1、 完整免費版 高中有機化學學問歸納（complete Free Edition organic chemistry knowledge induction in Senior High School）Complete version of senior high school organic chemistry knowledge point induction 1 Homologues A substance with a structure similar to that of one or more CH2 atoms in molecular composition. The key

2、points of homologues determination: 1, the same general formula, but the same formula, not necessarily homologous. 2. The type of constituent elements must be the same 3, structural similarity refers to the similar atomic connection mode, the same class and number of functional groups. Structural si

3、milarity is not necessarily the same, such as CH3CH2CH3 and CH3 4C, the former has no branched chain, and the latter has branched chain remains homologues. 4, the molecular composition must differ by one or several CH2 atoms, but the composition of the same formula is one or several CH2 atoms are no

4、t necessarily homologues, such as CH3CH2Br and CH3CH2CH2Cl are composed of a halogenated hydrocarbon, and difference of CH2 atoms, but not homologues. 5, isomers are not homologues. Two, isomer Compounds have the same molecular formula, but the phenomenon of different structures is called isomerism.

5、 Isomers of compounds with isomerism. 1. The types of isomers: The carbon chain isomerism: refers to the connection between carbon atoms into different chain or ring structure caused by the heterogeneous. Such as C5H12, there are three isomers, namely, pentane, pentane and new pentane. The position

6、of the heterogeneous: refers to functional groups or substituents on the carbon chain positions caused by the different heterogeneous. Such as 1 - butene and 2 - butene, 1 - propanol and 2 - propanol, o-xylene and p-xylene, and p-xylene. The heterogeneous heterogeneous refers to different functional

7、 groups caused by heterogeneous, also called heterogeneous groups. Such as 1 - 1 and 3 - butyne, propylene and butadiene, cyclopropane, ethanol and ether, acetone, propionaldehyde and acetic acid and methyl formate, glucose and fructose, sucrose and maltose. The other way: if the heterogeneous cis i

8、somer, enantiomer also called spiegelmers or chiral isomers, in the middle school information problems frequently involve. The isomers of various organic compounds: 1 CnH2n+2: only alkanes, and only carbon chain isomerism. Such as CH3 CH2 3CH3, CH3CH CH3 CH2CH3, C CH3 4 CnH2n: single olefins, cyclan

9、e. Such as CH2=CHCH2CH3, CH3CH=CHCH3, CH2=C CH3 2, CnH2n-2: alkynes and dienes. Such as: CH = CCH2CH3, CH3C = CCH3, CH2=CHCH=CH2 CnH2n-6: aromatic hydrocarbons benzene and its homologue. Such as:, The CnH2n+2O: saturated fatty alcohol and ether. Such as: CH3CH2CH2OH, CH3CH OH CH3, CH3OCH2CH3 Will Cn

10、H2nO: aldehydes and ketones, ethers, alcohols, ring ring alkenyl alcohol. Such as: CH3CH2CHO, CH3COCH3, CH2=CHCH2OH, 、 、CnH2nO2, carboxylic acid, ester, aldehyde, hydroxyl hydroxyl ketone. Such as: CH3CH2COOH, CH3COOCH3, HCOOCH2CH3, HOCH2CH2CHO, CH3CH OH CHO, CH3COCH2OH Figure CnH2n+1NO2: nitro alky

11、l, H2NCH2COOH Cn, m H2O: sugar. Such as: amino acid. Such as: CH3CH2NO2, C6H12O6:CH2OH CHOH 4CHO, CH2OH CHOH 3COCH2OH C12H22O11: sucrose, maltose. 2. The writing law of isomer: The alkanes only possible carbon chain isomerism writing rules: The main chain from long to short, branched from whole to s

12、cattered, location from heart to edge, arranged from opposite to inter. The compounds with functional groups such as alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ketones, which have carbon chain heterogeneous, heterogeneous, heterogeneous heterogeneous functional position, in order to consider writing. In general, c

13、arbon chains are heterogeneous and functional groups are heterogeneous and heterogeneous. The aromatic compounds: two yuan substitute instead of relative positions on the phenyl ring, and is adjacent to three. 3. Common methods for judging isomers: The memory method: 1 the number of Alkane Isomers w

14、ith the number of carbon atoms 15: methane, ethane and propane have no isomer, butane has two isomers, pentane has three isomers. The number of carbon atom 14 is one alkyl group: methyl one - CH3, ethyl one - CH2CH3 and propyl two - CH2CH2CH3, - CH CH3 2, Four kinds of Ding Ji - CH2CH2CH2CH3, - CH2C

15、H CH3 2, - C CH3 3 There are three species of phenyl, two valence phenyl three kinds of neighbor, intermediate and opposite. The group connected with law: the organic matter as by group connection, the number of isomers by number of heterogeneous groups can be inferred from organic matter. Such as:

16、butyl four, butanol as with hydroxyl connected to butyl also has four kinds of aldehyde, acid as with butyl aldehyde and carboxyl groups with four. which are connected respectively The equivalent conversion method: different atoms or groups in organic compounds of equivalent conversion. For example,

17、 there are 6 H atoms in ethane molecule. If one H atom is replaced by Cl atom, it has only one structure, so how many kinds of five chloro ethane. It is assumed that the Cl atom in the five ethane molecule is converted to the H atom, and the H atom is converted to the Cl atom, which is exactly the s

18、ame as that of ethane, so that the five chloro ethane also has a structure. Similarly, two dichloroethane has two structures, and four dichloroethane also has two structures. The equivalent of hydrogen: hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen equivalent to the same position in organic molecules. The products

19、 of the equivalent hydrogen atom are all the same if they are replaced by the same substituent. has: Its judgment method 1 hydrogen atoms connected on the same carbon atom are equivalent. 2 the hydrogen atom in the CH3 connected on the same carbon atom is equivalent. For example, the four methyl gro

20、ups in the pentane are connected to the same carbon atom, so that the 12 hydrogen atoms in the pentane molecule are equivalent. 3 hydrogen atoms equivalent to the same molecule in mirror symmetry or axial symmetry position. atoms in a molecule are equivalent. For example, 18 hydrogen Three. Systemat

21、ic nomenclature of organic compounds 1. Systematic nomenclature of alkanes Here is not short long chain. The longest carbon chain in the molecule is chosen as the main chain the name of the alkane is determined by the number of carbon atoms in the main chain Find the nearest branch chain: not far aw

22、ay. Numbering from the nearest end of the substituent. The name: More is not less. If two carbon chains are equal in length, the backbone containing substituted poly is the main chain. Second, it is not easy to reproduce. If the distance from the two ends are also different substituents, the substit

23、uent priority number in the case of simple substituents, the same from which end number can make the substituent position number and the smallest, from which end to braid. The first to write the substituent name, name written after alkane substituent; ranging from simple to complex; the same substit

24、uent combined to indicate the number of digital Chinese characters; the position of the substituent in the said base to replace the mark written before the number Chinese characters in Arabia main chain carbon atoms, separated by position number, between Arabia and Chinese characters connected to di

25、gital -. The nomenclature of alkane writing format: 2. Nomenclature of compounds containing functional groups A certain matrix: determine the parent according to the functional compounds in the molecule. Such as: compounds containing carbon carbon double bonds, with graphene as parent compounds, las

26、t name as a ene; compounds containing hydroxyl, carboxyl and aldehyde respectively with alcohol, aldehyde, acid as precursor; benzene with benzene as the parent name. The fixed backbone containing as much as possible the long carbon chain functional groups as the main chain. The name: functional gro

27、up number minimization. Other rules are similar to alkanes. Such as: It is called 2,3 - two methyl - 2 - butanol It is called 2,3 - two - methyl - 2 - methyl - butyl aldehyde Four. The physical properties of organic compounds 1, status: Solid state: saturated higher fatty acids, fats, glucose, fruct

28、ose, sucrose, maltose, starch, vitamins, acetic acid below 16.6; The following C4: gaseous alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, formaldehyde, methyl chloride, neopentane; Liquid state: Oil: ethyl acetate, oleic acid; Viscous: petroleum, ethylene glycol, glycerin. 2, smell: Tasteless: methane, acetylene often

29、mixed with PH3, H2S and AsH3 with odor; Slightly odor: ethylene; Special odor: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formic acid and acetic acid; Aroma: ethanol, low ester; 3, color: White: glucose, polysaccharides Black or dark brown: Oil 4, density: Lighter than water: benzene, liquid hydrocarbons, chlorina

30、ted hydrocarbons, ethanol, acetaldehyde, low-grade esters, gasoline; Heavier than water: bromobenzene, ethylene glycol, glycerol, CCl4. 5, volatility: Ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid. 6. Water solubility: Insoluble: higher fatty acids, esters, bromobenzene, methane, ethylene, benzene and homologu

31、es, petroleum, CCl4; Soluble: formaldehyde, acetic acid, ethylene glycol; Miscible with water: ethanol, acetaldehyde, formic acid, glycerol. Five, the simplest type of organic compounds 1, CH:C2H2, C6H6 benzene, prismatic alkane, basin alkene, C8H8 cubic alkane, styrene; 2, CH2: olefins and naphthen

32、ic hydrocarbons; 3, CH2O: formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl formate, glucose; 4, CnH2nO: saturated one element aldehyde or saturated ketone and two times the number of its saturated carbon carboxylic acid or ester, such as acetaldehyde C2H4O and butyric acid and isomer C4H8O2 5, alkynes or dienes of

33、 benzene and three times the number of carbon atom homologues. Such as: propargyl C3H4 and cumene C9H12 Six, can react to fade or change the bromine and bromine substance 1, organic matter: The unsaturated hydrocarbons alkenes, alkynes, dienes, etc. The unsaturated hydrocarbon derivatives alcohol, a

34、ldehyde, acid, allyl ester, oleic acid, oleic acid ester etc. The petroleum products cracking gas, gas, gasoline etc. The compounds containing aldehyde formaldehyde, formic acid, formate, formate, glucose, maltose The natural rubber polyisoprene 2, inorganic: The price of 2 S hydrogen sulfide and su

35、lfide The price of the S + 4 SO2, sulfite and sulfite The price of the Fe + 2 6FeSO4 + 3Br2 = 2Fe2 SO4 3 + 2FeBr3 6FeCl2 + 3Br2 = 4FeCl3 + 2FeBr3 2FeI2 + 3Br2 = 2FeBr3 + 2I2 The Zn and Mg elements such as The price of 1 I hydrogen iodate and iodide discoloration Will NaOH, Na2CO3 and AgNO3 and alkal

36、i salt Br2 + H2O = HBr + HBrO 2HBr + Na2CO3 = 2NaBr + CO2 = H2O + HBrO + Na2CO3 = NaBrO + NaHCO3 Seven, can make the extraction of bromine bromine fade material The upper becomes colorless P 1: halogenated hydrocarbons CCl4, chloroform, bromobenzene and CS2 etc.; The lower becomes colorless P 1: str

37、aight run gasoline, coal tar, benzene and benzene homologues, low liquid ester, naphthene, liquid saturated hydrocarbons such as hexane etc. Eight, Potassium Permanganate can make acid material solution. 1, organic matter: The unsaturated hydrocarbons alkenes, alkynes, dienes, etc. The unsaturated h

38、ydrocarbon derivatives alcohol, aldehyde, acid, allyl ester, oleic acid, oleic acid ester etc. The petroleum products cracking gas, gas, gasoline etc. The alcohols ethanol The compounds containing aldehyde formaldehyde, formic acid, formate, formate, glucose, maltose Natural rubber polyisoprene. 7 b

39、enzene homologue 2, inorganic: The halogen acid and halide hydrobromic acid, hydriodic acid, hydrochloric acid, bromide, iodide The price of the 2 + Fe ferrous salt and ferrous hydroxide The price of 2 S hydrogen sulfide and sulfide The price of the S + 4 SO2, sulfite and sulfite The hydrogen peroxi

40、de H2O2 examples Example 1 a isomer of a hydrocarbon can only produce one chloro compound, and the molecular formula of this hydrocarbon may be A. C3H8 B. C4H10 C. C5H12 D. C8H18 Watch test subject examines the judgment method of equivalent hydrogen isomers. problem-solving ideas mainly through the

41、molecular symmetry of various isomers of equivalent hydrogen in the molecule. There are two kinds of equivalent hydrogen in the isomers of C3H8 and C4H10, so there should be two kinds of chlorine compounds in their isomers. From the structure of CH4 and C2H6, the H atoms in the molecule are equivale

42、nt. Therefore, the hydrogen atoms in the derivatives of their hydrogen atoms are also equivalent to those of methyl substituted ones. Therefore, each isomer of C5H12, C8H18 CH3 4, CH3 3C - C CH3 3 chloro - C has one kind of isomer. The answer CD Example 2. The following pairs of isomers in the mater

43、ial are A. 12C and 13C B. O2 and O3 C. and D. and Master of the test to test direct isotope, allotrope, homologue and isomer concept. Thinking. The matter of the A option is isotope. The B option material allotrope each other. The different wording of a pair of substances in the C option. One pair o

44、f D options has the same molecular formula, but the structure is different and the isomers are the same. The answer D In case 3, a hydrogen atom of benzene ring was replaced by an alkyl group of 43, and the number of aromatic hydrocarbons was . A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 Watch this will not only examine th

45、e number of isomers of benzene on students two yuan substitute judgment, and the method is examined according to the quantity and type of alkyl. Thinking is 43 type C3H7 - alkyl, including propyl CH3CH2CH2 and isopropyl CH3 2CH, respectively in toluene benzene ortho, meta or para substitution, a tot

46、al of 6 The calculation of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbons is usually done by dividing the formula into 12 that is, the quantity of the C atom. The quotient obtained is the number of C atoms, and the remainder is the number of H atoms. The question is about alkyl C3H7 -, which prevents only attention

47、to propyl propyl CH3CH2CH2 -, but ignores the existence of isopropyl CH3 2CH -. The answer D exercises 1. The homologues of the following groups are D A. B. glucose and ribose CH2OH CHOH 3CHO C. methyl acetate and ethyl oleate D. - - amino - acetic acid and beta - aminobutyric acid 2, organic CH3O -

48、 C6H4 - CHO, there are a variety of isomers, which belong to the ester and contain benzene ring structure common D A. 3 kinds of B., 4 kinds of C., 5 kinds of D., 6 kinds 3, have antipyretic analgesic and antibiotic effects of the drug Fenbid main component structure is simple CH3 - CH CH3 - CH2 - C

49、H CH3 COOH, which is A A. is a homologue of the aromatic compound B. formic acid C. easily soluble in water organic matter D. easily sublimate material The three phenyl groups of 4, 1, 2, 3 - three phenyl cyclopropane can be distributed in the upper and lower levels of the cyclopropane ring plane, s

50、o there are two isomers as shown in this paper It is a phenyl, and the ring is represented by a bond line. Neither C nor H atoms are drawn. Accordingly, the number of isomers of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - five cyclopentane assuming that five carbon atoms are also on a plane can be determined A A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D

51、. 7 of organic chemistry knowledge in senior high school Induction two Structure and properties of organic compounds 1. Definition of functional groups: atoms, clusters or chemical bonds that determine the main chemical properties of organic compounds. 2. Functional groups, structural characteristic

52、s and main chemical properties of common organic compounds 1 alkanes A functional group: No; general formula: CnH2n+2; representative: CH4 B structure features: the bond angle is 109 degree 28 , and the space is tetrahedral molecule. So are the four valence bonds of each C atom in the alkane molecul

53、e. C chemical properties: Substitution reactions with halogen elements, under light conditions , , ；Combustion Thermal cracking 2 olefins: A; functional groups: Formula: CnH2n n = 2; representative: H2C=CH2 B structural features: the bond angle is 120 degrees. The carbon atom of a double bond is cop

54、lanar with the four atoms connected by it. C chemical properties: Additive reactions with X2, H2, HX, H2O, etc. Dimerization reaction with itself, other olefins Combustion 3 alkynes: A group: C = C; formula: CnH2n - 2 n = 2; representative: HC = CH B structural characteristics: the bond angle betwee

55、n carbon carbon triple bond and single bond is 180 degrees. The two carbon atoms are in the same line as the two atoms they connect to. C chemical properties: abbreviated 4 homologues of benzene and benzene: A formula: CnH2n - 6 n = 6; representative: B structural features: the bond angle of benzene

56、 molecule is 6 C atoms and 120 degrees, the plane regular hexagon structure, 6 H atoms coplanar. C chemical properties: The substitution reaction HNO3, H2SO4, and bromine Addition reaction with H2, Cl2, etc. 5 alcohols: A functional group: OH alcohol hydroxyl; representative: CH3CH2OH, HOCH2CH2OH B

57、features: hydroxyl substituted hydrocarbon molecules or alicyclic molecules, phenyl side chain product obtained by hydrogen atom. The structure is similar to that of the corresponding hydrocarbon. C chemical properties: The reaction of hydroxyl hydrogen atom replaced by active metal Reaction with hy

58、drogen halides Catalytic oxidation alpha - H The carbon atom directly connected with the functional group is called the alpha carbon atom, and the carbon atom adjacent to the alpha carbon atom is called the beta carbon atom, and so on. With alpha carbon atom, beta carbon atom,. The linked hydrogen a

59、toms are called alpha hydrogen atoms, beta hydrogen atoms, and. Esterification reaction with carboxylic acid or oxygen containing inorganic acid 6 aldehydes and ketones A functional groups: or - CHO, or - CO -; representatives: CH3CHO, HCHO, B structural characteristics: the bond angles of the bonds

60、 of the carbonyl group or carbonyl group are 120 degrees, and the atoms of the carbon atom connected with them are in the same plane. C chemical properties: Addition reaction hydrogenation, hydrogenation or reduction reaction Oxidation reaction reduction of aldehydes 7 carboxylic acid A functional g