TheUKUnit11.Theofficialname：TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(Since1927)nationalflag：TheUnionFlagORpopularlyknownastheUnionJacknationalanthem（國歌）：GODSAVETHEQUEENnationalcapitalofthecountry：London：GreaterLondon大倫敦都市區:theCityofLondon+32boroughs[?b?r?]（自治的市鎮）TheCityofLondon倫敦城:atthecenterofthemetropolitan-thefinancialcenterofthecountryInnerLondon:theCityofLondon+its12boroughsOuterLondon:20boroughs[?b?r?]（自治的市鎮）surroundingInnerLondon2.Thelocationandsizeofthecountry（理解）3.Theterrain[t??re?n]（地形）,riversandmountainsofthecountryRoughlytwokindsofterrain---highlandandlowland.Thehighlandarea---inthenorthernpartofthecountry,comprisingthemountainousregionsofScotland,NorthernIreland,northernEnglandandnorthWales.Thelowlandarea---especiallyintheMidland,southernandeasternEngland.ThelongestriverintheUKisRiverSevern（塞文河）.AmongthemostimportantriversistheThames（泰晤士河）,whichissecondlongestbutisthedeepestriverinthecounty.BenNevis（本·尼維斯）isthehighestpeakoftheUK.（大不列顛境內的最高山峰，海拔1，343.8米，位于蘇格蘭西部的格蘭扁山脈)LoughNeagh(396km2)(內伊湖):thelargestlakeinthewholecountry4.ThenaturalresourcesofthecountryCoal煤BritainhasarichdepositofcoalwithmajorcoalminesincentralandsouthwestofEngland.Forthelastdecades,therehasbeenasteadydeclineinbothcoalproductionandnumberofcoalmines.Petroleum[p??tr?uli?m]石油1965sawdiscoveryofbigoilandoilfieldsundertheNorthSea,eastofBritain.5.TheclimateofthecountryTemperatemaritimeclimate（溫帶海洋性氣候）WhatarethecharacteristicsoftheclimateinGreatBritain?FoggyRainyUncertainandchangeable6.MajorcitiesLondon;Edinburgh[?edn?b?:r?]愛丁堡;Cardiff[?kɑ:d?f]加地夫（威爾士的重要海港）;Belfast[?bel?f?st]貝爾法斯特（北愛爾蘭首府）;Birmingham['b?:m???h?m]伯明翰市（英國中部都市，第二大都市）Manchester:theGuardian（衛報）Glasgow：[?ɡlɑ:sɡ?u]格拉斯哥（蘇格蘭最大都市，第三大都市）7.PopulationDensityandPopulationDistributionPopulationdensity:248personspersquarekilometer.ThePopulationoftheUKisthe3rdlargestinEurope.Populationdistribution:highurbanization(7conurbations)7conurbations：GreaterLondon大倫敦區,W.Midlands西密德蘭都市郡,SouthYorkshire南約克都市郡,W.Yorkshire西約克郡都市郡,GreaterManchester大曼切斯特都市郡,Merseyside默西賽德都市郡(England),Tyne&Wear泰恩及威爾都市郡(Scotland)（理解）8.NationsandtheLanguagesSpoken1)Nations:English,Scottish,WelshandIrishEnglish(80%):descendants[d?'send?nts]后裔ofAnglo-SaxonsWelsh,Irish&Scottish:：descendantsofCelts2）Languages：A)English(officiallanguage):B)Gaelic[?g?l?k]蓋爾語:Scotland&NorthernIrelandC)Welsh[wel?]威爾士語:Wales[we?lz]3)ThehistoryanddevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage(p.7)OldEnglish(450AD-1100AD)influencedbyOldNorse(古斯堪的納維亞語)spokenbyVikings(北歐海盜)andwascloselyrelatedtotheGermanandDutch(荷蘭)languages.TheintroductionofChristianityaddedthefirstwaveofLatinandGreekwordstothelanguageandendedwiththeNormanConquest.MiddleEnglish(1100AD-1500AD) FrenchreplacedEnglishastheofficiallanguageinEngland.NumerousFrenchwordscameintotheEnglishvocabularyandendedwiththeBlackDeath(黑死病).ModernEnglish(1500AD-present)Assimilating(吸取)wordsfromLatinandGreekwordsthroughouttheRenaissance(文藝復興)suchasWilliamShakespeareandtheKingJamesBible.StandardEnglish=theQueen’sEnglish=BBCEnglishExplanationofStandardEnglishStandard

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used.9.Religion1.Britainisamulti-faithsocietyinwhicheveryonehastherighttoreligiousfreedom.2.Christianityisthedominantreligionofthecountry.MostofcitizensareeitherProtestant['pr?t?st?nt]新教徒orCatholic.3.Englishnation:ThechurchofEngland（英格蘭圣公會）istheestablishedchurchoftheEnglishnation.4.Themajornon-ChristiancommunitiesinBritainaretheJews,theMoslemsandtheBuddhists.10.CharacterandmannersofBritishpeopleConservatismTalkingabouttheWeatherPunctuality11.TraditionsandcustomTroopingtheColor英國皇家軍隊閱兵典禮aroundtheBuckingPlaceinLondon（P.62）tocelebratetheQueen’sBirthdayParade.(TheChangingGuardceremony)ReligiousFestivalsChristmas(ThreeChristmasTraditions)Christmaspantomime[?p?nt?ma?m](童話劇)Queen'sChristmasmessageBoxingDay（節禮日）Easter紀念耶穌復活Halloween12.MediaNewspaperTraditionallyBritishnewspapershavebeendividedinto"quality",serious-mindednewspapers(usuallyreferredtoas"broadsheets寬幅印刷品"becauseoftheirlargesize)andthemorepopulist['p?pj?l?st]平民化,"tabloid"varieties.QualityPress:TheTimes（泰晤士報）,TheGuardian（衛報）,TheDailyTelegraph（每日電訊報）Tabloid[?t?bl??d]通俗小報:TheSunonSundayTelevisionandBroadcastBBC（theBritishBroadcastingCorporation）,ITV(IndependentTelevision)英國獨立電視臺,BSkyB（theBritishSkyBroadcastingGroupPLC）英國天空廣播集團TVprogramsdonewellbytheBBC(P.60)Unit4.BritishEconomy1.TheRelativeDeclineofBritishEconomy(Why?)1)ThecountrysufferedagreatlossinthetwoWorldWars.2)Theera[???r?]時代oftheBritishEmpirewasover.3)Britainwasstillforcedtomaintainasubstantialandexpensivemilitarypresence.4)BritainfailedtoinvestinindustryafterWWII.?However,thedeclineisnotanabsoluteone.TheUKisnotpoorerthanbefore.Infact,itiswealthierandmoreproductivethanbefore.TheonlythingisthatothercountriesdevelopfasterthantheUK.So,theUKhasexperiencedarelativedecline.2.RecentHistoryofBritishEconomy1970-highInflationrate,strikes1979-ReformationProgram（改革方案）byThatchergovernment→去國有化privatization[?pra?v?ta?'ze??n]Whatwasthecontentoftheprogram?Thatcherism[?θ?t??(r)z?m]撒切爾主義：Throughoutthe1980sanextensiveprogramofprivatizationwascarriedout.---Denationalization[?di:?n??n?la?'ze??n]非國有化=1\*GB3①Governmentexpenditure[?k?spend?t??(r)]耗費wasreduced；=2\*GB3②Taxationreformed；=3\*GB3③Foreignexchangecontrolslifted外匯管制解除=4\*GB3④Rulesgoverningbanksloosened；=5\*GB3⑤Workerstrikesrestricted.Whatwasthelong-termresults?=1\*GB3①Inflation(通貨膨脹)hasbeencontrolled=2\*GB3②Unemploymentratefalling=3\*GB3③Encouragedbylowinterestrates,investmenthasincreased.ItissecondonlytotheUSasadestinationforinternationaldirectinvestment.Itisalsoitselfamajorsourceofinternationalinvestment---itisthesecondbiggestinternationalinvestorintheworld.PoliciesofBlairGovernment&Results（P.45）Policies:=1\*GB3①BlairmadetheBankofEnglandindependent.=2\*GB3②Insocialpolicy,theBlairgovernmentchangedtheoldLaborParty’spracticeofusingtaxsystem,publicexpenditure[?k?spend?t??(r)]耗費andpricecontrolstoreduceinequalityandputanemphasisontheminimumwageandsupplementinglowincomes.Italsoemphasizedindividualresponsibility.Results:=1\*GB3①limitgovernmentspending=2\*GB3②keepinflationundercontrol=3\*GB3③reduceunemploymentBytheendofthe20thcentury,BritisheconomicgrowthsurpassedthatofothermajorEuropeancountries.3.TheCurrentBritishEconomy1)PrimaryIndustriesAgricultureA.Features:smallpopulation,highmechanization[?mek?na?'ze??n]機械化andhighefficiency;butcannotsatisfyitsdomesticneedsB.Chiefagriculturalproducts：wheat（小麥）,barley[?bɑ:li]大麥,sugarbeet(甜菜)andpotatoesEnergyproduction(5%ofnationalwealth).Mainenergyresources:coal(RioTintoGroup力拓集團),oil(Shell殼牌,BritishPetroleumandBritishGas)2)SecondaryIndustries:P.473)TertiaryIndustries:65%ofnationalwealth1.(P.50)ForeignTrade----Lifeline.Britainisbothanimporterandexporterintheworld.2.FinanceThepositionofLondonintheworldeconomyCentralBank----BankofEnglandTheBigFour:Lloyds勞埃德,Barclays巴克萊銀行,Midland米德蘭，theNationalWestminsterBankGroup國民西敏寺銀行3.Currency：PoundSterling[paund?st?:li?]英鎊Unit3PoliticalSystem1.PoliticalSystem:ConstitutionalMonarchy[?k?nst??tu:??n?l?m?n?ki]君主立憲制[d?u?d???ri]司法機關政府、行政部門[d?u?d???ri]司法機關政府、行政部門議會（最高立法機關）、立法WhatdoesitmeanbyConstitutionalMonarchy?TheKingorQueenreigns[re?n]君主統治andistheheadofthecountry,butdosenotrulethecountry.Thecountryisgoverned,inthenametheSovereign[?s?vr?n]君主,butbyHisorHerMajesty’s[?m?d??sti]陛下government----abodyofministerswhoareresponsibletoParliament[?pɑ:l?m?nt]議會.2.Parliament君主下議院上議院君主下議院上議院Parliament:TheUKisaunitary[?ju:n?tri]中央集權country.TheBritishParliamentisoftenreferredtoassupremelegislativeauthority（最高立法機關）oftheUK.TheMainfunctionsaremakinglawsandsupervising（監督）governmentandfinance.ThelifeofParliamentisfixedatfiveyears.Sovereign:Theoretically[?θ??'ret?kl?]理論上,theQueenhasallthepower.Inreality,shedoeseverythingontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.ThesignificanceoftheQueen?P.32ItrepresentsthecontinuityandadaptabilityofthewholepoliticalsystemandisasymbolofBritishunity,anindissoluble[??nd??s?lj?bl](牢不可破的)bondamongpeoplewhoretainmanyregionalandculturaldifference.(它代表了整個政治體系的持續性和適應性，是英國團結的象征，人們保存了許多地區和文化差別的不解之緣。)TheHouseofLordsPresident:TheLordChancellor1).ThemembersoftheHouseofLords.P.332)ThepoweroftheHouseofLords:P.33arevisingchamber(議事廳)forlegislation（修正立法議事廳）thehighestcourtofappeal（最高上訴法院）introducingbills（引入法案）,exceptforthosedealingwithfinancialmatters.TheHouseofCommonsChairman:Mr.Speaker----impartial（公正）indebates1)Themembers----TheMPs（下院議員）areelectedevery5years2)ThefunctionsoftheHouse1.Legislation:create,abolishoramendlaws.2.Passbills（通過法案）proposedbygovernment.3.Supervise（監管）thegovernmentandfinance:votethetaxationandexpenditures[?ks'pend?t??z]ofgovernment（表決政府的稅收和支出）,examinegovernmentpoliciesandadministration,anddebatemajorpoliticalissues.（檢查政府政策和行政管理，以及重大政治問題的爭論）3.TheExecutive:ThecentralgovernmentTheUKgovernment,officiallyknownasHis(orHer)Majesty’sGovernment,iscenteredonWhitehallinLondon(位于倫敦白廳).Itincludes:PrimeMinister;2)TheCabinet(內閣)[?k?b?n?t];3)Privy[?pr?vi:]Council（樞密院）;4)Departments（部門）;5)CivilService（政府文職機構）PrimeMinister----thereallypowerfulleaderoftheUKStatusThe

head

ofthegovernmentoverseestheoperationoftheCivilServiceandgovernmentdepartments.TheleaderofthepartythatholdsthemostseatsintheHouseofCommons.HeappointsmembersoftheCabinetandcontrolit.Herecommendsanumberofappointments(任命)totheQueen.（她向女王推薦了某些任命）PrimeMinisterisappointedbythemonarch.TheCabinetThePrimeMinisterappointsupto20ministerstositintheCabinet.MembersoftheCabinetareusuallymembersofhisownpartyintheHouseofCommons.Theyarealsoministersofgovernmentdepartment.TheCabinetisthecommitteeatthecentreoftheBritishpoliticalsystemandisthesupremedecision-makingbodyingovernment.(政府最高決策機構)TheCabinetmeetsregularly,usuallyonceaweek.3.TheJudiciary“Nowrittenconstitution.”Why?P.30Becauseitisnotsummarizedintoonesingledocumentas“theBritishConstitution”.TheConstitutionismadeupofStatutes[s't?t?u:ts](法規),ActsofParliament（議會）andcommonlaw.NoMinistryofJustice（司法部）.CourtsysteminEngland:=1\*GB3①Lowestlevel:themagistrates’[?m?d??stre?t]courts（地措施庭）andcountycourts（治安法庭和郡法院）=2\*GB3②Highestlevel:TheHouseofLardsJury:Ajuryismadeupof12citizens(陪審團由12名公民構成).Everycitizenwhoshouldbeopen-mindedandimpartialtothecourtcaseathand.(每個公民都應當對法院的案件進行公正的和公正的訴訟。)Ajury’sjobistodecidewhetherornottheaccused(被告)theydefendedaguiltyornotaguilty(陪審團)Ifthejuryfindstheaccusedguilty(有罪),thenitisforthejudgetoannouncesentence.Nodeathpenalty[?pen?lti]（無死刑）since1969.ThePolice:TheMetropolitanPolice(都市警察)：whosezoneofoperationcoversGreaterLondon,isunderthedirectresponsibilityoftheHomeSecretary（內政大臣）.ScotlandYard（倫敦警察廳）：(officiallyNewScotlandYard)theCriminalInvestigationDepartment(英國刑事調查局)(CID),whereitsofficesaresituatedclosetoWhitehallandtheHouseofParliamentinLondon(白廳和倫敦的英國國會大廈).4.PartyPoliticsThreemainpoliticalpartiesofBritain:=1\*GB3①TheConservativeParty(ItsCharacteristicsP.36)Itfavorsreducingtheinfluenceoftradeunionsandminimizingexpenditureonsocialwelfare.Itspoliciesarecharacterizedbypragmatism[?pr?gm?t?z?m]（實用主義）andabeliefinindividualism.這有助于減少工會的影響，最大限度地減少對社會福利的支出，其政策具有實用主義和個人主義的信念。=2\*GB3②TheLaborParty(ItsCharacteristicsP.37)1.believeinanegalitarian(平等主義)economy2.publicservices3.nationalizeawiderangeofindustriesItbecameknownasapartyofhightaxation.Thepartyactivitiesarelargelyfundedbythetradeunions.(它被稱為一種高稅收的政黨。黨的活動重要是由工會資助的。)=3\*GB3③TheLiberalDemocracy[d??m?kr?si](自由民主黨)5.GeneralElection(大選)Howlongisitheld?Every5years.Forwhatpurpose?ToelectamemberoftheHouseofCommons..ProcessofGeneralelection---DirectElection(P.38)Result:Thepartywhichhasalargestnumberofseatwillwintheelection.TheleaderofthispartywillbethePrimeMinister.Thepartywhichwinsoverhalfoftheconstituencies[k?n?st?tju?nsi]選區的全體選民isthemajorityintheHouseofCommons,subsequentlyformingthenewgovernment.6.TheBritishCommonwealth(聯邦)ofNations,normallyreferredtoastheCommonwealthisanintergovernmentalorganizationoffifty-fourindependentmemberstates.(英聯邦，一般稱為英聯邦是一種政府間組織的五十四個獨立的成員國。)QueenElizabethII,isthecurrentheadoftheCommonwealth.Allbuttwo(MozambiqueandRwanda)ofthesecountrieswereformerlypartoftheBritishEmpire.（這些國家的所有，但（莫桑比克和盧旺達）此前是大英帝國的一部分。）TheCommonwealthisnotapoliticalunion,butanintergovernmentalorganizationthroughwhichcountrieswithdiversesocial,political,andeconomicbackgroundsareregardedasequalinstatus.（英聯邦不是一種政治聯盟，而是一種具有不同社會、政治和經濟背景的政府間組織，被覺得是平等的地位。）Unit2History1.EarliestSettlers1)TheIberians[la?'b??r??n]利比里亞人:Theywerenomadic[n??'m?d?k]（游牧的）StoneAgehunters.Theirsocialsystemwasatribal[?tra?b?l]部落的society.TheonlyRelicleftbythemwasStonehenge[?sto?n?hend?]史前巨石柱2)TheCelts凱爾特人:TwobigwavesofCeltic[?k?lt?k,?s?l-]凱爾特人的invasion[?n?ve??n]侵襲:①theGaels['ɡ?lz]少女,stillfoundinIrelandandScotland,cameoverasearlyas600B.C.②theBritons英國人,stillfoundinWales,cameoverbefore300B.C.FromtheBritonscametheEnglishnameforBritain.TheywereTribesmen部落的男子orclansmen['kl?nzm?n]同族的人.2.RomanBritainIn55and54B.C.BritainwastwiceinvadedbyRomantroops[trup]軍隊underJuliusCaesar,butitwasconqueredbytheRomansunderClaudius[?kl?di?s]克勞迪亞斯in43A.D.BritainthenbecameaRomanprovinceandremainedsountilthebeginningofthe5thcentury.Theyleftthreevaluablethings:WelshChristianity威爾士基督教,theromanroadsandcities,especiallyLondon.3.Anglo-Saxon[???ɡlo?s?ks?n]盎格魯-撒克遜人的BritainThethreeTeutonic[tu:?tɑ:n?k]日耳曼人的groupsare:Angles,SaxonsandJutes.FromtheAnglo-Saxonconquerorscamethename“England”and“English”;England(Angla-landinOE)meansthelandoftheAnglo-Saxons.TheearlyAnglo-Saxonswereworshipers禮拜者ofnaturalforces,e.g.,thunder,windsandstorms.TheiroutlookuponlifeandthehabitofmindwereentirelydifferentfromChristianteaching.Theendof7thcentury---allEnglandhadbeenChristianized使成為基督教徒.By737theChurchofEnglandhadbeenwellorganized.Anglo-SaxonHeptarchy['heptɑ:k?]七國時代UnderAlfredtheGreat,Wessex威塞克斯attainedahighdegreeofprosperityandconsiderableenlightenment[?n?la?tn:m?nt]啟蒙運動.Danish[?den??]丹麥的Invasion：Inthelate8thcentury(traditionally787A.D.)theDanesbegantoattacktheEnglishcoast.Theymadeextensive[?k?st?ns?v]廣闊的settlementintheeasternhalfoftheislandinthelate9thcenturyandmadeYorkasanimportantcenter.KingAlfredtheGreatledpeopletofightagainsttheDanes.In878,apeacetreatywassignedbetweentheDanesandAlfred:theeasternhalfoftheislandwastobesubjectedtotheDanishlawandcometobeknowastheDanelaw丹麥律法實行區.Feudal[?fjudl:]封建的societyunderAnglo-Saxons(1)InearlySaxonEngland,themainclassesofpeoplewere:(1)noblemen,withthekingatthetop,whoweresupposedtobedescendants[d??s?nd?nt]后裔ofGods;(2)freemen,whowereindependentpeasantsholdinglargepiecesofland;and(3)slaves,whohadnolandbutwereforcedtotillthelandofthenoblemen.ProbablytheycamefromtheconqueredCelts.Thedevelopmentofagricultureandtradestimulatedproductionandresultedintheaccumulationofwealthinthefewhands.----Privateownershipcameintoexistence.Theoldsystemofclansandkinshiphadbeencompletelydisplacedbythesystemoflordsandtenants佃戶.theking----headtheearls----rulemanydistrictsthethegns(領主)----territorialnobleFreemenSerfs農奴4.NormanConquest(1)----InJanuary1066,Edward,thelastSaxonking,diedchildless.Harold,Edward’sbrother-in-law,andWilliamofNormandy,Edward’sNormancousin,bothclaimedthethrone.ThreedaysafterHaroldhadbeencrowned,onSeptember28th,1066,WilliamDukeofNormandycrossedtheChannelwithapowerfularmy,killedHaroldanddefeatedtheEnglisharmyatthebattleofHastingsonOctober14,1066.WilliamwascoronatedatWestminsterAbbeyonChristmas,1066.AfterNormanConquest,feudalism[?fjudl:??z?m]封建制度wasestablishedinEngland.Inpolitics,WilliamⅠadoptedseveralmeasurestoconsolidatehisrule.Ineconomy,in1086,WilliamⅠhadhisofficialsgothroughEnglandandmakearecordofeachman’sproperty.----DoomsdayBook.HenryIIbegantheHouseofPlantagenet金雀花王朝.HenryⅡisbestrememberedforhisreformofthecourtsandlaw.Heimprovedthecourtsofjustice,introducedthejurysystemandmadethelawcommonthroughoutthecountry.Tostrengthen[?str??kθ?n,?str??-,?str?n-]鞏固theKing’spower,HenryⅡalsoweakenedthepowerofthelordsandknights[na?t]爵士.Hecancelledthefeudalservicesoffortydaysinsteadheaskedthefeudallordstopayaspecialtax.Thisallowedhimtohaveprofessionalsoldiers.5.KingJohnandtheGreatCharterBackground:HewasdefeatedinawarwithFranceandlostNormandyin1204.Hedemandedmorefeudaltaxes封建賦稅andarmyservicethancustomallowedsoastorevengehimselfonFrance.Thelordsbecameangry,marchedtoLondonandforcedhimtosignalongdocumentonJune17th,1215.ThedocumentisknownastheGreatCharter大憲章.Significance:TheGreatCharterwasmadeintheinterestsofthefeudallords,greatandsmall.Nevertheless,ithadaprogressivesignificance.Itgrantedtothetownspeoplefreedomoftradeandself-government.Themerchants[?m?:rt??nt]商人andcraftsmen['krɑ:ftm?n]工匠inEnglandappearedforthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforce.ItisthefoundationoftheBritishconstitutionalism[?kɑ:nst??tu:??n?l?z?m]立憲.6.BirthofParliament[?pɑ:rl?m?nt]議會Thecontradictionbetweentheking(HenryⅢ)andthelordsbecameacute.UndertheleadershipofSimonDeMontfort西蒙蒙特福特,thelordsforcedthekingtosendawayhisforeignadvisersandtoaccepttheirowncouncilofadvisersinstead.Simoncalledaparliamentin1265afterabattleinwhichHenryⅢwasdefeated.Inadditiontotheoldergroup,thereweretwoknightsfromeachshire[?a?r]郡andtwocitizensfromeachtown.Itwasknownasthe“AllEstatesParliament.”各級議會In1295,EdwardⅠsummoned召喚the“AllEstatesParliament”morethan400membersinall.AsthatParliamentwasfollowedasamodel,itbecameknowninhistoryasthe“ModelParliament”.模范議會7.TheDeclineofFeudalism1)HundredYears’War(1337-1453)TheBackground:Atthebeginningofthe14thcentury,Englandbecamepowerfulasitscommerceandmanufacturegrewrapidly.Consequentlytherichdesiredtocontrolmoremarketandthenobility[no??b?l?ti]貴族階級wantedtoregaintheirlostterritoriesontheContinent.TheNatureofthewar:Itisafeudalwar:EdwardⅢsucceededhisfatherattheageof15.HelaunchedawaragainstFrenchin1337fortheFrenchcrownontheexcusethathismotherwasthesisterofthelatekingofFrance.Itisatradewar:TheHundredYears’Warwasalsoatradewar.TheeconomicinterestsofEnglandandFranceclashedinFlanders.TheFlemishclothmanufacturingtownsweretheimportersofEnglishwool.However,thesetownsowedpoliticalloyaltytotheFrenchkingandFlanderstaxedthewooltradeheavily.TheEnglishkingandhisbaronsandmerchantsdesiredtogetafoothold[?f?tho?ld]據點inFlanders[?flɑ:nd?z]佛蘭德斯地區fortheexpansionoftrade.TheProcess:IntheearlyphaseofthewartheEnglishweretheoffensiveandwongreatvictories.Inthelastphase[fez]階段,whentheFrenchpeasantscameinunderJoanofArc,afamouspeasantgirl,theFrenchbegantoactontheoffensive[??f?ns?v]攻打.Bythetimethewarwasconcluded,theEnglishhadlostalltheterritories領土theyhadgainedduringthewarexcepttheFrenchportofCalais.TheConsequencesinpolitics,economyandsocietyoftheUK:DuringtheHundredYears’WarEnglandunderwent[??nd??w?nt]經歷importantpolitical,economicandsocialchanges.1.Parliamentwasfrequentlysummoned.Apartfromtherighttoapprovetaxes,itacquiredtherighttoissuelaws.In1343,itwasdividedintotwochambers:theHouseofLords,abodyofleadingclergymen['kl?:d??m?n]牧師andleadingvassals[?v?s?l]奴仆,andtheHouseofCommons,abodyofsmallnobility(knights).2.Ineconomy,theEnglishfailedtoconquerFlandersledthegovernmenttoencouragethehomewoolenindustry.Englandsoonbecamemoreamanufacturerofclothandlessamereproducerofrawwoolafterthewar.3.Insocietallevel,thewaracceleratedthebreakdownoffeudalsocietyastheheavycostofthelongwarinevitably[?n?ev?t?bli]不可避免地increasedtheburden[?b?:rdn]承當onthefeudallordsandmerchants.Thevastexpenditureoftreasureforwarconsequentlyputthemoneyclass,thenewbourgeoisie,inamoreimportantpositioninBritain.2)BlackDeath:ItfastenedthebreakdownofthemanorialsysteminEngland.3)WarsoftheRoses(1455-1485)TwoyearsaftertheHundredYears’Warwasconcluded.Englandwasthrownintoanotherseriesofcivilwarswhichwerefoughtintermittently[??nt?'m?t?ntl?]斷斷續續betweentheLancastrianswhoworearedroseandtheYorkistswhoworeawhiterose,from1455to1485,hence[h?ns]從此thenameofWarsoftheRoses.Thewarwentonfor30years.In1485,HenryTudorkilledRichardⅢinBosworthField,puttinganendtothewars,andbecamethefounderofanewHouse---theHouseofTudor.8.TheBourgeoisRevolutionTheTudor都鐸王朝的familyruledEnglandfrom1485to1603.UndertheTudors,Englandbecameanationalstatewithanefficient[??f???nt]有效率的centralized[?s?ntr??la?z]使集中government,andchangedfromamedieval[?midi?iv?l]中世紀的toamoderncountry.TheTudorMonarchy,beinginatransitionalstagefromfeudalism[?fjudl:??z?m]封建制度tocapitalism,witnessedmanyimportantpolitical,economicandsocialchanges.1)ThebackgroundCapitalAccumulation:ThekingsofTudorfamilystimulated[?st?mj??let]鼓勵Englishcommercialandmaritime[?m?r??ta?m]海事的enterprises[?ent?rpra?z]籌劃.ThediscoveryoftheNewWorldandofthenewsearoutesandtheexpansion[?k?sp?n??n]擴張oftradewiththeContinentandtheEastbroughtenormous[??n?:rm?s]巨大的wealthtothecountry,andmadementhinkdifferently.TwoMainWaysofCapitalAccumulation:1.Enclosures[?n?klo???(r)]圈占地:Wooltrade----getwool----pastures生活狀況----enclosureofland;2.Colonies----exploitationoncolonies&profitsfromslavetradeTheinfluenceofCapitalAccumulation:Thenewbourgeoisie[?b?r?wɑ:?zi:]資產階級wasbornoutandbecamemoreandmorepowerful.Theysoonfoundthatfeudalism[?fjudl:??z?m]封建制度waspreventingthemfromfurtherdevelopment.ReligiousReformation宗教改革:Causes:(1)Bythe16thcenturythenewnationalspiritoftheEnglishpeoplehadbecomeimpatientwithsocialandpoliticalprogressofEngland.AndthePopehindered[?h?nd?]阻礙theEnglishsocial,politicalandcommercialprogress;(2)ThewealthandpowertheChurchinEuropegatheredthroughagesattractedthejealousyofkings.MostoftheEnglishkingsresistedthePope’sinterferenceintheirnationalaffairs;(3)theexternal[?k?st?:rnl]外面的pretext[?pri?t?kst]借口fortheReligiousReformationwastheissueoverHenry’sdivorceofhiswifeCatherine.ButthePoperefusedHenry’srequest.Henrywasangryandbegantotakeaction.Consequences:UnderHenryⅧ,thechurchofEnglandgotitsindependenceofRome.ThechurchofEnglandhasalsobeencalledasthechurchofAnglicansincethen.In1533,HenryⅧrefusedtoacknowledgepapalsupremacy[s??pr?m?si]霸權overtheEnglishChurchanddeclaredhimselfSupremeheadoftheChurchinEnglandbytheActofSupremacy(passedbytheParliamentin1534).TheRenaissanceItwasundertheTudorsthattheRenaissance[?ren?sɑ:ns]文藝復興spreadintoEngland.Itwasaculturalmovementbyprogressivethinkerswhorepresentedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie[?b?r?wɑ:?zi:]資產階級andworkedforfreedomandenlightenment.Theywerecalled“humanists.”RepresentativesSirThomasMore&UtopiaWilliamShakespeare[?w?lj?m??eksp?r]威廉莎士比亞ThepersecutionofPuritans[?pj?r?t?n]純正主義者:ThePuritansrepresentedtheinterestsofthenewBourgeoisiewerepersecutedbytheKing.2)TheProcess(1)TheFirstCivilWar(1642-1646):AtthebeginningoftheCivilWar,twocampswereformed:theking’smenwerefeudallords,mainlymembersoftheChurchwhowerecalledCavalierswithOxfordasthebase.ThesupportersofParliamentwerethebourgeoisie資產階級,thenewaristocrats,craftsmenandworkersandpeasants,mostlymembersofFreechurches,whowerecalledRoundheads.LaterafterOliverCromwellreorganizedtheparliamentaryforces,theKingwasbadlydefeatedatMarstonMoor(164