1、托福閱讀邏輯考點分析主講：王鑫2013/11/2TPO 29CompetitionP1When several individuals of the same species or of several different species depend on the same limited resources, a situation may arise that is referred to as competition. The existence of competition has been long known to naturalists, its effects were de

2、scribed by Darwin in considerable detail. Competition among individuals of the same species (intraspecies competition), one of the major mechanisms of natural selection, is the concern of evolutionary biology. Competition among the individuals of different species (intraspecies competition) is a maj

3、or concern of ecology. It is one of the factors controlling the size of competing populations, and in extreme cases it may lead to the extinction of one of the competing species. This was described by Darwin fro indigenous New Zealand species of animals and plants, which died out when competing spec

4、ies from Europe were introduced.你的反應？Q1 The phrase ”mechanisms of natural selection” in the passage is closest in meaning totypes of natural selection.dangers of natural selectionproblems natural selection solvesways natural selection works.Q2 According to paragraph 1, what is one effect of competit

5、ion among individuals of different species?It results in the eventual elimination of the resources for which they are competingIt leads to competition among individuals of the same speciesIt encourages new species to immigrate to an areaIt controls the number of individuals in the competing populati

6、onsP1When several individuals of the same species or of several different species depend on the same limited resources, a situation may arise that is referred to as competition. The existence of competition has been long known to naturalists, its effects were described by Darwin in considerable deta

7、il. Competition among individuals of the same species (intraspecies competition), one of the major mechanisms of natural selection, is the concern of evolutionary biology. Competition among the individuals of different species (intraspecies competition) is a major concern of ecology. It is one of th

8、e factors controlling the size of competing populations, and in extreme cases it may lead to the extinction of one of the competing species. This was described by Darwin fro indigenous New Zealand species of animals and plants, which died out when competing species from Europe were introduced.P1When

9、 several individuals of the same species or of several different species depend on the same limited resources, a situation may arise that is referred to as competition. The existence of competition has been long known to naturalists, its effects were described by Darwin in considerable detail. Compe

10、tition among individuals of the same species (intraspecies competition), one of the major 【mechanisms of natural selection】, is the concern of evolutionary biology. Competition among the individuals of different species (intraspecies competition) is a major concern of ecology. It is one of the facto

11、rs controlling the size of competing populations, and in extreme cases it may lead to the extinction of one of the competing species. This was described by Darwin fro indigenous New Zealand species of animals and plants, which died out when competing species from Europe were introduced.Q3 The word ”

12、indigenous” in the passage is closest in meaning to: NativerareMostNumerousindigenousindigenceindignantQ4：In paragraph 1, why does the author mention what happened in New Zealand?To indicate that Darwin understood the importance of competitionTo illustrate that competition can lead to the extinction

13、 of speciesTo identify where the idea of competition among species first aroseTo argue against the idea that the process of selection is a natural occurrenceP1When several individuals of the same species or of several different species depend on the same limited resources, a situation may arise that

14、 is referred to as competition. The existence of competition has been long known to naturalists, its effects were described by Darwin in considerable detail. Competition among individuals of the same species (intraspecies competition), one of the major 【mechanisms of natural selection】, is the conce

15、rn of evolutionary biology. Competition among the individuals of different species (intraspecies competition) is a major concern of ecology. It is one of the factors controlling the size of competing populations, and in extreme cases it may lead to the extinction of one of the competing species. Thi

16、s was described by Darwin fro indigenous New Zealand species of animals and plants, which died out when competing species from Europe were introduced.No serious competition exists when the major needed resources is in superabundant supply, as in most cases of the coexistence of herbivores (plant eat

17、ers). Furthermore, most species do not depend entirely on a single resource. If the major resource for a species es scarce resource, the competing species usually switch wo different alternative resources. Competition is usually most severe among close compete for the same resource, such as seed-eat

18、ing rodents and ants. The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition, as happened 2 million years ago at the end of Pliocene, when North and South America e joined by the Isthmus of Panama. North and South Ame

19、rica species migrating across the Isthmus now came into competition with each other. The result was the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals, which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American species-although added predation was also an

20、 important factor.According to paragraph 2, competition is not usually a significant factor among the coexisting species whenOne of the species has only recently moved into the territory of the otherThe species are closely related to each otherThe population of one species is much larger than that o

21、f the otherBoth of the species are herbivoresAccording to paragraph 2, competition is not usually a significant factor among the coexisting species whenOne of the species has only recently moved into the territory of the otherThe species are closely related to each otherThe population of one species

22、 is much larger than that of the otherBoth of the species are herbivoresNo serious competition exists when the major needed resources is in superabundant supply, as in most cases of the coexistence of herbivores (plant eaters). Furthermore, most species do not depend entirely on a single resource. I

23、f the major resource for a species es scarce resource, the competing species usually switch to different alternative resources. Competition is usually most severe among close compete for the same resource, such as seed-eating rodents and ants. The effects of such competition are graphically demonstr

24、ated when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition, as happened 2 million years ago at the end of Pliocene, when North and South America e joined by the Isthmus of Panama. North and South America species migrating across the Isthmus now came into competition with each

25、other. The result was the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals, which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American species-although added predation was also an important factor.No serious competition exists when the major needed resource

26、s is in superabundant supply, as in most cases of the coexistence of herbivores (plant eaters). Furthermore, most species do not depend entirely on a single resource. If the major resource for a species es scarce resource, the competing species usually switch to different alternative resources. Comp

27、etition is usually most severe among close compete for the same resource, such as seed-eating rodents and ants. The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition, as happened 2 million years ago at the end of Pli

28、ocene, when North and South America e joined by the Isthmus of Panama. North and South America species migrating across the Isthmus now came into competition with each other. The result was the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals, which were apparently unable to withstand

29、 the competition from invading North American species-although added predation was also an important factor.The word “graphically” in the passage is closest in meaning to VividlyFrequentlyBroadlyTypicallyQ In the paragraph 2, why does the author talk about what happened as a result of North and Sout

30、h America ing joined at the Isthmus of PanamaTo make the point that predation can have as much effect on species survival as competition does.To show how the ability to switch to an alternative resource can give species a competitive advantage.To account for the current species composition of North

31、and South America.To provide an example of the serious effects of competition between unrelated species.No serious competition exists when the major needed resources is in superabundant supply, as in most cases of the coexistence of herbivores (plant eaters). Furthermore, most species do not depend

32、entirely on a single resource. If the major resource for a species es scarce resource, the competing species usually switch to different alternative resources. Competition is usually most severe among close compete for the same resource, such as seed-eating rodents and ants. The effects of such comp

33、etition are graphically demonstrated when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition, as happened 2 million years ago at the end of Pliocene, when North and South America e joined by the Isthmus of Panama. North and South America species migrating across the Isthmus now

34、came into competition with each other. The result was the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals, which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American species-although added predation was also an important factor.No serious competition exist

35、s when the major needed resources is in superabundant supply, as in most cases of the coexistence of herbivores (plant eaters). Furthermore, most species do not depend entirely on a single resource. If the major resource for a species es scarce resource, the competing species usually switch to diffe

36、rent alternative resources. Competition is usually most severe among close compete for the same resource, such as seed-eating rodents and ants. The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition, as happened 2 mil

37、lion years ago at the end of Pliocene, when North and South America e joined by the Isthmus of Panama. North and South America species migrating across the Isthmus now came into competition with each other. The result was the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals, which wer

38、e apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American species-although added predation was also an important factor.To what extent competition determines the composition of a community and the density of particular species has been the source of considerable controversy. The

39、problem is that competition ordinarily cannot be observed directly but must be inferred from the spread of increase of one species and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species. The Russian biologist G.F Gause performed numerous two-species experiments in the laboratory, in which

40、one of the species became extinct when only a single kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and of field observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated, according to which no two species can occupy the same niche. Numerous seeming exceptions to thi

41、s law have since been found, but they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a major joint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche.Paragraph 3 supports the idea that Gauses experiments were important because theyProvide a situation in whi

42、ch competition could be removed from the interaction between two species.Showed that previous ideas about the extent to which competition determines the composition of a community were completely mistakenHelp establish that competition will remove all but one species from any given ecological niche.

43、Offered evidence that competition between species is minimal when these is an overabundance of a single food source.To what extent competition determines the composition of a community and the density of particular species has been the source of considerable controversy. The problem is that competit

44、ion ordinarily cannot be observed directly but must be inferred from the spread of increase of one species and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species. The Russian biologist G.F Gause performed numerous two-species experiments in the laboratory, in which one of the species becam

45、e extinct when only a single kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and of field observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated, according to which no two species can occupy the same niche. Numerous seeming exceptions to this law have since been fo

46、und, but they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a major joint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche.To what extent competition determines the composition of a community and the density of particular species has been the source of c

47、onsiderable controversy. The problem is that competition ordinarily cannot be observed directly but must be inferred from the spread of increase of one species and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species. The Russian biologist G.F Gause performed numerous two-species experiments

48、 in the laboratory, in which one of the species became extinct when only a single kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and of field observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated, according to which no two species can occupy the same niche. Numer

49、ous seeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a major joint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche.Q Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the

50、 highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Numerous seeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a major joint

51、resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche.P4Competition among species is of considerable evolutionary importance. The physical structure of species competing for resources in the same ecological niche tends to gradually evolve in ways that allow territories no longer overlap. The evolut

52、ionary effect of competition on species has been referred to as “species selection,” however, this description is potentially misleading. Only the individuals of a species are subject to the pressure of natural selection. The effect on the well-being and existence of a species is just the result of

53、the effects of selection on all the individuals of the species. Thus species selection is actually a result of individual selection.Q According to paragraph 4, how does competition affect evolution?It results in the evolution of physical structures that allow the species to compete with each other m

54、ore effectivelyIt results in the evolutionary extinction of all but one of the competing species.It results in the competing species evolving in such a way that they no longer compete for the same resources.It results in the competing species evolving to e so much like each other that the competitio

55、n between them eventually of disappears.P4Competition among species is of considerable evolutionary importance. The physical structure of species competing for resources in the same ecological niche tends to gradually evolve in ways that allow territories no longer overlap. The evolutionary effect o

56、f competition on species has been referred to as “species selection,” however, this description is potentially misleading. Only the individuals of a species are subject to the pressure of natural selection. The effect on the well-being and existence of a species is just the result of the effects of

57、selection on all the individuals of the species. Thus species selection is actually a result of individual selection.Q According to paragraph 4, how does competition affect evolution?It results in the evolution of physical structures that allow the species to compete with each other more effectively

58、It results in the evolutionary extinction of all but one of the competing species.It results in the competing species evolving in such a way that they no longer compete for the same resources.It results in the competing species evolving to e so much like each other that the competition between them

59、eventually of disappears.According to paragraph 4, “species selection” is a misleading term because itoveremphasizes the role of selection pressures in species extinctionSuggests that selection pressures directly influence whole species.Does not make a distinction between species extinction and spec

60、ies evolutionSuggests that extinction always results whenever there is competition.P4Competition among species is of considerable evolutionary importance. The physical structure of species competing for resources in the same ecological niche tends to gradually evolve in ways that allow territories n