-.z.Unit1history['histri]n.歷史，歷史學narrative['n?r?tiv]n.記事，敘事Herodotus[h?'r?d?t?s]n.希羅多德circa['s?:k?]prep.〔拉丁語〕大約〔簡寫c.,ca.,cir.,circ.,C.〕Thucydides[θju'sid?di:z]n.修昔底德chronological[.kr?n?'l?d?ik?l]adj.年代學的，按年代順序的territorial[.teri't?:ri?l]adj.區域性的，地方性的thematically[θi'm?tikli]adv.按主題方式，按專題方式BigHistory大歷史〔學派〕archaeology[.ɑ:ki'?l?d?i]n.考古學methodology[.meθ?'d?l?d?i]n.方法論approach[?'pr?ut?]n.研究方法discipline['disiplin]n.學科perspective[p?'spektiv]n.觀點thehumanities[hju:'m?nitiz]人文學科thesocialsciences社會科學classification[.kl?sifi'kei??n]n.分類anthropology[.?nθr?'p?l?d?i]n.人類學globalhistory全球史historiography[.hist?:ri'?gr?fi]n.歷史編纂學，史學史，文獻學biographical[.bai?'gr?fik?l]adj.傳記的，傳記體的thematic[θi'm?tik]adj.主題的，專題的medieval[medi'i:v?l]adj.中世紀的philosophyofhistory歷史哲學meta-level['met?'lev?l]總體層面，元級teleological[.teli'?l?d?ik?l]adj.目的論的diplomatic[.dipl?'m?tik]adj.外交的historicalmethod史學方法primarysources原始材料epistemology[i.pisti'm?l?d?i]n.認識論Peloponnesian[.pel?p?'ni:??n]adj.伯羅奔尼撒半島的divine[di'vain]adj.神的，神圣的chronology[kr?'n?l?d?i]n.編年史cyclical['saiklikl]adj.循環的posthumous['p?stjum?s]adj.身后的，死后的dynastic[dai'n?stik]adj.王朝的SaintAugustine[seint?:'g?stin]n.圣奧古斯丁Christian['kristj?n]adj.基督教的，基督教徒的theRenaissance[r?'neis?ns]n.文藝復興，文藝復興時期religious[ri'lid??s]adj.**的Hegel['heigl]n.黑格爾secular['sekjul?]adj.世俗的Ranke[r??k]n.蘭克epic['epik]adj.史詩的，敘事的；史詩，敘事詩nationalistic[.n???n?l'istik]adj.民族主義的FernandBraudel[fer'nanbr?'del]費爾南?布羅代爾LeRoyLadurie[l?rwaladju'ri:]拉魯瓦?拉杜里MarcBloch[markbl?k]馬克?布洛克LucienFebvre[lysj?nfevr]呂**?費弗爾multi-disciplinary[.m?lti'disiplin?ri]adj.多學科的theAnnales['?n?lz]School年鑒學派quantitativehistory數量史學rawdata原始數據ethnic['eθnik]adj.族群的，族裔的racial['rei??l]adj.種族的genre['?ɑ:nr?]n.類型，流派，風格historyofeverydaylife日常生活史Mar*ist['mɑ:ksist]adj.,n.馬克思主義〔者〕的；馬克思主義者EricHobsbawm['erik'h?bsb?m]埃里克?霍布斯鮑姆GeorgesLefebvre[??r?l?'fevr]喬治?勒費弗爾Fran?oisFuret[fran'swafy're]弗朗索瓦?弗雷RolandMousnier[r?'lanmu:'njei]羅蘭?穆尼埃anti-Mar*istadj.反馬克思主義的feminist['feminist]adj.女性主義的，女權主義的；女權主義者postmodernist[.p?ust'm?d?rnist]n.,adj.后現代主義者；后現代主義〔者〕的RichardEvans['rit??d'ev?nz]理查德?埃文斯KeithWindschuttle[keiθ'win??tl]凱斯?溫修德historicalperiodization[pi?ri?dai'zei??n]歷史分期classificatory[.kl?sifi'keit?ri]adj.類別的，分類上的retrospective[.retr?u'spektiv]adj.事后回想的，回憶的theGildedAge鍍金時代theDarkAge(s)黑暗時代theFirstWorldWar第一次世界大戰decimal['desim?l]adj.十進法的，以十為根底的talismanic[.t?liz'm?nik]adj.護符〔般〕的，有護符般效力的theVictorian[vik't?:ri?n]Era維多利亞時代theNapoleonic[n?.p?uli'?nik]Era拿破侖時代theMeiji['mei'd?i:]Era明治時代theMerovingian[.m?r?'vind?i?n]Period墨洛溫王朝時期Romantic[r?'m?ntik]period浪漫主義時期these*ual['seksju?l]revolution性革命conservative[k?n's?:v?tiv]adj.保守的RomanCatholic['k?θ?lik]culture羅馬天主教文化Franco['fr??k?u]n.弗朗哥Unit2primitiveculture原始文化PaulTournal[p?lturnal]保羅·杜納爾anté-historique['a:?tei'ist?rik]n.〔法語〕史前的prehistoric['pri:his't?rik]n.史前的DanielWilson['d?nj?l'wilsn]丹尼爾·威爾遜prehistorian[pri:hi'st?:ri?n]n.從事史前史研究的專家，史前史學家theStoneAge石器時代theBronzeAge青銅器時代theIronAge鐵器時代e*cavation[.eksk?'vei??n]n.開掘geologic[d?i?'l?d?ik]adj.地質學的geographic[d?i?'gr?fik]adj.地理學的literate['lit?rit]adj.識字的，有文化的geneticist[d?i'netisist]n.遺傳學家linguist['li?gwist]n.語言學家paleontology[.p?li?n't?l?d?i]n.古生物學biology[bai'?l?d?i]n.生物學geology[d?i'?l?d?i]n.地質學archaeoastronomy[.ɑ:ki?u?s'tr?n?mi]n.考古天文學linguistics[li?'gwistiks]n.語言學molecular[m?'lekjul?]adj.分子的genetics[d?i'netiks]n.遺傳學archaeological[.a:ki?'l?d?ik?l]adj.考古的，考古學上的artifact['ɑ:tif?kt]n.人工制品anonymous[?'n?nim?s]adj.無名無姓的，匿名的Neanderthal[ni'?nd?tɑ:l]n.尼安德特人academic[.?k?'demik]adj.學術上的，從事學術研究的NewGuinea[nju:'gini]n.新幾內亞Paleolithic[.p?li?u'liθik]n.舊石器時代；adj.舊石器時代的theLowerPaleolithic舊石器時代早期Homosapiens['h?um?u'seipienz]n.智人〔現代人的學名〕Homohabilis['h?um?u'h?bilis]n.能人species['spi:?i:z]n.種類，物種usher['???]vi.引入，引導anatomic[.?n?'t?mik]adj.解剖學上的burial['beri?l]n.埋葬，葬禮，墳墓sophisticated[s?'fisti.keitid]adj.復雜的，精細的，老練的highlight['hailait]n.精彩局部，閃光點theMiddlePaleolithic舊石器時代中期theCro-Magnon['kr??'m?nj??]n.克羅馬尼翁人nomadic[n?u'm?dik]adj.游牧的，游牧民族的，流浪的hunter-gatherern.捕獵采集者egalitarian[i.g?li't??ri?n]adj.平等主義的sedentary['sed?n.t?ri]adj.定居的，固定不動的chiefdom['t?i:fd?m]n.首領的地位，首領的權威stratification[.str?tifi'kei??n]n.分層indigenous[in'did?in?s]adj.土著的，土生土長的，本地的theUpperPaleolithic舊石器時代晚期Mesolithic[.mes?'liθik]n.中石器時代；adj.中石器時代的theMiddleStoneAge中石器時代Neolithic[.ni:?u'liθik]n.新石器時代；adj.新石器時代的Pleistocene['plaist?usi:n]n.更新世；adj.更新世的millennia[mi'leni?](millenniums)n.數千年marshland['mɑ:?l?nd]n.沼澤地midden['midn]n.貝冢deforestation[.di:f?ris'tei??n]n.森林開發，濫發森林posite['k?mp?zit]adj.合成的，復合的flint[flint]n.極硬的東西，打火石microlith['maikr?liθ]n.細石器microburin[.maikr?'bju?rin]n.小雕刻刀tackle['t?k?l]n.用具，滑車adze,adz[?dz]n.錛子canoe[k?'nu:]n.獨木舟bow[b?u]n.弓theNewStoneAge新石器時代domestication[d?.mesti'kei??n]n.馴養，馴化warfare['w?:f??]n.戰爭，戰事Stonehenge['st?un'hend?]n.巨石陣millennium[mi'leni?m]n.一千年Sumerians[su:'miri?ns]n.蘇美爾人Peru[p?'ru:]n.秘魯Mesoamerica[.mez?u?'merik?]n.中美洲theFertileCrescent['kres?nt]n.新月沃地〔西亞伊拉克兩河流域連接敘利亞一帶地中**岸的一片弧形地區，為上古文明發源地之一〕irrigation[.iri'gei??n]n.灌溉theMetalAge金屬時代Chalcolithic[.k?lk?'liθik]n.銅石并用時代；adj.銅石并用時代的theOldWorld舊大陸，東半球〔尤指歐洲〕metallurgy[me't?l?d?i]n.冶金術，冶金學metalworking['met?l.w?:ki?]n.金屬加工tin[tin]n.錫outcropping['autkr?pi?]n.露出，露出地表arsenic['ɑ:s?nik]n.砷，砒霜ferrous['fer?s]adj.含鐵的cradle['kreid?l]n.搖籃，發源地valley['v?li]n.流域Euphrates[ju:'freiti:z]n.幼發拉底河Tigris['taigris]n.底格里斯河Mesopotamia[.mes?p?'teimi?]n.兩河流域Nile[nail]n.尼羅河Indus['ind?s]n.印度河subcontinent[s?b'k?ntin?nt]n.次大陸adjacent[?'d?eis?nt]adj.臨近的implement['implim?nt]n.工具，器具ornament['?:n?m?nt]n.裝飾物，裝飾pottery['p?t?ri]n.陶器〔總稱〕decorative['dek?r?tiv]adj.裝飾的，裝飾性的synchronous['si?kr?n?s]adj.同時的，同步的sequence['si:kw?ns]n.順序，次序，連續colony['k?l?ni]n.殖民地uncolonized['?n'k?l?naizd]adj.沒有被殖民的Unit3crystallize['krist?laiz]v.(使)成形，〔使〕具體化topography[t?'p?gr?fi]n.地志，地形學，地勢，剖析圖a*is['?ksis]n.軸，中樞Nubia['nju:bi?]n.努比亞pharaoh['f??r?u]n.法老deify['di:ifai]vt.神化，把......當作神來崇拜或敬畏，崇拜archaic[ɑ:'keiik]adj.古老的，古代的Intermediate[.int?'mi:di?t]Period中間期theOldKingdom古王國theMiddleKingdom中王國theNewKingdom新王國pyramid['pir?mid]n.金字塔Giza['giza]n.吉薩〔埃及第三大城市〕Sphin*[sfi?ks]n.獅身人面像，謎一樣的人Anatolia[.?n?'t?uli?]n.安納托利亞(土耳其的亞洲局部)quarry['kw?ri]v.采石；n.采石場temple['templ]n.神殿，寺院，廟宇obelisk['?b?lisk]n.方尖碑faience[fai'ɑ:ns]n.彩色陶器antiquity[?n'tikwiti]n.古代，古物，古跡hieroglyphic[.hai?r?'glifik]adj.符號的，象形文字的；n.象形文字hieroglyph['hai?r?glif]n.象形文字，圖畫文字determinative[di't?:min?tiv]n.限定詞，決定因素；adj.限定的，決定的script[skript]n.手跡，字體，手稿cursive['k?:siv]adj.草書的，草書體的；n.草書，草書原稿hieratic[.hai?'r?tik]adj.手寫草書體的，神圣風格的，僧侶的，僧侶用的ceremonial[.seri'm?unj?l]adj.儀式的；n.儀式priest[pri:st]n.教士，神父decipher[di'saif?]vt.譯解，識別Byzantine[bi'z?ntain]adj.拜占庭的，拜占庭式建筑風格的；n.拜占庭人Islamic[iz'l?mik,is'l?mik]adj.伊斯蘭教的Rosetta[r?u'zet?]n.羅塞塔immortality[.im?:'t?liti]n.不朽，永生mummification[.m?mifi'kei??n]n.木乃伊化afterlife['ɑ:ft?laif]n.來世，后來的歲月desiccation['desikei??n]n.枯燥boon[bu:n]n.恩惠，所感謝的事elite[ei'li:t]n.精英，精華linen['linin]n.亞麻布，亞麻線，亞麻制品;adj.亞麻布制的，亞麻的sarcophagus[sɑ:'k?f?g?s]n.石棺coffin['k?fin]n.棺材natron['neitr?n]n.天然碳酸鈉amulet['?mjulit]n.護身符anthropoid['?nθr?p?id]adj.像人類的，類人猿的mummy['m?mi]n.木乃伊cartonnage['ka:t?nid?]n.木乃伊盒Ptolemaic[.t?li'meiik]adj.托勒密王朝的booksofthedead亡靈書prayer['prei?]n.祈禱，禱告，禱文cuneiform['kju:niif?:m]n.楔形文字；adj.楔形的，楔形文字的arch[ɑ:t?]n.拱，拱門，拱狀物wedge-shaped['wed??eipt]adj.楔形的，V形的triangular[trai'??gjul?]adj.三角形的stylus['stail?s]n.尖筆pictogram['pikt?gr?m]n.象形圖，象形文字Hammurabi[.h?m?'rɑ:bi:]漢謨拉比Hittite['hitait]n.赫梯人，赫梯語；adj.赫梯人的，赫梯語的Phoenician[fi'ni??n]n.腓尼基人，腓尼基語；adj.腓尼基語的，腓尼基人的alphabet['?lf?bit]n.字母表,符號系統Hebrew['hi:bru:]n.希伯來人，希伯來語；adj.希伯來人的，希伯來語的religion[ri'lid??n]n.**，**信仰Judaism['d?u:deiiz?m]n.猶太教，猶太教徒，猶太主義Assyrian[?'siri?n]n.亞述人，亞述語；adj.亞述人的，亞述語的Chaldean[k?l'di:?n]n.迦勒底人Nebuchadnezzar[.nebjuk?d'nez?]n.尼布甲尼撒Persian['p?:??n]n.波斯，波斯人；adj.波斯的，波斯人的Zoroastrian[.z?r?u'?stri?n]adj.與瑣羅亞斯德教有關的；n.瑣羅亞斯德教教徒Zoroastrianism[z?:r?u'?stri?niz?m]n.索羅亞斯德教，拜火教，祆教Babylonian[.b?bi'l?unj?n]adj.巴比倫的；n.巴比倫人，巴比倫語Gilgamesh['gilg?me?]n.吉爾伽美什(傳說中的蘇美爾國王)EpicofGilgamesh"吉爾伽美什史詩"astronomical[.?str?'n?mik?l]adj.天文學的Punjab[p?n'd?ɑ:b]n.旁遮普〔印度西北部的一地方〕handicraft['h?ndikrɑ:ft]n.手工藝品，手藝，技巧Harappan['her?pa:n]adj.哈拉帕文化的Harappa['her?pa:]n.哈拉帕〔位于巴基斯坦境內〕Mohenjo-daro[mu'end??u'der?u]n.摩亨佐達羅〔位于巴基斯坦境內〕Dravidian[dr?'vidi?n]n.達羅毗荼人cemetery['semit?ri]n.墓地ochre['?uk?]n.赭石，赭色Rajasthan[rɑ:d??'stɑ:n]n.拉賈斯坦邦(印度邦名)Ganges['g??d?i:z]n.恒河〔起源于喜馬拉雅山脈的一條河流〕Gangetic[g?n'd?etik]Plain恒河平原cremation[kri'mei??n]n.火化，火葬，燃燒Hinduism['hinduiz?m]n.印度教chariot['t??ri?t]n.二輪戰車articulation[ɑ:.tikju'lei??n]n.(清楚的)表達mandate['m?ndeit]n.命令，指令，要求theMandateofHeaven天命，天意CodeofHammurabi"漢謨拉比法典"provision[pr?'vi??n]n.規定，條款transaction[tr?n'z?k??n]n.交易，辦理，處理，事務liability[.lai?'biliti]n.責任，債務，傾向inheritance[in'herit?ns]n.遺傳，遺產，繼承，繼承物paternity[p?'t?:niti]n.父權，父子關系stele['sti:li]n.刻有碑文的石柱，石碑，匾額inscribe[in'skraib]v.題寫，題贈，銘刻于，銘記Louvre[lu:vr?]n.〔巴黎〕盧浮宮Akkadian[?k'?dj?n]adj.阿卡德人的，阿卡德語的bracket['br?kit]vt.將……歸類ensnare[in'sn??]vt.誘入陷阱，使進入羅網shekel['?ek?l]n.謝克爾〔古希伯來或巴比倫的衡量單位和錢幣〕hew[hju:]〔過去分詞hewn[hju:n]v.砍，劈，砍倒，砍成unbeknown['?nbi'n?un]adj.未知的，不為人知的patrician[p?'tri??n]n.貴族；adj.貴族的，顯貴的mina['mi:n?]n.邁納〔古代希臘等地的貨幣或重量單位〕unit4Classics['kl?siks]n.古典學ClassicalStudies古典研究ClassicalCivilization古典文明canon['k?n?n]n.標準，準則，真經，教規ChurchFather教父NewTestament"新約全書"philology[fi'l?l?d?i]n.文獻學，語言學Graeco-Roman[.gri:k?u'r?um?n]adj.希臘羅馬的，在希臘影響下的羅馬的philologist[fi'l?l?d?ist]n.語言學家，文獻學家Corinthian[k?'rinθi?n]order〔建筑〕科林斯柱式Doric['d?rik]order〔建筑〕多利安柱式Ionic[ai'?nik]order〔建筑〕愛奧尼亞柱式Parthenon['pɑ:θin?n]n.〔希臘〕帕特農神廟〔Parthenon是雅典娜的別號，本意為"處女〞、"貞女〞〕Sparta['spɑ:t?]n.斯巴達Athens['?θinz]n.雅典Etruscan[i'tr?sk?n]adj.伊特魯里亞的；n.伊特魯里亞人，伊特魯里亞語theArchaicperiod古風時期theClassicalperiod古典時期theHellenistic[.heli'nistik]period希臘化時期Aegean[i:'d?i:?n]adj.愛琴海的Mycenaean[.maisi'ni?n]adj.邁錫尼的；n.邁錫尼人Mycenae[.maisi'ni:]n.邁錫尼Crete[kri:t]n.克里特島Troy[tr?i]n.特洛伊theDorian['d?:ri?n]n.多利安人Peloponnesus[.pel?p?'ni:s?s]n.伯羅奔尼撒〔半島〕Attica['?tik?]n.阿提卡Ionia[ai'?unj?]n.愛奧尼亞theDelian['di:lj?n]League提洛同盟(Delos['di:l?s]n.提洛島)democracy[di'm?kr?si]n.**，**制Pericles['p?ri.kliz]n.伯里克利Macedonia[.m?si'd?uni?]n.馬其頓Plato['pleit?u]n.柏拉圖Homer['h?um?]n.荷馬Iliad['ili?d]n."伊利亞特"Odyssey['?disi]n."奧德賽"Dionysus[.dai?'nais?s]n.〔希神〕狄俄尼索斯〔酒神〕obscenity[?b'si:niti]n.猥褻下流，猥褻的話〔或行為)Socrates['s?kr?ti:z]n.蘇格拉底Aristotle['?rist?tl]n.亞里士多德mythology[mi'θ?l?d?i]n.神話，神話學cult[k?lt]n.崇拜goddess['g?dis]n.女神，受崇拜的女性Zeus[zju:s]n.〔希神〕宙斯〔主神〕Poseidon[p?'said?n,p?u'said?n]n.〔希神〕波塞冬〔海神，宙斯的哥哥〕Hades['heidi:z]n.〔希神〕哈德斯〔冥界之神〕；冥府，地獄Apollo[?'p?l?u]n.〔希神〕阿波羅〔人類的保護神、光明之神、預言之神〕Artemis['ɑ:timis]n.〔希神〕阿耳忒彌斯〔狩獵女神和月神〕Aphrodite[.?fr?'daiti]n.〔希神〕阿佛洛狄忒〔愛與美之女神〕Ares['??ri:z]n.〔希神〕阿瑞斯〔戰神〕Athena[?'θi:n?]n.〔希神〕雅典娜〔女天神，豐產女神〕Demeter[di'mi:t?]n.〔希神〕得墨忒耳(掌農業、結婚、富饒之女神)Hestia['hesi?]n.〔希神〕赫斯提〔女灶神〕Hera['hi?r?]n.赫拉〔宙斯的姐姐和妻子〕Stoicism['st?uisiz?m]n.斯多噶學派，禁欲主義Platonism['pleit?niz?m]n.柏拉圖哲學，柏拉圖主義，精神戀愛transcendent[tr?n'send?nt]adj.卓越的，超然的deity['di:iti]n.神，神靈worship['w?:?ip]n.崇拜epithet['epiθet]n.性質描述詞，稱號torsion['t?:??n]n.扭轉catapult['k?t?p?lt]n.彈弩，發射機Archimedes[.ɑ:ki'mi:di:z]n.阿基米德theItalianPeninsula意大利半島Romulus['r?mjul?s]n.羅穆路Remus['ri:m?s]n.瑞摩斯aristocratic[.?rist?'kr?tik]adj.貴族的monarchical[m?'nɑ:kikl]adj.君主的Livy['livi]n.李維consul['k?ns?l]n.執政官senate['senit]n.元老院，參議院magistracy['m?d?istr?si]n.〔地方〕行政官職位〔職權或任期〕plebeian[pli'bi:?n]n.平民Gaul[g?:l]n.高盧thePo[p?u]Valley波河流域Gallic['g?lik]adj.高盧的Brennus['bren?s]n.布倫努斯Carthage['kɑ:θid?]n.迦太基thePunic['pju:nik]Wars布匿戰爭theSeleucid[si'lu:sid]Empire塞琉古帝國Senator['sen?t?]n.元老院成員，參議員latifundia[l?ti'f?ndi?](latifundium[.l?ti'f?ndi?m]的復數形式)n.大地產，大莊園electorate[i'lekt?rit]n.選民Gracchi['gr?ki:]n.格拉古〔兄弟〕tribune['tribju:n]n.保民官Caesar['si:z?]n.愷撒Pompey['p?mpi]n.龐培Crassus['kr?s?s]n.克拉蘇Triumvirate[trai'?mvirit]n.三頭政治Octavian[?k'teivi?n]n.屋大維Antony['?nt?ni]n.安東尼Lepidus['lepid?s]n.雷比達Cleopatra[kli?'p?tr?]n.克里奧帕特拉Actium['?ktj?m,'?k?i:?m]n.阿克興Augustus[?:'g?st?s]n.奧古斯都Tiberius[tai'bi?ri?s,tai'biri:?s]n.提比略theJulio-Claudiandynasty尤利烏-克勞狄王朝Nero['ni?r?u,'nir?u]n.尼祿theFlavian['fleivj?n]dynasty弗拉維王朝Pa*Romana[p?ksr?u'ma:n?]羅馬式的和平，羅馬帝國統治下的和平Trajan['treid??n]n.圖拉真theSeveran['sev?r?n]dynasty塞弗魯王朝Diocletian[dai?'kli:??n]n.戴克里先Constantine['k?nst?ntain]n.君士坦丁，康斯坦丁Byzantium[bi'z?nti?m]n.拜占庭Constantinople[k?nst?nti'n?upl]n.君士坦丁堡theEasternRomanEmpire東羅馬帝國theByzantineEmpire拜占庭帝國theWesternRomanEmpire西羅馬帝國barbarian[bɑ:'b??ri?n]adj.蠻族的，野蠻的Hun[h?n]n.匈奴人Visigoth['vizig?θ]n.西哥特人Vandal['v?nd?l]n.汪達爾人Iberian[ai'bi?ri?n]adj.伊比利亞人的；n.伊比利亞人，伊比利亞語Odoacer[?d?'es?]n.奧多亞克LawoftheTwelveTables"十二表法"codification[k?difi'kei??n]n.法典編纂Justinian['d??stinj?n]I查士丁尼一世CitizenLaw公民法LawofNations萬民法NaturalLaw自然法senatorial[.sen?'t?:ri?l]adj.元老院的，元老院議員的Jupiter['d?u:pit?]n.〔羅神〕朱庇特〔主神〕；木星Mars[mɑ:z]n.〔羅神〕瑪爾斯〔戰神〕；火星Neptune['neptju:n]n.〔羅神〕尼普敦〔海神〕；海王星Christianity[.kristi'?niti]n.基督教EdictofMilan"米蘭敕令"Theodosius[θi:?'d?usi:?s]I狄奧多西一世Colosseum[.k?l?'si?m]n.〔古羅馬〕圓形大劇場PontduGard加爾橋Pantheon[p?n'θi:?n]n.〔古羅馬〕萬神殿；〔法國〕先賢祠〔Panthéon〕Tuscan['t?sk?n]adj.托斯坎納的siphon['saif?n]n.虹吸管theTiber['taib?]River臺伯河surety['?u?ti]n.保證人，保證，擔保proletarian[.pr?uli't??ri?n]n.無產者kinsman['kinzm?n]n.親屬clansmen['kl?nzm?n]n.親族conveyance[k?n'vei?ns]n.財產轉讓dilapidate[di'l?pideit]v.〔使〕荒廢，〔使〕毀壞sesterce['sest?:s]n.塞斯特斯〔古羅馬貨幣單位〕pyre['pai?]n.火葬柴堆untoward[?n't?u?d]adj.麻煩的，不利的，不適當的decemvirate[di'semvirit]n.十人委員會Solonian['s?ul?nj?n]adj.梭倫的Unit5feudalism['fju:d?liz?m]n.封建制度，封建主義fealty['fi:?lti]n.效忠，忠誠Charlemagne['?ɑ:l?'mein]n.查理曼，查理大帝manuscript['m?njuskript]n.手稿，原稿chansondegeste['?ans??de?est]"武功歌"Frankish['fr??ki?]adj.法蘭克的，法蘭克人的，西歐人的charter['t?ɑ:t?]n.特許狀，憲章Gothic['g?θik]adj.哥特人的，哥特語的，野蠻的pejorative['pi:d??r?tiv]adj.貶低的，輕蔑的fief[fi:f]n.采邑，封地，活動*圍féodalisme[fe?dalism]n.〔法語〕封建制度，封建主義Montesquieu[.m?ntes'kju:,.m?nt?'skju:]n.孟德斯鳩denigrate['denigreit]v.詆毀，貶低，誣蔑antiquated['?ntikweitid]adj.陳舊的，過時的，古老的AncienRégime[ɑ?sj??re?im]〔法語〕舊制度，舊政權monarchy['m?n?ki]n.君主制，君主國seigneurial[sei'nj?:ri?l]adj.莊園主的，封建領主的，莊園的ConstituentAssembly〔法國大革命期間的〕制憲議會AdamSmithn.亞當·斯密serf[s?:f]n.農奴capitalism['k?pit?liz?m]n.資本主義aristocracy[.?ris't?kr?si]n.〔總稱〕貴族，貴族統治，貴族政府serfdom['s?:fd?m]n.農奴身份，農奴制mendation[.k?men'dei??n]n.稱頌，贊譽mendationceremony贊譽儀式WilliamtheConqueror征服者威廉vassal['v?s?l]n.封臣，附庸tenure['tenju?]n.占有，占有權，占有期，使用權，使用期Fran?ois-LouisGanshof[frɑ?swalwigɑ???f]弗朗索瓦-路易·崗紹夫lord[l?:d]n.封君，領主，貴族，地主sociological[.s?usj?'l?d?ik?l,.s?u?i?'l?d?ik?l]adj.社會學的，社會的hierarchical[.hai?'rɑ:kikl]adj.等級的，等級制度的peer[pi?]n.同行，同輩的人，一樣身份的人lordship['l?:d?ip]n.貴族權利，貴族身份，貴族領地anachronism[?'n?kr?.niz?m]n.時代上的錯誤，被置錯時代或年代的事物tyrannical[tai'r?nik?l]adj.暴虐的，壓制的，極端武斷的reciprocal[ri'sipr?k?l]adj.互惠的，相互的，互補的manorialism[m?'n?:ri?lizm]n.莊園制度villa['vil?]n.〔古羅馬〕大地產antecedent[.?nt?'si:d?nt]n.前例，前事，先祖coloni[k?'l?uni]〔colonus[k?'l?un?s]的復數形式〕n.科洛尼，隸農self-sufficiency['selfs?'fi??nsi]n.自給自足ruralization[.ru:r?lai'zei?en]n.鄉村化，田園化hierarchy['hai?rɑ:ki]n.〔森嚴的〕等級制度，僧侶統治manor['m?n?]n.莊園seigneurie[seinj?'ri:]n.〔法語〕領主權，領地，莊園，領主土地權seigneur[sei'nj?:]n.〔法語〕領主，莊園主，老爺，貴人，大人bishop['bi??p]n.主教abbot['?b?t]n.〔男〕修院院長generic[d?i'nerik]adj.一般的，普通的，通常的openfieldsystem敞地制度manorhouse莊園主的宅邸warrior['w?ri?]n.戰士，武士Junker['d???k?,'ju?k?]n.〔德語〕容克，地主貴族集團villain['vil?n]n.維蘭，農奴demesne[di'mein]n.〔領主的〕自營地manorial[m?'n?:ri?l]n.莊園的，莊園主的tenant['ten?nt]n.佃戶Esse*['eseks]n.埃塞克斯〔英格蘭古國〕chapter['t??pt?]n.教堂參議會，牧師會cathedral[k?'θi:dr?l]n.主教座堂chapel['t??p?l]n.私人禮拜堂，私人小教堂clergymen['kl?:d?im?n]n.教士manorialization[m?'n?:ri?lai.zei??n]n.莊園化Stokesay['st?uksei]Castle斯托克塞城堡Shropshire['?r?p?i?]n.〔英國〕什羅普郡tenement['tenim?nt]n.租戶，住戶lay[lei]adj.世俗的bishopric['bi??prik]n.主教管區，主教職位monastery['m?n?st?ri]n.修道院，隱修院ecclesiastical[i.kli:zi'?stik?l]adj.基督教會的Unit6Medievalism[.medi'i:v?liz?m]n.中世紀主義，中世紀精神，中世紀性質theological[.θi:?'l?d?ik?l]adj.神學的Apostle[?'p?sl]n.使徒Apocalypse[?'p?k?lips]n.世界消滅，大災難，天啟BookofDaniel['d?nj?l]"但以理書"〔"圣經"的組成局部〕Jerome['d?er?m]n.哲羅姆BookofRevelation[rev?l'ei??n]"啟示錄"〔"圣經"的組成局部〕imperium[im'pi?ri?m]n.帝國，絕對統治，最高權力Petrarch['pi.tra:k]n.彼特拉克apogee['?p?d?i:]n.最高點，頂點theology[θi'?l?d?i]n.神學Bruni['bruni]n.布魯尼tripartite[trai'pɑ:tait]adj.分成三局部的，一式三份的Florentine['fl?r?ntain,'fl?r?n.ti:n]adj佛羅倫薩的Biondo['bj?:nd?u]n.比昂多ChristophCellarius[s?'l?ri?s]n.克里斯托弗·塞勒里烏斯Estonia[es't?uni?]n.愛沙尼亞Latvia['l?tvi?]n.拉脫維亞Turks['t?:ks]n.土耳其人Gutenberg['gu:tnb?:g]n.古騰堡Muslim['muzlim]穆斯林，伊斯蘭教徒ChristopherColumbus['krist?f?k?'l?mb?s]n.克里斯托弗·哥倫布Florence['fl?r?ns]n.佛羅倫薩baptistery['b?ptist?ri]n.洗禮堂Bosworth['b?sw?:θ]n.博斯沃思theBattleofBosworthField博斯沃思之戰HenriPirenne[a:?ri:pir?n?]n.亨利·皮雷納〔皮朗〕JohanHuizinga[j?'h?nh?'zinga]n.約翰·赫伊津哈theEarlyMiddleAges中世紀早期theHighMiddleAges中世紀盛期〔中世紀中期〕theLateMiddleAges中世紀晚期Romanticism[r?u'm?nt?siz?m]n.浪漫主義Pre-Raphaelite['pri:'r?fi?lait]adj.拉斐爾前派的，拉斐爾之前的neo-medievalism[.ni:?u.medi'i:v?liz?m]n.新中世紀主義conservatism[k?n's?:v?tiz?m]n.保守主義Erasmus[i'r?zm?s]n.伊拉斯謨Scholasticism[sk?'l?stisiz?m]n.經院哲學superstition[.sju:p?'sti??n]n.迷信theCatholic['k?θ?lik]Church天主教會〔Catholicism[k?'θ?lisiz?m]n.天主教〕doctrine['d?ktrin]n.教義Protestant['pr?tist?nt]n.抗議**徒，新教徒；adj.新教徒的humanist['hju:m?nist]n.人文主義者pope[p?up]n.教皇pagan['peig?n]adj.異教徒的，異教的，無**信仰的；n.異教徒，無**信仰者celibate['selibit]adj.單身的，禁欲的priesthood['pri:st.hud]n.神職，僧職，祭司職hypocrisy[hi'p?kr?si]n.偽善uncouth[?n'ku:θ]adj.粗俗的EdwardGibbon['gib?n]n.愛德華·吉本crusade[kru:'seid]n.十字軍征討Inquisition[.inkwi'zi??n]n.異端裁判所chivalric['?iv?lrik]adj.騎士的romance[r?u'm?ns]n.傳奇文學，浪漫史，冒險故事knight[nait]n.騎士damsel['d?mz?l]n.年輕女人，閨女，落難女子WilliamBlake['wilj?mbleik]n.威廉·布雷克Nazarene[.n?z?'ri:n]n.拿撒勒畫派成員；拿撒勒人，基督Neoclassicism[.ni:?u'kl?s?.siz?m]n.新古典主義virtuosity[.v?:t?u:'?s?ti]n.精湛技巧Vienna[vi'en?]n.維也納Brotherhood['br?e?hud]n.同業會St.Luke[lu:k]n.圣路加patron['peitr?n]n.庇護者，贊助者，守護神mission[k?'mi??n]n.工程委托，受委托的工程fresco['fresk?u]n.壁畫epicenter['episent?]n.中心，震中HighChurch高教會AugustusPugin[?:'g?st?s'pju:d?in]n.奧古斯都·皮金convert['k?nv?:t]n.改宗者，改變信仰者；[k?n'v?:t]vt.改變，使改變**信仰Birmingham['b?:mi?.?m]n.〔英國〕伯明翰Southwark['sauθw?:k]n.索斯沃克HouseofParliament議會大廈stainedglass彩色玻璃Anglican['??glik?n]adj.安立甘的，英國國教會的Viollet-le-Duc[vj?lel?dyk]n.〔法〕維奧萊勒迪克Carcassonne[karkas?:n]n.〔法〕卡爾卡松Notre-Dame[n?trdam]n.〔法〕圣母院SainteChapelle[?apεl]〔法〕小圣堂supernatural[.sju:p?'n?t??r?l]adj.超自然的theTeutonic[tju:'t?nik]Order條頓騎士團Ludwig['l?dwig]n.路德維格Wagner['vɑ:gn?]n.瓦格納Nazi['nɑ:tsi]n.納粹MagnaCarta['m?gn?'ka:t?]"大憲章"QueenVictoria[vik't?:ri?]維多利亞女王theEglinton[eg'lint?n]Tournament['tu?n?m?nt]埃格林頓比武大會masquerade[.m?sk?'reid]n.化裝舞會Arthurian['ɑ:θ?ri?n]adj.亞瑟王的Mannerist['m?n?rist]n.矯飾主義者，矯揉造作之人Raphael['r?fei?l]n.拉斐爾Michelangelo[.maik?l'?nd??.l?u]n.米開朗基羅JoshuaReynolds['d???w?'ren?ldz]n.喬舒亞·雷諾茲Mannerism['m?n?rizm]n.矯飾主義Quattrocento[.kwɑ:tr?u't?ent?u]n.十五世紀〔歐洲文藝復興初期〕Jeanned’Arc(Joan['d??un]ofArc)n.貞德RobinHood[r?bin'hud]n.羅賓漢Nibelungenlied"尼伯龍根之歌"TheSeventhSeal"第七封印"WilliamWallace['w?lis]n.威廉·華萊士Ivanhoe['aiv?nh?u]"劫后英雄傳"RobinHoodPrinceofThieves"俠盜王子羅賓漢"The13thWarrior"終極奇兵"TheKingdomofHeaven"天國王朝"neologism[ni:'?l?.d?iz?m]n.新字，新詞，新語UmbertoEco[?m'b??t?u'i:k?u]n.安伯托·艾柯HedleyBull['hedlibul]n.赫德利·布爾sovereignty['s?vrinti]n.主權Unit7lancer['l?ns?]n.長矛輕騎兵federate['fed?rit]adj.同盟的，聯合的；vt.使聯合，結盟Bulgar['b?l.ga:]n.保加利亞人Avars['av?:]n.阿瓦爾人Magyar['m?gjɑ:]n.馬札爾人，匈牙利人Vandalism['v?nd?liz?m]n.汪達爾主義Slavic['sl?vik]adj.斯拉夫人的arena[?'ri:n?]n.競技場Ostrogoth['?str?g?θ]n.東哥特人Suebi['swibi:]n.蘇維匯人Galicia[g?'li?i?]n.加利西亞Burgundian[b?:'g?ndi?n]n.勃艮第人Angles['??glz]n.盎格魯人Sa*ons['s?ks?ns]n.撒克遜人，薩克森人monasticism[m?'n?stisiz?m]n.修道生活，禁欲主義Arian['?ri?n]adj.阿里烏斯派的Arius['?ri?s]n.阿里烏斯Presbyter['prezbit?]n.長老，牧師Ale*andria['?lig'zɑ:ndri?]n.亞歷山大里亞，亞歷山大城Trinity['triniti]n.三位一體GodtheFather圣父GodtheSon圣子GodtheHolySpirit圣靈Clovis['kl?uvis]n.克洛維orthodo*y['?:θ?.d?ksi]n.正統Arianism['??ri?niz?m]n.阿里烏斯派Viking['vaiki?]n.維京人cenobitism[si:n?'baitiz?m]n.修道士生活，修道院制hagiographical[.h?gi'?gr?fik?l]adj.圣徒傳記的，圣徒言行錄的cenobite['si:n?ubait]n.修道士proselytization[.pr?silitai'zei?n?]n.勸使改宗theMerovingian[.m?r?'vind?i?n]Dynasty墨洛溫王朝theCarolingian[.k?r?'lind?i?n]Dynasty加洛林王朝Austrasia[?:s'trei??]n.奧斯特拉西亞Neustria['nju:stri:?]n.紐斯特里亞Merovech[.mer?'vet?]n.墨洛溫mayor['me?](MayorofthePalace)n.宮相denomination[di.n?mi'nei??n]n.面額Romanize['r?um?naiz]v.使羅馬化Quinotaur['kwin?.tau?]n.五角?！埠９帧硃atriarch['peitriɑ:k]n.家長，元老Pippin['pipin]ofLanden['l?nd?n]朗登的丕平regent['ri:d??nt]n.攝政CharlesMartel['mɑ:tel]n.查理·馬特Tours[tu?]n.圖爾Pyrenees[.pir?'ni:z]n.比利牛斯山脈Carloman['kɑ:l?.m?n]n.卡洛曼Charlemagne['?ɑ:l?.mein]n.查理曼，查理大帝ChronicleofFredegar['fred?g?]"弗萊德加編年史"Chlodio['kl?udj?u]n.克洛迪奧theSalian['seili:?n]Franks撒利克〔撒利安〕法蘭克人coronation[.k?r?'nei??n]n.加冕liturgy['lit?d?i]n.禮拜儀式，圣餐儀式CarolingianRenaissance加洛林文藝復興Aachen['ɑ:k?n]n.亞琛jurisprudence[.d?uris'pru:d?ns]n.法學體系liturgical[li't?:d?ik?l]adj.禮拜儀式的scriptural['skript??r?l]adj.圣經的Alcuin['?lk?n]n.阿爾昆Northumbria[n?:'θ?mbri?]n.諾森布里亞chancery['t?ɑ:ns?ri]n.大法官法庭minuscule['min?skju:l]n.小書寫體Ottonian[?:'t?uni?n]adj.奧托的LouisthePious虔誠者路易Lothair['l?:θ??]n.羅退爾LouistheGerman日耳曼人路易CharlestheBald禿頭查理EastFrancia['fra:??i?]東法蘭克王國TreatyofVerdun"凡爾登條約"MiddleFrancia中法蘭克王國WestFrancia西法蘭克王國regna['regn?]〔regnum['regn?m]的復數形式〕統治，統治權CharlestheFat胖子查理Lotharingia[.l?θ?'rind?i?]n.羅泰林吉亞王國〔羅退爾王國〕(Holy)RomanEmpire〔神圣〕羅馬帝國Barbarossa[.ba:b?'r?:s?]n.巴巴羅薩Diet['dai?t]n.議會Cologne[k?'l?un]n.科隆Saracen['s?r?s?n]n.薩拉森人，阿拉伯人，(十字軍時代的)伊斯蘭教徒Corsica['k?:sik?]n.科西嘉Sardinia[sɑ:'dini?]n.撒丁島Christianization[.kristj?nai'zei??n]n.基督教化basilica[b?'zilik?]n.長方形教堂Romanesque[.r?um?'nesk]adj.羅馬式的；n.羅馬式〔建筑，雕塑，繪畫〕vault[v?:lt]n.地下室reliquary['relikw?ri]n.圣骨匣，遺骨匣，圣物箱manuscript['m?njuskript]n.手稿vellum['vel?m]n.〔羊〕皮紙pigment['pigm?nt]n.顏料，色素HolyScripture"圣經"brethren['breerin]n.〔古〕同胞，同黨，同會，兄弟Jacob['d?eik?b]n.雅各Confederation[k?n.fed?'rei??n]n.同盟，聯盟OrderofSaintBenedict['benidikt]圣本篤修會Unit8castellan['kɑ:st?l?n]n.城堡主，寨主trebuchet[.trebju'?et]n.拋石機catapult['k?t?p?lt]n.發射機theHanseatic[.h?nsi'?tik]League漢薩同盟Venice['venis]n.威尼斯Genoa['d?en?u?]n.熱那亞Pisa['pi:z?]n.比薩sedentarization[.sednt?rai'zei??n]n.定居bastion['b?sti?n]n.堡壘papacy['peip?si]n.教皇政權，教皇職位，教皇制度temporal['temp?r?l]adj.塵世的thePapalMonarchy教皇王國pontificate[p?n'tifikit]n.教皇任期，教皇職位InnocentIII英諾森三世Finnic['finik]adj.芬蘭人的，芬蘭語的assimilation[?'simi'lei??n]n.同化holywar圣戰pilgrimage['pilgrimid?]n.朝圣，朝覲Jerusalem[d??'ru:s?l?m]n.耶路撒冷UrbanII烏爾班二世CouncilofClermont['kl??m?:?]克勒蒙**會議indulgence[in'd?ld??ns]n.〔天主教〕大赦，赦免，特赦，豁免crusader[kru:'seid?]n.十字軍戰士county['kaunti]n.伯國Edessa[i:'des?]n.愛德薩principality[.prinsi'p?liti]n.公國Antioch['?ntj?k]n.安條克Tripoli['trip?li]n.特里波里theKnightsTemplar['templ?]圣殿騎士團theKnightsHospitaller['h?spitl?]醫院騎士團venue['venju:]n.地點，集合地，會場Manzikert['m?nzik?t]n.曼茲科特AndrewII安德魯二世Cyprus['saipr?s]n.塞浦路斯Lebanon['leb?n?n]n.黎巴嫩algebra['?ld?ibr?]n.代數Aristotelian[.?rist?'ti:lj?n]adj.亞里士多德的theRenaissanceofthe12thcentury〔the12thcenturyRenaissance〕12世紀文藝復興Gothicstyle哥特式，哥特式風格spectaclesn.眼鏡artesian[a:'ti:zj?n]well自流水井pass['k?mp?s]n.指南針astrolabe['?str?leib]n.星盤3-fieldrotation[r?u'tei??n]system三圃輪種制，三圃制2-fieldsystem二圃制heavyplow重犁virtuous['v?:rt?u?s]adj.有品德的，有德行的，貞潔的Cluny['klu:ni]n.克呂尼austerity[?:s'teriti]n.節省，苦行Leo['li:?u]I*利奧九世Investiture[in'vestit??]n.任職儀式，授權儀式，〔主教〕敘任權theInvestitureControversy〔主教〕敘任權之爭GregoryVII格里高利七世simony['saim?ni]n.圣職買賣，圣職買賣罪Canossa[k?'n?s?,k?'n?us?]n.卡諾沙WalktoCanossa(WaytoCanossa)卡諾沙覲見Speyer[sp??]n.施佩爾Concordat[k?n'k?:d?t]ofWorms[w?:mz,v?:ms]"沃姆斯**協定"canon['k?n?n]n.主教座堂的教士Waldenses[wal'dεnsiz]n.韋爾多派〔法國人彼得·韋爾多PeterWaldo于12世紀創立的一個基督教派別〕Franciscan[fr?n'sisk?n]adj.方濟各修會的，圣方濟修會的；n.方濟各修會的修道士Dominican[d?'minik?n]adj.多明我修會的；n.多明我修會的修道士friar['frai?]n.托缽僧sermon['s?:m?n]n.布道baron['b?r?n]n.貴族，男爵borough['b?r?]n.自治鎮，自治市disseise['dis'si:z]v.侵占，強奪Runnymede[.r?ni'mi:d]n.拉尼米德Windsor['winz?]n.溫莎Staines['steins]n.斯泰恩斯despot['desp?t]n.暴君，專制者Unit9entice[in'tais]v.引誘，誘惑Naples['neip?lz]n.那不勒斯Schism['siz?m]n.〔教會〕分裂divisiveness[di'vaisivnis]n.不和，分裂nation-staten.民族國家Aragon['?r?gɑn]n.阿拉岡Castile[k?s'ti:l]n.卡斯提Navarre[n?'vɑ:]n.那瓦爾theHundredYears’War百年戰爭heretic['her?tik]n.異端分子Boniface['b?nifeis]VIII卜尼法斯八世Avignon[.?vi:n'j?u?]n.阿維農bureaucrat['bju?r?ukr?t]n.官僚baronial[b?'r?uni?l]adj.貴族的parliamentary[.pɑ:l?'ment?ri]adj.議會的theEstatesGeneral〔法國〕三級會議Calais['k?lei]n.加來pale[peil]n.地區，*圍Edwar