1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上1. William Shakespeare1. 維納斯與阿多尼斯路克麗絲的被奸：兩首敘事長詩題獻給南安普敦伯爵。2. 喜劇生涯第一階段：五部歷史劇：亨利六世上中下、理查三世泰特斯。安裝尼克斯；四部喜劇：錯中錯維羅納二紳士馴悍記空愛一場3. 第二階段：五部歷史劇：查理二世約翰王亨利四世上下亨利五世；六部喜劇：仲夏夜之夢威尼斯商人無事生非皆大歡喜第十二夜溫莎的風流娘們兒；兩部悲劇：羅密歐與朱麗葉裘利斯。凱撒4. 第三階段：悲劇：哈姆雷特奧賽羅李爾王麥克佩斯安東尼與克里奧特佩拉特洛伊勒斯與克萊希達考利歐雷諾斯；兩部喜劇：終成眷屬惡有惡報5. 最后一個階段：包括他主要的浪漫

2、悲喜劇波里克利斯新柏林冬天的故事暴風雨；他最后的兩個劇本亨利八世二位高貴的親戚6. 亨利四世上下兩部莎士比亞歷史劇中最受廣泛閱讀的劇本。揭示了15世紀混亂的統治。一邊為英國失去領土而悲痛，一邊表現愛國主義精神。用戲劇性表現了1450年杰克。凱德起義期間壓迫者與被壓迫者之間的階級斗爭。譴責由封建貴族發起的玫瑰戰爭，在戰爭中無辜人民慘遭殺害。7. 威尼斯商人是喜劇作品中最重要的劇本。莎士比亞在該劇本中創造了緊張、模棱兩可和同時既在心智上令人激動又在情感上引人入勝的自我意識的、自我愉悅的技巧。該劇暴露出猶太人永不滿足的貪欲。8. 羅密歐與朱麗葉是成功的浪漫悲劇，它歌頌對愛情的忠誠和追求幸福的精神。雖

3、是一部悲劇，但充滿著樂觀主義精神。9. 最偉大的悲劇：哈姆雷特奧賽羅李爾王麥克白。它們的共同特點：都描寫某一位高貴的主人公，他面對人類生活的不公正并陷入困境，他的命運與整個民族的命運緊緊相連。每個主人公都有他的性格弱點：哈姆雷特面對著行動與思考之間的困境；奧賽羅的內心特點被外部邪惡勢力所利用；老李爾王不愿意完全放棄權利，使自己忍受遭受背信棄義和不忠的痛苦；麥克白的權力欲激起他的野心并導致他的連續犯罪。10. 暴風雨是一個精心計劃的幻想故事，被認為是他最后的浪漫傳奇中最優秀的作品。是他晚年對人生和社會的悲觀主義觀點的典型例證。William Shakespeare1. Venus and Ado

4、nis The Rape of Lucrece: both of which were dedicated to the Earl of Southampton.2. The 1st period of Shakespeares dramatic career: 5 history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II and III， Richard III and Titus Andronicus; and 4 comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the S

5、hrew, and Loves Labours Lost3. 2nd period, 5 histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Ju

6、liet and Julius Caesar4. 3rd period: Tragedies: Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth Antony and Cleopatra Troilus and Cressida Coriolanus; two comedies: Alls Well That Ends Well and Measure for Measure5. Last period: includes his principal romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winters Tale an

7、d The Tempest; and his two final plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen6. Henry IV Parts I and II are undoutedly the most widely read among his history plays. It reveals a troubled reign in the 15th century. Shakespeare presents the patriotic spirit when mourning over the loss of English territ

8、ories in France. He also dramatizes the class struggle between the oppressors and the oppressed during Jake Cades rising of 1450. He condemns the War of the Roses waged by the feudal barons in which innocent people were killed.7. The Merchant of Venice is the most important play among the comedies,

9、in which Shakespeare has created tension, armbiguity, a self-conscious and self-delighting artifice that is at once intellectually exciting and emotionally engaging. The Traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a herioine of great

10、beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.8. Romeo and Juliet, the successful romantic tragedy, eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing hapiness. Though a tragedy, it is permeated with optimistic spirit.9. His greatest tragedies are: H

11、amlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. Each hero has his weakness of nature: H

12、amlet faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othellos inner weekess is made use of by the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity; Macbeths lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessa

13、nt crimes.10. The Tempest, an elaborate and fantastic story, is known as the best of his final romances. It is a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life and society in his late years.2. John Milton1. 列西達斯獻給淹死在愛爾蘭海劍橋時的同學愛德華。金的挽歌集。彌爾頓發問：為什么正直善良的人要忍受痛苦。詩的高潮是對因自私自利而腐敗的教士階層，即“牧羊人”的狠狠抨擊

14、。2. 論出版自由可能是他最令人難忘的散文作品，它是一個為出版自己有所作的偉大的抗辯。與其他散文作品的猛烈風格比較，它則顯得很流暢且平靜。3. 1660年王政復辟之后，當他失明并忍受痛苦、貧困及孤獨之時，彌爾頓寫了他的三部重要詩歌作品：失樂園復樂園力士參孫4. 失樂園是最偉大的一部，實際上也是貝奧武甫之后英國文學中惟一公認的史詩。原故事選自圣經的創世紀3:1-24. 主題是“人的墮落”，即人的不服從和失去樂園，其主要原因是撒旦。彌爾頓遵循基督教人文主義傳統，創作失樂園，意在暴露撒旦的反叛行為并“證明上帝處罰人類的正當性”。5. 復樂園表現以基督為代表的人類怎樣抵制誘惑并重新獲得天賜恩惠的。基督

15、在荒野中受到誘惑是作品的主題。6. 力士參孫模仿希臘風格用英語創作的詩歌劇最完美的樣板。轉向更重要的個人的主題。John Milton1. Lycidas is composed for a collection of elegies dedicated to Edward King, a fellow undergraduate of Miltons at Cambridge, who was drowned in the Irish sea. With the bitter sense of loss, Miton asks why the just and good should suf

16、fer.The climax of the poem is the blistering attack on the clergy, i.e. the “shepherds”, who are corrupted by self-interest.2. Areopagitica is probably his most memorable prose work. It is a great plea for freedom of the press. Compared with the tough style of the other prose work, it is rather smoo

17、th and calm.3. After the Restoration in 1660, when he was blind and suffering, and when he was poor and lonely, Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained Samson Agonistes. Among the three, the first is the greatest, indeed the only one generally acknowledged epic

18、in English literature since Beowulf; and the last one is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.4. Paradise Lost is the greatest, indeed the only one generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The original story is taken from Genesis 3:1-24

19、 of the Bible. The theme is the “Fallen of Man,” i.e. mans disobedience and the loss of Paradise, with its prime cause - Satan. Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism, Milton wrote Paradise Lost, intending to expose the ways of Satan and to “justify the ways of God to men.”5. Paradise

20、 Regained shows how mankind, in the person of Christ, withstands the tempter. Christs temptation in the wilderness is the theme.6. Samson Agonistes is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English. He turns to a more vital and personal theme.3. Daniel Defoe1. 魯濱遜漂流記是他第

21、一部小說，一經出版就獲得成功。2. 辛格頓船長莫爾。弗蘭德斯杰克上校洛珊娜傳四部小說清楚地表現了笛福對他那個社會的窮人和不幸者的深切關心。它們最早專用于研究下層社會人民問題的文學作品。Daniel Defoe1. Robinson Crusoe was his first novel and an immediate success.2. Captain Singleton, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack and Roxana, these four novels clearly manifest Defoes deep concern for the poor an

22、d the unfortunate in his society. They are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.4. Jonathan Swift1. 一個木桶的故事書的戰爭確立了他諷刺家的聲譽。2. 一個溫和的建議被公認為完美的范例：他的諷刺通常以外表的嚴肅和表面的認真為標志。通過建議貧窮的愛爾蘭父母把他們1歲嬰兒作為食物賣給有錢的英國爵士和女士們，斯威夫特對英國統治階級對愛爾蘭人民所作的非人的剝削和壓迫做了最強烈的抗議。3. 斯威夫特的主要作品有：一

23、個木桶的故事書的戰爭布商的書信格列佛游記 一個溫和的建議 Jonathan Swift1. A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books established his name as a satirist. 2. A Modest Proposal is generally taken as a perfect model for his satire, which is usually masked by an outward gravity and an apparent earnestness. By suggesting that poor

24、Irish parents sell their one-year-old babies to the rich English lords and ladies as food, Swift is making the most devastating protest against the inhuman exploitation and oppression of the Irish people by the English ruling class.3. Swifts chief works are: A Tale of a Tub, The Battle of the Books,

25、 The Drapiers Letters, Gullivers Travels and A Modest Proposal.5. Henry Fielding1. 被一些人認為是“英國小說之父”，因為他對現代小說形式的確立做出了貢獻。2. 咖啡屋政客悲劇作家的悲劇諷刺詩文1736年歷史記事是他最著名的劇本。 3. 約瑟夫。安德魯傳，模仿塞萬提斯風格所作是他第一本小說。“散文喜劇史詩”，它的題材是人本質中的“真正可笑之處”。4. 大偉人喬納森。魏爾德傳以一個臭名昭著的小偷的一生為主題，來表現一個偉大流氓和一名偉大戰士或一名偉大政客之間的微小差別。 5. 湯姆。瓊斯阿美利亞，前一本是關于人的本質

26、題材的杰作，而后一本是關于一位理想化女性不幸生活的故事，是關于當時社會生活的傷感的描寫。.Henry Fielding1. Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel” for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.2. The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register f

27、or the Year 1736 are his best known plays.3. The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his Mr. Abraham Adams, Writen in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes, is his first novel. A “comic epic in prose,” whose subject is “the true ridiculous” in human nature4. The History of Jonathan Wil

28、d the Great takes the life of a notorious real-life thief as a theme for demonstrating the petty division between a great rogue and a great soldier or a great politician.5. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling and The History of Amelia. The former is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature and

29、 the latter the story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin picture of the social life at the time.6. William Blake1. 素描詩集是他的第一部印刷作品，是一部青春詩集。歡樂、歡笑、愛情與和諧是主調。.2. 天真之歌表現了一個幸福而又天真的世界，盡管不排除它的邪惡與痛苦。在這個詩集中，布萊克以其對新詩歌形式和技巧的急切探索與18世紀傳統完全決裂。3. 經驗之歌以憂郁的語氣描繪了一個不同的世界，一個悲慘、貧困、疾病、戰爭和鎮壓的世界。愚昧的英國成為

30、黑暗森林和哭泣預言家的世界。4. 這兩首掃煙囪的孩子詩是揭示經濟環境與意識環境之間關系的很好例子，即兒童勞動受到的剝削與宗教所扮演的使人們順從于剝削的角色之間的關系。選自天真之歌的這首詩表現了使宗教成為一種安慰的條件，一種“虛幻幸福”的指望；選自經驗之歌的那首詩揭露了給窮苦兒童帶來悲慘的宗教的本質。5. 天堂與地獄的婚姻標志著他進入成熟。這首詩創作于法國革命高潮期，它承載了諷刺和革命預言的雙重角色。這首詩里，布萊克探求了相反事物的關系。“沒有矛盾就沒有進步”，布萊克認為，“婚姻”是對矛盾的一種調和，不是一方對另一方的服從。6. 在他的后期，布萊克寫了好幾部預言書，這些書揭示了他是一位普遍政治和

31、精神自由的預言家，并表明詩人本人就是反叛的代言人。主要的預言書有：尤里真之書洛斯之書四個佐亞彌爾頓William Blake1. Poetical Sketches , his first printed work, is a collection of youthful verse. Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes.2. Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though no

32、t without its evils and sufferings. In this volume, Blake, with his eager quest for new poetic forms and techniques, broke completely with the traditions of the 18th century.3. Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy ton

33、e. The benighted England becomes the world of the dark wood and of the weeping prophet.4. The two Chimney Sweeper peoms are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion i

34、n making people compliant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect of “illusory happiness”; the poem from the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.5. M

35、arriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. The poem was composed during the climax of the French Revolution and it plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy. In this poem, Blake explores the relationship of the contraries. “Without contraries, there is no pro

36、gression”. The “marriage” to Blake means the reconciliation of the contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.6. In his later period, Blake wrote quite a few prophetic books, which reveal him as the prophet of universal political and spiritual freedom and show the poet himself as the

37、spokesman/endorser of revolt. The major ones are: The Book of Urizen, The Book of Los, The Four Zoas and Milton7. William Wordsworth1. “桂冠詩人”“自然的崇拜者”“自然預言家”之一。是大自然賜予他“充滿和平的力量與知識”；認為普通人的普通生活應該是文學創作的主題，他的作品大多描寫普通百姓的喜怒哀樂，詩人心中充滿了對窮苦人民的深切同情。2. 描繪速寫夜晚漫步,1793是華茲華斯第一部詩集。3. 增補在1800年版抒情歌詩集的詩歌屬于他的最佳作品。4. 序曲完成于

38、1805年，在他逝世后的1850年出版。在此杰作中他的人生哲學得到闡釋：人生是一個循環的旅行。它的開始最后證明是它的結束。5. 二卷本詩集出版于1807年。包含了華茲華斯很多最優秀的詩歌，如：不朽頌、自傳體敘事詩決心與獨立和他許多著名的十四行詩。6. 遠足出版于1814年。7. 根據題材，他的短詩可分為兩組：關于自然的詩和關于人生活的詩。雀巢云雀頌杜鵑頌蝶頌等詩就正式表現出他對自然美的真愛的幾個例子。獨自云游黃昏漫步我心驛動帝恩頓寺都是歌頌自然的杰作。8. 獨自云游可能是英國文學中被收入選集次數最多的一首詩，而且是使我們接近華茲華斯詩歌信仰核心的一首詩。9. 孤獨的收麥女致高地姑娘用鄉村人物來

39、解釋悲哀人性的永恒神秘及其光芒四射的美。10. 不幸的毀廬之妻在她全部生活方式的崩潰之中奄奄一息，但她在讀者心中激起那些生活在存在的永恒真實中的人們所具有的溫柔而平靜的同情。11. 邁克爾暗示了作者對人、人心與生命的思考。12. 露西詩集（獨自幽居選自其中）抒發了對時間與死亡的冥想。William Wordsworth1. Poet Laureate; Worshipper of nature, one of the Prophets of nature. It is nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace”. W

40、ordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literature. The joys and sorrow of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering people.2. Descriptive Sketches, an Evening Walk, 1793 is his first volumes.3. The 1800 edition of the Lyrical Ballads are among the

41、best of his achievements.4. The Prelude was completed in 1805 and published posthumously in 1850, in which his philosophy of life is presented: Life is a cyclical journey. Its beginning finally turns out to be its end.5. Poems in Two Volumes was published in 1807, which contains much of Wordworths f

42、inest verse, such as Ode: Intimations of Immortality, the autobiographical narrative Resolution and Independence, and many of his well-known sonnets.6. The Excursion was published in 1814.7. According to the subjects, Wordsworths short poems can be classified into two groups: poems about nature and

43、poems about human life. The Sparrows Nest, To a Skylark, To the Cuckoo and To a Butterfly are just a few examples to show his genuine love for the natural beauty. Other poems, such as I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, An Evening Walk, My Heart Leaps up and Tintern Abbey are all masterpieces on nature.8.

44、 I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is perhaps the most anthologized poem in Engish literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordworths poetic beliefs.9. The Solitary Reaper and To a Highland Girl use rural figures to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity and its radiant beauty.10. Th

45、e hapless wife of The Ruined Cottage,dying amid the disintegration of her entire way of life, rouses in the reader the tender, quiet compassion of those who are at one with the timeless truths of existence.11. Michael suggests the grave and tender dignity of Wordsworths meditations on “man, the hear

46、t of man, and human life”12. Lucy Poems ( including She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways ) holds a meditation on time and death.8. Percy Bysshe Shelley1. 無神論的必然性，否認神的存在。導致他被學校開除并被他剛愎自用的父親取消了繼承權。2. 麥布女王：一首哲理詩，第一部哲理長詩集，強調“自然的精神”如何在所有人心中跳動并使自私和驕傲顯得荒唐可笑。3. 阿拉斯特，或孤獨的精神是一份雪萊對自己生活孤獨的強烈意識和他對死亡神秘性的熱烈思考的記錄。4. 雪

47、萊在自由頌那不勒斯頌十四行詩：1819年的英國等幾首抒情詩中，表達了他對自由的愛和對暴政的恨。5. 雪萊最偉大的政治抒情詩之一給英國人的歌不僅是號召所有勞動人民起來反對他們的政治壓迫者的戰斗吶喊，而且是一篇致他們的指出難以忍受的經濟剝削的不公正的演講。這首詩后來成為英國國產黨的戰歌。6. 云之歌塑造了一個柏拉圖式的人的精神，美與再生力量的象征。7. 云雀頌向詩人暗示了天上的狂喜也暗示了人的局限性。8. 阿多那伊斯是一支為約翰。濟慈所作的挽歌，雪萊認為敵意的評論加重了濟慈的肺結核病，使其早逝。在這支挽歌里，這些人成了市儈作風和反對力量的化身，真理的敵人。9. 西風頌是雪萊所有著名抒情詩中最好的。

48、雪萊狂詩和雄辯的傾向在這里找到一個完全適合于它們的題材。埋葬舊年迎接新春的秋風成為雪萊本人的形象，因為他想要在秋風的自由中，在秋風的既破壞又建設的潛勢中，成為它的普遍性。10. 最偉大的成就就是他的四幕詩解放了的普羅米修斯。這個劇本是一部贊揚人類潛能的歡欣鼓舞的作品，雪萊自己也認為這個劇本是“我作品中最完美的”Percy Bysshe Shelley1. The Necessity of Atheism, repudiating the existence of God, resulted in his explusion from the university and being disin

49、herited by his headstrong father.2. Queen Mab:A Philosophical Poem, his first long serious work, emphasizes how the “Spirit of Nature” pulses in all people and makes an absurdity of selfishness and pride.3. Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude is a record of Shelleys intense consciousness of his own l

50、oneliness in life and a passionate contemplation of the mystery of death.4. His lyrics Ode to Liberty, Ode to Naples, Sonnet: England in 1819 expressed his love for freedom and his hatred toward tyranny.5. One of his greatest political lyrics is Men of England is not only a war cry calling upon all

51、working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Communist Party.6. The Cloud created a Platonic symbol of the spirit of man, a force of be

52、auty and regeneration.7. To a Skylark, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the poet both celestial rapture and human limitation.8. Adonais is an elegy for John Keats whose early death from tuberculosis Shelley believed had been hastened by hostile reviews. In it, these men become the embo

53、diments of philistinism and reaction, the enemies of truth.9. Ode to the West is his best of all the well-known lyric pieces; here Shelleys rhapsodic declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them. The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new Spring, becomes an image o

54、f Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive potential, its universality.10. Shelleys greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound. The play is an exultant work in praise of humankinds potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as

55、 “the most perfect of my products.”9. Jane Austen1. 共寫了6部完整的小說。2. 理智與情感，第一本小說，講述兩姐妹和她們的戀愛故事3. 傲慢與偏見最受歡迎的一部，寫五位貝內特姐妹和她們尋找合適丈夫的故事。如果建立好良好的關系是我們生活中的主要任務，我們首先必須有良好的判斷。根據簡奧斯汀，我們的第一印象，正像小說里伊麗莎白的第一印象表明的那樣，往往是錯誤的。在判斷他人的過程中，伊麗莎白發現了關于她自己的東西：她的盲目、片面、偏見和荒謬。4. 諾桑覺寺諷刺那些18世紀晚期流行的哥特式浪漫傳奇。5. 曼斯菲爾德公園表現了善于處世和不善于處世之間的對

56、照。6. 愛瑪是對自欺欺人的虛榮心的思考。7. 勸告將真正的愛情與謹慎的自私打算做了對比。8. 幾部不完整的作品是在奧斯汀逝世很久后發表的，包括沃森一家小說片段小說計劃Jane Austen1. In her lifelong career, Jane Austen wrote altogether 6 complete novels.2. Sense and Sensibility, her first novel, tells a story about two sisters and their love affairs3. Pride and Prejudice, the most p

57、opular of her novels, deals with the five Bennet sisters and their search for suitable husbands. If to form good relationships is our main task in life, we must first have good judgment. Our first impression, according to Jane Austen, are usually wrong, as is shown here by those of Elizabeth. In the process of judging others, Elizabeth finds out something about herself: her blindness, partiality, prejudice and absurdity.4. Northanger Abb