1、我們只不過是人 勞拉施萊辛格Pre-class Work 1. Explain the following. 1) free will (Para. 1): the ability to make your own decisions about what to do rather than being controlled by God or fate 自由意志 2) the product of causation (Para. 1): the.human behavior is a response to external stimulation, and therefore is ge

2、nes-determined. 某種原因造成的結果 3) fateful night (Para. 9): the night that had an important bad effect on future events 那個決定性的夜晚 4) honor his commitment (Para. 10): to do what he has committed to do to others; to do his duty; to respect his obligations to others履行義務或實踐許諾 5) clause (Para. 20): a separate d

3、ivision of a written legal document with its own separate and complete meaning 條款 6) absorbing (Para. 26): interesting; enjoyable; gripping 吸引人的2. Paraphrase. 1) Human beings have no free will, they are all victims of these external causes as a group. 2) As if the fact we are human were a kind of de

4、tailed plan which determines how we react to situations. This reaction is instinctive and natural just like with all animals, insects, birds. 3) The 3 C's are Character, Courage, and Conscience, without these qualities, we cease to be human and will be just like big ants which live out their liv

5、es in a way that is determined by their natural instincts. 4) Only managing to live in a vegetable state. 5) If you want to live a good and energetic life, you need the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do; you should be brave enough to take ri

6、sks; you should take continued action against difficulties; you should be ready to lose life for ideals and you should have an instance of accepting or trusting in something that cannot be readily seen or trusted. 6) Courage is as important to life as broth is to soup. 7) In order to be excused, we

7、often try hard to twist things and put the blame on others or try to justify our actions in various ways in our speaking as well as in our thinking. 8) Relating to what we have mentioned, pleasure is something that just happens; happiness is a series of things that involved. Pleasure is a finishingp

8、oint; happiness is a long process. Pleasure is something related to the real world and physical objects; happiness is something related to your spirit. Pleasure is something related to yourself; happiness is something related to others and the world.3. Learn to use reference books. Check in a Chines

9、e-English dictionary for the translations of the following Chinese collocations of" 開 ". 開門 to open the door; 開口 to open one,s mouth (or start to talk); 開火 to open fire; 開刀 to have an operation; 開發 to open up. (or to develop; to exploit); 開工 (of a factory, etc.) to go into operation; 開花 to

10、 blossom; 開會 to have a meeting; 開胃 to whet (or stimulate) the appetite; 開心 to feel happy; 開玩笑 to crack ajoke (to make fun of)4. Learn rules of word-building. Enrich and enlarge your vocabulary. 1) Give the corresponding nouns of the following. (1) devastation (2) exhilaration (3) conformity (4) proc

11、reation (5) invocation (6) sustenance (7) projection (8) derivation (9) criticism (10) restoration 2) Give the corresponding verbs of the following. (1) to contort (2) to rationalize (3) to transgress (4) to condemn (5) to abort (6) to emphasize (7) to seduce (8) to gratify (9) to destroy (10) to in

12、dulge (11) to oblige (12) to motivate (13) to cause (14) to survive More Work on the Text II Vocabulary 1. Translate 1) into English. (1) to shape one's mind (2) to honor one's commitment (3) to sustain life (4) to raise a family (5) to make a judgment (6) to focus one's attention (7) to

13、 devastate the country (8) to blame the weather (9) to avoid sacrifice (10) to demand justice (11) to criticize the theory (12) to condemn the war (13) to emphasize education (14) to acknowledge defeat (15) to sustain economic growth (16) to restore the building (17) to cause trouble (18) to resist

14、the temptation 2) into Chinese. (1)動物界 (2)某種原因造成的結果 (3)自由意志 (4)條件反射 (5)由生物本能決定的 (6)自然選擇 (7)高級動物；萬物之靈 (8)適者生存 (9)固有欲望 (10)利他的行為 (11)社會地位 (12)一個關鍵的晚上 (13)正當的地位 (14)眼前一時痛快 (15)蠻力 (16)思想斗爭 (17)良心不安；良心有愧 (18)對未經證實之事物的信仰 (19)合同的例外條款 (20)植物人的狀態 (21)長期目標 (22)十分吸引人的電影 (23)全心全意和孩子相聚的時間 (24)價值觀念體系2. Give synon

15、yms and antonyms of the following. 1) Give synonyms. (1) example (2) lonely, alone (3) to look, to gaze (4) properly, appropriately (5) natural, inborn, instinctive (6) to gain, to obtain (7) deeply, extremely (8) to give up (9) idea, thought, theory, notion (10) mutual, shared (11) to shape, to for

16、m (12) fortress, love, emotional attachment (13) decisive, decisively important, critical, fatal (14) duty, responsibility (15) responsibility, obligation (16) honesty, virtue, uprightness (17) satisfaction, pleasure, enjoyment (18) to struggle, to fight, to deal with, to tackle (19) delighted, in h

17、igh spirits (20) to agree with, to comply with, to follow, to adhere to (21) very great (22) damaging, very destructive, shocking 2) Give antonyms. (1) construction (2) former (3) outer (4) selfish (5) to deny (6) unsteady, shaky, unstable (7) physical, material, bodily (8) immeasurable (9) deep, in

18、-depth, profound (10) imbalance (11) long, long-lived, lasting, enduring, permanent, eternal (12) immoral, amoral (13) required, compulsory (14) unwilling (15) positive3. Translate. 1) As the saying goes: All roads lead to Rome. 2) That wrong line led to a serious setback of the revolution. 3) The d

19、iscovery of a knife on his body led the police to suspect that he was the murderer. 4) We are leading the world in the production of rice, cotton, hogs, and coal. 5) Lack of exercise can lead to all kinds of health problems. 6) Some political scientists in the West believe that a balance of power co

20、uld lead to world peace. 7) Most of the leading economic powers in the world are committed to global environmental protection. 8) Those traces of water led many scientists to believe that there might be some forms of life on that planet. 9) It's amazing how she Can balance herself on that ball.

21、10) For most Chinese people, the unification of our country is a serious/solemn commitment. 11) Yes, I taught her once. She struck me as quite a committed student. 12) Many things in this world require a good balance. Once you lose balance, troubles begin. 13) Mr. Smith said that it was his honor to

22、 be our business partner, and he assured us that his company is committed to help China with her modernization effort. 14) This treaty commits all member nations to develop their cooperation. 15) Some European countries have not been able to balance their budgets. 16) It's a matter of honor to r

23、epay my debts on time. But right now my total balance in the bank is only 20 dollars. 17) The banking system of that country is in a terrible state. 18) It was said that the Russian state-owned enterprises were privatized almost overnight. 19) During the talks, he made an official statement that his

24、 government will not adopt a two-China policy.4. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word. 1) of 2) for 3) out 4) out 5) up 6) of 7) up 8) down 9) at 10) out of ll) up 12) to, away from 13) on, in 14) on, by, of 15) In, instead of, to 16) to, on, at 17) in, By 18) with, For, on, In5. Correct mis

25、takes in the following sentences. 1) I have not been informed about this meeting. (Or: I have not been informed that I should attend the meeting.) 2) succeeded in getting (Or: finally managed to get the ticket) 3) fall to keep the job 4) so long in realizing your mistake. (Or: Why did it take you so

26、 long to realize your mistake?) 5) consistes of (Or: is made of) 6) anxious to know 7) frank with 8) incapable of telling. 9) he prided himself on/took pride in; patients' 10) In the eyes of 11) Sure, no problem. (out of the question: not possible or not allowed) 12) The teacher suggested that w

27、e should not try to specialize too early. (Or: The teacher advised us not to try to specialize too early.)6. Translate with special attention to the different meanings of the same word or words that happen to have the same spelling. I)我們在這個問題上應該保持中立。我們不應該偏向哪一方。 2)第二年的收成也不好，他們那塊地里幾乎顆粒無收。 3)那個臉精瘦的高個子被

28、控與一樁銀行搶劫陰謀有關。 4)他把他的傘倚在墻邊，在一張桌子旁坐了下來，然后拿起了菜單。 5)老年人往往抱怨年輕人，反過來年輕人也抱怨老年人。這是代溝的一種反映。6)這篇文章包括了他對我們社會問題的一些看法。7)當我想到上帝是公正的時候，我不禁為我的國家擔心得發抖。(托馬斯杰弗遜)8)強烈的信仰往往反映強烈的偏見。9)當他把他的包扔到窗外的時候，我以為他瘋了。10)蠟燭滅了，山洞里變得一片漆黑。11)那天風很大，我們花了九牛二虎之力才支起帳篷。12)為了達到我們今年的目標，我們都必須一起努力。7. Choose the best word or phrase for each blank f

29、rom the four supplied in brackets. (1) exact (2) leading (3) searching (4) had been marching (5) over (6) reach (7) where (8) all (9) feeling (10) when (11) being (12) almost (13) than (14) like (15) upIII. 6rammar1. Understand grammar in context. 1) Observe how object complements are expressed. (1)

30、"as" + a noun phrase (2)"as" + a what-clause, the object being "which" (referring to "character") (3)"as"+ a gerund phrase (4) an infinitive phrase (5) a perfect present participle (6) as + a comparative adjective phrase (7) as + a noun phrase (8) a

31、noun phrase, the object being "that" (referring to "those standards and values") (9) a noun phrase (10) a passive infinitive phrase (11) a noun phrase, the nominal object being "it" (referring to the infinitive phrase) (12) a comparative adjective phrase (13) an adjecti

32、ve, the nominal object being "it" (referring to the infinitive phrase) (14) an infinitive phrase (15) an adjective phrase; present participle phrase (16) an adjective phrase (17) an adjective; a prepositional phrase (18) a passive present participle phrase 2) Observe the passive form in th

33、ese sentences and point out its function. (1) the main verb followed by an infinitive phrase (2) the main verb used with modals (3) a passive infinitive as object (4) a passive gerund phrase as prepositional object (5) the main verb (a phrasal verb) (6) the main verbs used with an auxiliary (7) the

34、main verb in the present continuous tense (8) a passive gerund as prepositional object (9) a passive infinitive as object (10) a passive infinitive used after an adjective adverbially (11) the main verb; the main verb in the relative clause and followed by an infinitive (12) the main verb used with

35、a modal and followed by a that-clause (the subject)2. Complete the sentences. 1) By putting the verbs in the right form. (1) quarreling (2) trying (3) dismissed (4) pick up (5) smoking (6) removed (7) to strike (8) happen (9) photographed (10) burning 2) With the appropriate form of the verbs provid

36、ed below (some Words may be used twice). (1) smelt (2) kept (3) cut (4) considered (5) pushed, lying (6) dye, paint (7) declared (8) appointed (9) labeled (10) burnt (11) call (12) rendered (13) turned (14) kept (15) considered/found3, Improve the sentences using the "verb + it + adjective/noun

37、 + to-infinitive" construction. 1) Even residents of long standing find it difficult to give directions. 2) I find it impossible to forget what I witnessed that day. 3) Some people find it difficult to adapt to this rapidly changing world. 4) Quite a lot of people find it difficult to accept th

38、e result of the "election". 5) I don't think it feasible to change the plan now. 6) They think it right to stick to the original plan. 7) I think it improper to back out at the last moment. 8) As a doctor, she considers it her duty to help the sick and save the dying. 9) I consider it

39、a great honor to meet all of you here today. 10) I consider it an insult to be cold-shouldered like that.4. Translate into English. 1) The Chinese in brackets, using passive verb forms. (1) to be left alone for a while (2) had been knocked unconscious (3) was buried deep (4) can and will be realized

40、 (5) are expected to share household chores (6) is generally believed (7) being criticized in public (8) being harassed/annoyed by hoodlums (9) are believed to be genuine (10) would be found guilty, to be tried by another jury 2) The sentences. (1) The miners nicknamed their union leader "Lefty

41、". (2) The media describe the event as epoch-making. (3) I think it immoral to take advantage of their difficulty. (4) In those days of poverty, the family kept their dreams alive. (5) We'll hold you responsible if anything happens to these children. (6) We should see setbacks and failures

42、as a necessary part of our lives. (7) Lying in bed in the dark, he listened to the cold rain beating on the window. (8) We look upon Professor Lin as instructor, friend and adviser all in one. (9) Their stories set us wondering what we would do under similar circumstances. (10) No matter how late she finishes the day's work, she leaves ev