home/catalyst/RF/rfcover.html,/frost/ andhttp:〃/maps/poets/af/frost/frost.htmformoreinformationaboutFrostandhispoems.T.S.Eliot(1888-1965)wasapoet,playwright,andcritic.BorninSt.Louis,afterHarvardhestudiedinEurope,in1927becomingaBritishcitizen.Hewonthe1948NobelPrizeforLiterature.Eliothasbeenoneofthemostdaringinnovatorsof20th-centurypoetry.Nevercompromisingeitherwiththepublicorindeedwithlanguageitself,hefollowedhisbeliefthatpoetryshouldaimatarepresentationofthecomplexitiesofmoderncivilizationinlanguageandthatsuchrepresentationnecessarilyleadstodifficultpoetry.Despitethisdifficultyhisinfluenceonmodernpoeticdictionhadbeenimmense.FormoreinformationaboutEliot,visit/maps/poets/af7eliot/eliot.htm.ClaudeMonet(1840-1926)wasaFrenchpainterwhowasinvolvedinstartingImpressionism,bestknownforhispictureofthecountrysideinwhichhewasconcernedtoshowtheeffectsoflight.To learn more about Monet, visithttD:〃/student/KOSINSKIK2/Life.html andhttp://www.uiverny.oru/monet/biouraph.PierreAugusteRenoir(1841-1919)wasafamousFrenchpainter,andoneofthefoundersandexponentsoftheImpressionistMovement.Hisworksarecharacterizedbyanextraordinaryrichnessoffeelings,warmthofresponsetotheworldandthepeopleinit.Renoironcesaid:uWhyshouldn'tartbepretty?Thereareenoughunpleasantthingsintheworld."FormoreinformationaboutRenoir, visit http:〃www.renoir.oru.yu/ andhttp://www.ihiblio.oru/wm/paint/auth/renoir.SalvadorDali(1904-1989)wasaSpanishsurrealistpainterknownforhisstrangelifeandhabits.Hepaintedhisdreamsandbizarremoodsinapreciseillusionisticfashion.Visit/dalilif2.htmorhttp:〃tofindmoreaboutDali'slifeandhisworks.SirAlfredHitchcock(1899-1980)wasaBritishfilmmaker.Hewasessentiallyconcernedwithdepictingthetenuousrelationsbetweenpeopleandobjectsandrenderingtheterrorinherentincommonplacerealities.Visit/name/nm0000Q33/ andhttp:〃/Name?Hitchcock,+Alfredformoreinformation.FedericoFellini(1920-1993),Italianfilmdirector,beganasanexponentofpoeticNeorealism,andlaterbecamethecinema'sundisputedmasterofpsychologicalExpressionismandsurrealistfantasy.Visitthefollowingwebsitestolearnmoreabouthim:/fellini/fellinihome.htm,htt[):〃www.inblackandwhit3C()m/FcdcricoFMliniv2.() and/Name?Fellini,4-Federico.StevenSpielberg(1946-)isperhapsHollywood'sbest-knowndirectorandoneofthewealthiestfilmmakersintheworld,andalsooneofthemostinfluentialfilmpersonalitiesinthehistoryoffilm.Spielberghasdirectedorproducedmanyofthetop-grossingfilmsinHollywoodhistory,includingE.T.:TheExtra-Terrestria^Schindler9sList,SavingPrivateRyan,etc.TogetmoreinformationaboutSpielberg,pleasevisit/name/nm0000229/and.ThomasWolfe(1900-1938)wasoneofthegreatestwritersofthe20thcentury.Hisopulentlanguageanduniqueliterarystylehaveelevatedhislifetolegendarystatusthroughhisfourautobiographicalnovels:LookHomeward,Angel(1929),OfTimeandtheRiver(1935),FromDeathtoMorning(1935),TheStoryofaNovel(1936).Thesebooks,alongwithmanyshortstoriespublishedinmagazines,completetheworksthatappearedduringhislifetime.Formoreinformationabouthim,visit/wolfe/wolfe.html,http:〃www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/sections/hs/wolfe/wolfe.htm and.LookHomeward,AngelisThomasWolfe'sfirstnovel.Publishedin1929,itisslightlyautobiographical,andWolfeusesthemaincharacter,EugeneGant,asastand-inforhimself.---3--Itshowshismaturingfrombirthtotheageof18inthefictionaltownandstateofAltamont,Catawba,whichmanybelievetobeanot-so-subtlemirrorofhishometown,Asheville,NorthCarolina.ManyofthecharactersofLookHomeward,AngelwerealsostronglybasedonrealpeoplefromAsheville,andwereoftennotportrayedinapleasingmannerThisresultedinacertainestrangementbetweenWolfeandhishometown,anditisspeculatedthatthisformedsomeofthebasisforhislaterworkYouCan7GoHomeAgain.LudwigvanBeethoven(1770-1827)wasaGermancomposer.HeisuniversallyrecognizedasoneofthegreatestcomposersoftheWesternEuropeanmusictradition.Beethoven'sworkscrownedtheclassicalperiodandalsoeffectivelyinitiatedtheromanticareainmusic.HisastonishingThirdSymphony(1803)wasthethunderclapthatannouncedtheromanticcentury,anditembodiesthetitanicbutrigorouslycontrolledenergythatwasthehallmarkofhisstyle.Hebegantolosehishearingfromc.1795;byc.1819hewastotallydeaf.Forhislast15yearshewasunrivaledastheworld'smostfamouscomposer.Inmusicalformhewasaconsiderableinnovator,wideningthescopeofsonata,symphony,concerto,andstringquartet.Hisgreatestachievementwastoraiseinstrumentalmusic,hithertoconsideredinferiortovocal,tothehighestplaneofart.Thewebsites/immortal/andhttp:〃providemoreinformationabouthimandhisworks.OscarWilde(1854-1900)wasanIrishplaywright,novelist,poet,andshortstorywriter.Knownforhiswitandflamboyance,hewasoneofthemostsuccessfulplaywrightsoflateVictorianLondon,andoneofthegreatestcelebritiesofhisday.Astheresultofafamoustrial,hesufferedadramaticdownfallandwasimprisonedfortwoyearsofhardlaborafterbeingconvictedofthehomosexualoffences.ThefollowingwebsitescontaintheinformationaboutOscarWilde'sbiography,careerhighlights,photosandquotes:/historic/wilde/,http:〃www?/authors/wilde/wildeov.html andhttp://www.ucc.ie/celt/wilde.html.JohannHeinrichPestalozzi(1746-1827)wasaSwisseducationalreformer.Between1805and1825hedirectedtheYverdonInstitute,whichdrewpupilsandeducatorsfromalloverEurope.Histeachingmethodemphasizedgroupratherthanindividualrecitationandfocusedonsuchparticipatoryactivitiesasdrawing,writing,singing,physicalexercise,modelmaking,collecting,mapmaking,andfieldtrips.Amonghisideas,consideredradicallyinnovativeatthetime,weremakingallowancesforindividualdifferences,groupingstudentsbyabilityratherthanage,andencouragingformalteachertraining.Thefollowingwebsiteshavemore information about Pestalozzi:http://www.heinrich-pestalozzi.de/en/zurbiographie/kurzbiographie andhttp://www.ibe.unesco.oru/publications/ThinkersPd^pestaloe.PDF.TextTheTailofFamePara1.Anartistwhoseeksfameislikeadogchasinghisowntailwho,whenhecapturesit,doesnotknowwhatelsetodobuttocontinuechasingit.Thecrueltyofsuccessisthatitoftenleadsthosewhoseeksuchsuccesstoparticipateintheirowndestruction.Anartist(whoseeksfame)islikeadogchasingitsowntailwho,whenhecaptureit,doesnotknowwhatelsetodobuttocontinuechasingit.(Para.1)藝術家追求成名,如同狗自逐其尾,一旦追到手,除了繼續追逐不知還能做些什么。Meaning:Anartistwhotriestoachievefamewillnotstopdoingsoevenwhenhesucceedsingettingit,justasadogtriestogetitsowntail.★chase:vt.runaftersomeoneorsomethinginordertocatchthemPolicechasedthethiefandeventuallyrecoveredthemissingmoney.警察緊追小偷,最后把丟失的錢找了回來。Thekidschasedeachotherinthegarden.孩子們在花園里相互追逐。Thecrueltyofsuccessisthatitoftenleadsthosewhoseeksuchsuccesstoparticipateintheirowndestruction.(Para.1)成功之殘酷正在于它常常讓那些追逐成功者自尋毀滅。Meaning:Theharshrealityofsuccessisthatitoftendestroysthosewhotryhardtoachieveit.★participatein:takepartinorbecomeinvolvedinanactivityEveryoneintheclassisexpectedtoparticipateactivelyinthesediscussions.班里的每個人都應該積極參加這些討論。Theywantedopportunitiestoparticipateinthedecision-makingprocess?他イ門希望有機會參與決策制定。Para2."Don'tquityourdayjob!Misadvicefrequentlygivenbyunderstandablypessimisticfamilymembersandfriendstoabuddingartistwhoistryinghardtosucceed.Theconquestoffameisdifficultatbest,andmanyendupemotionallyifnotfinanciallybankrupt.Still,impuremotivessuchasthedesireforworshippingfansandpraisefrompeersmayspurtheartiston.Thelureofdrowninginfame'simperialgloryisnoteasilyresisted."Don'tquityourdayjob!"isadvicefrequentlygivenbyunderstandablypessimisticfamilymembersandfriendstoabuddin!發芽artistwhoistryinghardtosucceed(Para2)對一名正努力捻求成百并剛剛嶄露頭角的藝術家,其親朋常常會建議“正經的飯碗不能丟!”他們的擔心不無道理。Meaning:Thebuddingartisfsfamilyandfriendsfrequentlyadvisehimagainstgivinguphisdayjob.Theirfeelingthattheartistmightfailinhispursuitisunderstandable.蕾Audayjob”referstothenormaljobwhereoneearnsmostoftheirmoney.A“buddingartist“isonewhoisbeginningtodeveloporshowsignsoffuturesuccessinaparticulararea.★pessimistic:a.expectingthatbadthingswillhappeninthefutureorthatsomethingwillhaveabadresult.Iamdeeplypessimisticaboutthefuture,我對未來感到極其悲觀。Thismaysoundlikeputtingthecartbeforethehorseandbeingunnecessarilypessimistic.這聽起來像是本末倒置,是不必要的悲觀。Theconquestoffameisdifficultatbest,充其量;至多andmanyendup結束、告終emotionallyifnotfinanciallybankrupt.破產(Para.2)追求出人頭地,最樂觀地說也困難重重,許多人到最后即使不是窮困潦倒,也是幾近精神崩潰。Meaning:Evenunderthemostfavorablecircumstances,gainingfameisdifficult,andintheendmanyartistsfailemotionallyeveniftheydonotfailfinancially.★atbest:evenwhenconsideredinthemostpositiveway充其量;至多Themeetingwasatbestpartiallysuccessful.這次會議充其量只是部分成功。Thetechniqueisatbestineffectiveandatworstdangerous.這個技術說得好一點是無效的,說的壞一點是有危險的。endup:finallybeinaparticularsituationorplace結束、告終Heendedupunemployedforalongtime.結果,他失業了很長一段時間。Insteadofendingupinjailhewasremarkablysuccessful.他最終沒有坐牢,而是取得了很大的成功。bankrupt:a.withoutenoughmoneytopaywhatoneowes.破產Manysmallbusinesses企業willgobankruptunlessinterestratesfall.除非利息降低,否則許多小企業將破產。Helenthimseveralthousanddollarstohelprescuehisbankrupttextilebusiness.他借給他幾千美金來幫助他拯救他那破產的紡織公司。Still,impuremotivessuchasthedesireforworshipping崇拜;敬重;仰慕fansandpraisefrompeersmayspur鼓勵,刺激theartiston.Thelure誘惑ofdrowning沉浸于infame'simperial壯麗的;宏大的gloryisnoteasilyresisted.(Para.2)盡管如此,希望贏得追星族追捧和同行贊揚之類的不太純潔的動機卻在激勵著他們向前。享受成功的無上光榮,這種誘惑不是能輕易抵擋的。Meaning:Impuremotivessuchasthedesireforworshippingfansandpraisefrompeersmaypushtheartiststoachievefame.Itisalmostimpossibletoresisttheadmirationandpraisethatfamebrings.★worship:vt.admireandlovesomeoneverymuch崇拜;敬重;仰慕Weallwantheroestoworship,betheysportsmen,filmstars,orpoliticians.我們都要有崇拜的英雄,無論他們是運動員,電影明星還是政治家。Asachild,Iworshippedmyolderbrother,我小時候崇拜我哥哥。★spur:vt.encouragesomeoneormakethemwanttodosomething鼓勵,朿リ激Wespurredthemontogreaterefforts.我們鼓勵他們做出更大的努力。Itwasanarticleinthelocalnewspaperthatfinallyspurredhimintoaction.是當地報紙上一篇文章最終促使他采取了行動。★drown:v.haveaverystrongfeelingoraseriousproblemthatisdifficulttodealwith沉浸于Thecountryisdrowningindebt.這個國家債臺高筑。Weweredrowningindatabutstarvedofinformation.我們被數據包圍,可是卻缺乏信息。diefrombeingunderwaterfortoolong,ortokillsomeoneinthisway(使)淹死Forty-eightpeoplehavedrownedaftertheirboatoverturnedduringastorm.他們的船在暴風雨中翻了,淹死了48個人。Lastnightaboywasdrownedintheriver.昨夜有一個男孩在河里淹死了。Para3.Thosewhogainfamemostoftengainitasaresultofexploitingtheirtalentforsinging,dancing,painting,orwriting,etc.Theydevelopastylethatagentsmarketaggressivelytohastenpopularity,andtheirrideontheexpresselevatortothetopisablur.Mostwouldbehard-pressedtotellyouhowtheyevengotthere.Artistscannotremainidle,though.Whentheperformer,painterorwriterbecomesbored,theirworkbeginstoshowalackofcontinuityinitsappealanditbecomesdifficulttosustaintheattentionofthepublic.Aftertheirenthusiasmhasdissolved,thepublicsimplymovesontothenextflavorofthemonth.Artistswhodoattempttoremaincurrentbymakingevenminutechangestotheirstyleofwriting,dancingorsinging,runasignificantriskoflosingtheaudience'sfavor.Thepublicsimplydiscountsstylesotherthanthoseforwhichtheartisthasbecomefamous.Thosewhogainfamemostoftengainitasaresultofexploitin2因為充分利用theirtalentforsinging,dancing,painting,orwriting,etc.(Para.3)成名者之所以成名,大多是因為發揮了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、繪畫或寫作等方面的特長。Meaning:Veryoftenthereasonwhysomeartistsbecomefamousisthattheymakegooduseoftheirtalentforsinging,dancing,painting,orwriting,etc.★exploit:vt.usesomethingwellinordertogainasmuchfromitaspossibleネリ用Youcanexploitatalentwhichyoualreadypossess.你可以利用已有的才能。Weneedtomakesurethatweexploitourresourcesasfullypossible?我們需要確保盡可能充分地利用資源。Theydevelopastyle形成一種風格thatagents經紀人marketaggressively拼命宣傳tohasten力ロ快;力ロ速popularity,andtheirrideontheexpresselevator迅速走紅tothetopisablur模糊的記憶;模糊不清的事物.Mostwouldbehard-pressed處于強大壓カ的、經濟嚴重困難的、有困難的totellyouhowtheyevengotthere.(Para.3)他們能形成自己的風格。為了能迅速走紅,經紀人會極力吹捧他們的這種風格。他們青云直上的過程讓人看不清楚。他們究竟是怎么成功的,大多數人也都說不上來。Meaning:Theseartistsdemonstrateastylethatagentspromoteforcefullytomakethempopularmorequickly.Mostofthemwouldfinditdifficulttotellyouhowtheybecamefamous.レ“Rideontheexpresselevatortothetop”isametaphorwhichmeans"becomefamousquickly”.★behard-pressedtodosomething:havedifficultydoingsomethingThisyeartheairlinewillbehard-pressedtomakeaprofit.今年這家航空公司要盈利困難重重。You，dbehard-pressedtofindanyonebetterforthejob.你很難找到更好的人做這項工作。Artistscannotremainidle不工作的:閑著的,though.(Para.3)盡管如此,藝術家仍然不能閑下來。Meaning:However,artistscannotstopintheircareer.★idle:a.notworkingorproducinganything不工作的;閑著的Halfthesefactoriesarenowstandingidle.一半的工廠在停エ。Thousandsofworkersareidlenowthatthecarfactorieshaveclosed.汽車廠的關閉使數千人無事可做。Whentheperformer表演者,painterorwriterbecomesbored,theirwork作品beginstoshowalackofcontinuity連貫(性);連續(性)initsappealandit指作品becomesdifficulttosustain保持theattentionofthepublic.(Para.3)盡管如此,藝術家仍然不能閑下來。若表演者、畫家或作家感到厭煩,他們的作品就難以保持以前的吸引力,也就難以保持公眾的注意力。Meaning:Whentheartistbecomestiredandimpatient,theirworkwillloseitscharmandtheywillfindithardtokeepthepublic'sattention.★bore:vt.makesomeoneloseinterestandbecometiredandimpatient使厭煩Iwon'tboreyouwithallthetechnicaldetails.我就不拿這些技術上的細節來煩你了。Thelongnovelboredmetodeath.那部冗長的小說煩死我了〇It'seasytogetboreddoingthesamethingeveryday.每天做同樣的事很容易感到厭煩。★sustain:vt.makesomethingcontinuetoexistforaperiodoftime維持;使 持續Hefoundthathecouldn'tsustainhisinterestinthejob,他發現自己無法維持對那份工作的興趣。Thespeakersucceededinsustainingthelisteners'attentionrighttotheveryend.這位演講者成功地使聽眾的注意力保持到了最后。givesomeonestrength,energyorhope維持Agoodbreakfastwillsustainusthroughtheday.ー頓豐盛的早餐能維持我們ー天的精力。Throughoutthetrialhewassustainedbythesupportofhisfamily.整個審訊過程中,他家人的支持使他得以支撐下去。Aftertheirenthusiasmhasdissolved溶解,thepublicsimplv簡單地、僅僅、只不過movesontothenextflavorofthemonth.走紅的人(Para.3)公眾的熱情消磨以后,就會去追捧下一個走紅的人。Meaning:Aftertheirenthusiasmhasdisappeared,thepublicsimplyturnstoanotherstarwhothenisverypopular,butonlyforasimilarlyshorttime.J"Flavorofthemonth”means"anidea,person,style,etc.thatisverypopularataparticulartime,butonlyforashortwhile''.走紅的觀念、人、風格等Artistswhodoattempttoremaincurrent現行的、流行的bymakingevenminute極小的changestotheirstyleofwriting,dancingorsinging,runasignificant極大的riskoflosingtheaudience'sfavor.(Para.3)有些藝術家為了不落伍,會對他們的寫作、跳舞或唱歌的風格稍加變動,但這將冒極大的失寵的危險。Meaning:Evenifartistsmakeverysmallchangestotheirstyleofwriting,dancingorsinging,etc.inordertosustaintheirpopularity,theywillprobablylosethesupport,approval,oraffectionoftheaudience.★minute:a.verysmallThescratchwasalmosttoominutetosee.擦痕很輕微,幾乎看不清。Theyshouldn'tbeloadeddownwithminuteandunimportantdetails.不該讓他們被這些瑣碎的事壓倒。★runa/theriskof:beinasituationinwhichsomethingbadcouldhappenMenrunagreaterriskofsufferingfromheartdiseasethanwomen?男子患心臟病的風險髙于女子。Idon'twanttoruntheriskoflosingmyjob.我不想冒失去工作的危險。Thepublicsimplydiscounts忽略stylesotherthan除…之外thoseforwhichtheartisthasbecomefamous.(Para.3)公ス對于他們藉以成名的藝術風格以外的任何形式都將不屑ー顧。Meaning:Thepubliconlyacceptsthestylesforwhichtheartisthasbecomefamousandtheythinkotherstylesarenotworththeirattention.★discount:vt.regardsomethingasunlikelytobetrueorimportant忽略;低估Scientistsdiscountedhismethodofpredictingearthquake.科學家們對他的地震預測方法不予理會。ThompsondiscountedthepossibilitythatDolewouldgivehimthenod.湯普森不相信有機會得到多爾的首肯。reducethepriceofsomething降低價格;打折Gameswerediscountedtoaslittleas$5.打折后的游戲價格只有5美元。Allsaleitemshavebeenheavilydiscounted.所有出售的商品都大幅降價。n.[C]areductionintheusualpriceofsomething折扣Iboughtthepairofshoesata40%discount.我買這雙鞋打了6折。Willyougivemeadiscountforquantity7如果買的多,可以給我打折嗎?★otherthan:apartfrom;expectHedidn9tmentionanyoneelse'scontributionsotherthanhisown.他只提到了自己的貢獻,而沒有提其他任何人的。Wemissedthelastbussotherewasnochoiceotherthantowalkhome.我們錯過了最后一班公交,所以除了走回家別無選擇。Para4.Famousauthors9styles-aTennesseeWilliamsplayoraplotbyErnestHemingwayorapoembyRobertFrostorT.S.Eliot-areeasilyrecognizable.ThesameistrueofpainterslikeMonet,Renoir,orDaliandmoviemakerslikeHitchcock,Fellini,Spielberg,ChenKaigeorZhangYimou.Theirdistinctstylesmarkedasignificantchangeinformfromothersandgainedthemfameandfortune.However,theypaidforitbygivingupthefreedomtoexpressthemselveswithotherstylesorforms.Famousauthors'styles-aTennesseeWilliams田納西?威廉斯（1911?1983,美國劇作家）playoraplot情節byErnestHemingway歐內斯特?海明威（1899?1961,美國作家,獲1954諾貝爾文學獎）orapoembyRobertFrost羅伯特?弗羅斯特（1874-1963,美國詩人）orT.S.EliotT.S.艾略特（1888-1965,美國詩人、劇作家,我1948年諾貝爾文學獎）一areeasilyrecognizable.ThesameistrueofpainterslikeMonet莫奈（18461926,法國畫家,印象派創始人和主要代表人物），Renoir雷諾阿（1841-1919,法國印象派畫家）,orDali達利（1904-1989,西班牙超現實主義畫家）andmoviemakerslikeHitchcock希區柯克（1899-1980,英國電影導演,以懸念電影著稱ンFellini費里尼（1920-1993,意大利電影導演），Spielberg斯皮爾伯格（1946-,美國電影導演）,ChenKaigeorZhangYimou.知名作家的文風一眼就能看出來,如田納西?威廉斯的戲劇、歐內斯特?海明威的情節安排、羅伯特?弗羅斯特或T.S.艾略特的詩歌等。同樣,像莫奈、雷諾阿、達利這樣的畫家,希區柯克、費里尼、斯皮爾伯格、陳凱歌或張藝謀這樣的電影制作人也是如此。Theirdistinctstyles他們鮮明獨特的藝術風格marked標志asignificant重大的changeinformfromothersandgainedthemfameandfortune財畐、大筆錢.However,theypaidfor為…付出代價itbygivingupthefreedomtoexpressthemselveswithotherstylesorforms.(Para.4)他們鮮明獨特的藝術風格標志著與別人不同的藝術形式上的重大變革,這讓他們名利雙收,但也讓他們付出了代價,那就是失去了用其他風格或形式表現自我的自由。Meaning:Theirclearlydifferentstylesbroughtthemfameandfortune.However,theygotitatthecostofgivinguptheirfreedomtouseotherstylestoexpressthemselves.★distinct:a.clearlydifferentorbelongingtoadifferenttypeEachpartyrepresentsadistinctcurrent趨勢、傾向、(ー股)潮流ofthought.每個政黨都代表了不同的思想。TheSpanishtemperamentisdistinctfromthatofthePortuguese.西班牙的氣質明顯有別于葡萄牙人。abletobeclearlyseen,heard,smelled,etc.Thesearemodernbuildingswithdistinctnationalstyle.這些是最具有民族風格的建筑。Atthemomentthere5sadistinctlackofenthusiasminhermusicalperformances.眼下她的音樂表演明顯缺乏熱情。★payfor:sufferasaresultofdoingsomething為…付出代價Ifyourefusetocooperatewithus,youwillpayforit.如果你拒絕與我們合作,你會為此付出代價。Weallpayforourmistakesinsomewayatsometime.我們大家都會在某個時刻以某種方式為我們的錯誤付出代價。Para5.Fame'sspotlightcanbehotterthanatropicaljungle-afraudisquicklyexposed,andthepressureofsomuchattentionistoomuchformosttoendure.Ittakesyououtofyourself:"Youmustbewhatthepublicthinksyouare,notwhatyoureallyareorcouldbe.Theperformer,likethepolitician,mustoftenpleasehisorheraudiencesbysayingthingsheorshedoesnotmeanorfullybelieve.Fame'sspotlight聚光燈canbehotterthanatropicaljungle-afraud欺詐;詐騙isquicklyexposed,andthepressureofsomuchattentionistoomuchformosttoendure(Para5)名氣這盞聚光會可比,帶叢林還要炙熱。騙局很快會被揭穿,過多的關注帶來的壓カ會讓多數人難以承受。Meaning:Fameleadstoalotofpublicity.Ifafamouspersoncommitsafraud,itwillbeexposedquickly.Andthefamouspeopleattractsomuchattentionthattheycanhardlyendurethepressureitbrings.Ittakesyououtofyourself:Youmustbewhatthepublicthinksyouare,notwhatyoureallyareorcouldbe.(Para.5)它讓你失去自我。你必須是公眾認可的那個你,而不是真實的你或是可能的你。Meaning:Youhavetoforgetyourtrueself.Youhavenofreedomtobewhatyoureallyareorcouldbeandyoumustactandbehaveinthewaythepublicthinksyoushould.Theperformer,likethepolitician,mustoftenpleas