1、Railway Restructuring in China:The Great Railway Challenge中國鐵路重組 鐵路業(yè)的宏大挑戰(zhàn)Louis S. Thompson 路易斯.湯普森Railways Adviser 鐵路顧問The World Bank 世界銀行 March, 2000 2000年3月Major Issues in Railway Restructuring鐵路重組的關鍵問題Government/Railway relationship政府和鐵路的關系Enterprise structure企業(yè)構造Private/public boundary私人部門與公共部門的

2、邊境Government/Railway Relationship政府和鐵路的關系Government does policy, regulation and finance (U.S. is an example)政府制定政策、規(guī)章和投資以美國為例Enterprise becomes “commercial企業(yè)的“商業(yè)化運營Changes are inseparable各種變化不可分別Enterprise Restructuring企業(yè)重組Markets, geography and functions市場、地理分布和功能Passenger market structure and comp

3、etition旅客市場構造和競爭Freight market structure and competition貨運市場構造和競爭Public/private boundary公共部門和私人部門的邊境Structural Options組織構造方案Integral models: Latin American concessions一體化方式：南美的特許權運營Predominant operators control infrastructure, secondary operators pay access fees: U.S. and Japan. Can have competition

4、 by parallel tracks or by trackage rights主要運營者控制根底設備，次要運營者支付運用費：美國和日本方式。經(jīng)過平行鐵路或開放通路權進展競爭“UP/DOWN“ separation of infrastructure (EU/UK): permits full, or licensed competition網(wǎng)運分別歐洲和英國方式：完全競爭，或者執(zhí)照準入競爭Other separations (wagons)其它分別貨車平行鐵路間的競爭：美國一級鐵路公司同一條線路上的競爭，美國共用貨運鐵路網(wǎng)(不含國家客運公司)Amtrak: The Secondary Us

5、er國家鐵路公司：次要運營者主要運營者和次要運營者表示圖含國家客運公司的美國共用鐵路網(wǎng)供分析用的工具： 美國貨運線運輸密度其他分別：設備一切權中國鐵路組織構造Integral: administration, regional or national structures with operations integrated with infrastructure 一體化方式：網(wǎng)運合一條件下的 局、區(qū)域及國家的方式Predominant operator : freight controls infrastructure (accounting separation of costs), se

6、condary passenger companies pay for access. Freight competition through trackage rights or parallel tracks 主導型運營方式：貨運控制路網(wǎng)分開核算本錢，客運公司支付線路運用費。貨運經(jīng)過平行線路或開放通路權進展競爭。Infrastructure separations: break link between operators and track. All pay for access 網(wǎng)運分別：將運營和線路分別。一切運營者均要支付線路運用費。Mixes are possible, and p

7、redominant model could be an interim step toward separation if desired混合方式是能夠的，主導型方式也可作為未來期望網(wǎng)運分別的過渡方式Both predominant model and separation models can foster private involvement if desired主導型和分別型都可允許私人的參與假設希望如此鐵道部的十四個路局How to Decide 如何決策Commercialization (Govt/Enterprise Separation) 商業(yè)化：政企分別Better pr

8、icing 更優(yōu)的定價 PSO payments 公益運輸?shù)难a貼Integral, Predominant and Separation Models 一體化，主導和分別方式Production vs market “efficiency“消費“效率“和市場“效率“ Disruption vs competition 無序和競爭Licenses vs open access 執(zhí)照準入和公開進入Regulation vs competition 控制和競爭Public vs private 公共部門和私人部門Tools for System Structure Decisions對系統(tǒng)構造進展決

9、策分析的工具TMIS traffic flow data - input to everything運輸管理信息系統(tǒng)(TMIS)運輸流數(shù)據(jù)最根本的根據(jù) Network model, including system flows網(wǎng)絡模型，包括系統(tǒng)流Point-to-point costing models點到點本錢計算模型All exist NOW in China but are not integrated: will need integration and refinement一切中國現(xiàn)有但未協(xié)調銜接的工具：需求協(xié)調和精選Work can be financed NOW in the p

10、olicy component of National Railways Loan (and/or from Railways VI)世行國鐵貸款和/或鐵路六貸款如今即可支持這些任務Transitional Issues過渡的問題Managing disruption - centralized dispatching and scheduling對無序的管理集中調度和制定運轉圖German and Romanian models德國和羅馬尼亞的方式德國鐵路組織機構圖：德國鐵路預備變化DB AG Holding CompanyEnsures schedule integration德國鐵路控股

11、公司確保運轉圖的協(xié)調DB Netz(Infrastructure)Does Schedulingand Timetablesfor System根底設備制定運轉圖和列車時辰表DB Stations and Service AG 車站和效力公司DB Cargo 貨運DB Reise & Touristik AG(Intercity Passenger) 城際間客運DB Regio AG(Local Passengers 地方客運)羅馬尼亞：新的鐵路系統(tǒng)Minister of Transport 運輸部Holding Company 控股公司 (Integration of Timetables

12、and Dispatching)時辰表和調度的協(xié)調Rail ManagementServices Company(Standard Data) 鐵路管理效力公司 規(guī)范數(shù)據(jù)PassengerCompany客運公司InfrastructureCompany線路公司Real EstateSubsidiary房地產(chǎn)子公司FreightCompany貨運公司Rail AssetCompany鐵路資產(chǎn)公司Old SNCFR原羅馬尼亞國鐵Using the Reform Components既有改革工程的利用Make sure Nanchang does accounting separation for

13、freight costs as well as PTC確保在南昌的試點對貨運本錢和客運公司本錢進展會計核算分別Use Railways VI, VII and NRL moneys:利用世行鐵路六、鐵路七和國鐵工程的資金Support system studies支持系統(tǒng)研討Advisory group(?) 顧問小組？線路里程：中國鐵道部各路局和美國各鐵路公司的對比發(fā)送貨物百萬噸：中國鐵道部各路局和美國各鐵路公司的對比職工人數(shù)千人：中國鐵道部各路局和美國各鐵路公司的對比A Good Way to Proceed推進改革的一個好方法Start with U.S. Model - retain

14、 Up/Down as second stage先從美國方式開場可以把網(wǎng)運分別作為下一步Start with separated national and regional passenger companies - adjust over time從分別建立全國性和區(qū)域性旅客公司開場而后逐漸伐整Start with Administration-based, integral freight companies, but with selected trackage rights competition between major markets從成立以路局為根底的，網(wǎng)貨一體化的公司開場，同時有選擇性地在主要市場進展開放通路權的競爭Broaden trackage rights over time with experience and information隨著閱歷和信息的添加，逐漸擴展開放通路權的范圍Leave private operations for later stage, but consider wagons后