1、住院醫師規范化培訓英語試題姓名：成績第1部分：詞匯選項（第1-15題，每題1分，共15分）下面每個句子中均有1個詞或短語劃有底橫線，請為每處劃線部分確定1個意義最為接近的選項。1 Forsomeobscurereason,thesimplegameisbecomingverypopular.AunclearBobviousCmajorDminor2 Theseaturtle'snaturalhabitathasbeenconsiderablyreduced.AgreatlyBsuddenlyCgenerallyDslightly3 IgotanotefromMoiraurgingmet

2、ogetintouch.AinstructingBnotifyingCpushingDinviting4 Itispossibletoapproachtheprobleminadifferentway.AraiseBposeCexperienceDhandle5 Thedecisiontoinvadeprovokedstormsofprotest.AignoredBorganizedCcausedDreceived6 Janesaidthatshecouldn'ttoleratethelonghours.AspendBtakeClastDstand7 At80,Peckwasstill

3、vigorousandlivinginParis.AenergeticBhappyCaloneDbusy8 Foresterstaredathiscar,tremblingwithrage.AshakingBturningCjumpingDshouting9 Ayoungmanisbeinghailedaherotonightafterrescuingtwochildren.AreportedBprovedCpraisedDcaught10 Iwantedtoaskheroutbutwasscaredthatshemightrefuse.AanxiousBsureCsadDafraid11 A

4、tthattime,wedidnotfullygraspthesignificanceofwhathadhappened.AgiveBattachCloseDunderstand12 Andersonleftthetable,remarkingthathehadsomeworktodo.AdoubtingBsayingCthinkingDknowing13 Heassertedthatnuclearpowerwasasafeandnon-pollutingenergysource.AmaintainedBrecommendedCconsideredDacknowledged14 Thestud

5、yalsonotesasteadydeclineinthenumberofcollegestudentstakingsciencecourses.ArelativeBgeneralCcontinuousDsharp15 Shealwaysfindsfaultwitheverything.AcriticizesBsimplifiesCevaluatesDexamines第2部分：閱讀判斷（第1622題，每題1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7個句子，請根據短文的內容對每個句子做出判斷：如果該句提供的是正確信息，請選擇A;如果該句提供的是錯誤信息，請選擇B;如果該句的信息文中沒有提及，請選擇C。Re

6、lievingthePain"Exercisemaybethebesttreatmentofchronicpain,"saydoctorsatanewclinicfordealingwithpain."Peoplewithchronicpainneedtostoplyingaround,gooutmore,andstartexercising."Theinstinctivereactiontoacutepainistostopmovingandtotrytoprotectthesourceofpain.Butitseemsthatthisisoftenn

7、otproductive,especiallyinthecaseofbackpain.Backpain,afterheadachesandtiredness,hasbecomethethirdmostcommonreasonforpeopletovisittheirdoctors.Painfulbacksnowaccountformillionsofdaysoffwork.Lumber（腰部的）painsarepartlythepricehumanspayfortakingtheirforelimbsofftheground,buttheyaremadeworsebyasedentary（久坐

8、不動的）lifestyle.Lackofexerciseslowlydecreasestheflexibilityandstrengthofmuscles,sothatitismoredifficulttotakepressureoffthesiteofpain.Exerciseisessential.Itreleasesendorphins（內啡肽）,thebody's"feel-good"chemicals,whicharenaturalpainkillers.Infact,thesearesoimportantthatresearchersarenowlook

9、ingfordrugsthatcanmaintainacomfortablelevelofendorphinsinthebody.Mostpeoplewhogotoafamilydoctorcomplainingofpainareprescribedpain-killingdrugsratherthanexercise.Sincefindingthecauseofbackacheisnotsoeasy,doctorsfrequentlydonotknowtheprecisecauseofthediscomfort,andasthepaincontinues,sufferersenduptaki

10、ngstrongerdosesorseriesofdifferentdrugs."It'scrazy,"saysDr.Brasseur,atherapistattheInternationalAssociationfortheStudyofPain."Someofthemaretakingdifferentdrugsprescribedbydifferentdoctors.I'vejustseenapatientwhowastakingtwodrugswhichturnedouttobethesamethingunderdifferentnames

11、."Agenerationofnewpainclinicsnowoperatesonthebasisthatdrugsarebestavoided.Oncepatientshaveundergonetheinitialphysicalandpsychologicalcheckup,theirmedicationiscutdownasmuchaspossible.Takingpatientsoffdrugsalsopreparesthemforphysicalactivity.Insomepain-reliefclinics,patientsbeginthedaywithmusclec

12、ontractionandrelaxationexercise,followedbyanhouronexercisebikes.Laterintheday,theypracticet'aichi（太極）self-defense,anddeepthought.Thiscompareswithanaverageoftwo-and-ahalfhoursphysiotherapy（理療）aweekinatraditionalhospitalprogram."Theideaistostrengthenandtoincreaselong-lastingenergy,flexibility

13、,andconfidence,"explainsBillWiles,aconsultantpaindoctorinLiverpool."Patientsundergoingthistherapygetbacktoworkandresumehealthyactivelifestylesmuchsoonerthatthosesubjectedtomoreconservativetreatment."16 Totreatpain,patientsshouldstopmovingaround.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned17 Headachesare

14、partlycausedbylackofexercise.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned18 Exercisehelpstotakethepressureoffthesiteofpain.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned19 Doctorsoftenusedrugssuchasendorphinstotreatpatients.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned20 Backachesufferersoftenenduptakingmorethanonedrugtokillpain.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned21 E

15、xerciseshelpspainsuffererstorecovermorequicklythantraditionaltreatment.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned22 Newpainclinicsaskpatientstogiveupdrugscompletely.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned第3部分：概括大意與完成句子（第2330題，每題1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2項測試任務：（1）第2326題要求從所給的6個選項中為第2-5段每段選擇1個最佳標題；（2）第2730題要求從所給的6個選項中為每個句子確定1個最佳選項。Owls and La

16、rks（貓頭鷹與云雀）1Inthisarticle,welookattheimportanceofsleepforlearning.Mosthealthyadultsneedeightormorehoursofsleep.Butwhydoweneedsleepinthefirstplace?Weneedsleepforthebraintogetachancetorebuildmemoriesstoredduringthedayandassociatethesewithpreviouslylearnedthings.Ifthisprocessisinterruptedby,say,thesoun

17、dofanalarmclock,itmaynotbeaseffective.Soifyoursleepiscutshortbythealarmclock,howdamagingisit?Thetruthisthatit'sdifficulttopredict,assomuchdependsonhowmuchsleepyourbodyactuallyneedsonthatparticularoccasion.2Thepopularbeliefthatpeoplearenaturallyeitherlarks（earlyrisers）orowlsisfalse.Thereasonwhype

18、opletendtobeoneortheotherhasmoretodowithlifestyle,age,andpersonality.Manypeoplewhoappeartobeearlybirdsmayhavejustbecomesothroughhabit,forexample,parentswithveryyoungchildren.Teenagerscanhavedifficultyfallingasleepuntillateatnightandthentheynaturallyhaveproblemsgettingupthefollowingmorning.3Themainre

19、asonwhyowlsareowlsisthattheytendtospendtheirtimeoverabook,movie,orcomputergametilltheearlyhoursofthemorning.Theyenjoythequietofthenightwhentheycanpursuetheirpassion.Ontheotherhand,larkscanmakebetteruseofearlymorninghourswheretheycanstudyinquietatthetimewhentheirbrainsaremostrefreshed.Sowhichisbetter

20、forlearning-anowl'soralark'slifestyle?Thesimpletruthisthatitismorecomplexthansimplybeingoneortheother.Leadingawell-balancedlifeintermsofworkandplayandsleepingenoughtobringmaximumrefreshmentisprobablythesecret.4Asfornaps,expertsoninsomnia（失眠）argueagainsttakingnaps,asthesemaykeeppeopleupatnigh

21、t.Ifyournaplastsonlyfiveminutestohalfanhouranddoesnotaffectyourabilitytofallasleepinthenight,itwillprobablyhelpyoubemorealertineveninghours.However,ifyouarehavingproblemsgettingtosleepatnight,it'snotonlynapsthatyoushouldavoid.Trynottodrinkalotofalcohol,takenicotine（尼古丁）,domentallyintenseactiviti

22、eslikepreparingforexamsordoingexerciseintheevening.Somepeopleswearthatdrinkingcoffeeneverstopsthemfromsleepinglikealog,whereasotherswillnevergonearthestuffforfearofbeingawakeallnight.However,thebestadviceformostistoavoiditintheevening,andifyoudrinkcoffeebeforeanap,rememberyouarelikelytoawakenassoona

23、sthecaffeinestartskickingin.23Paragraph124Paragraph225Paragraph326 Paragraph4AWhatshouldweavoid?BHowmuchsleepdoweneed?CWhichisbetter,beinganowloralark?DWhydoweneedsleep?EWhatmakespeopleowlsorlarks?FWhathelpsusfallasleep?27 Sleephelpsbrainto.28 Parentswithveryyoungchildrentendto29 Agoodlifestylemeans

24、onecan.30 Itisgoodadviceformostpeopleto.AsleepenoughtobringmostrefreshmentBkeepawayfromcoffeeintheeveningCstayuptilltheearlyhoursofthemorningDgetupquiteearlyEstorememoriesinthebrainFrebuildmemoriesstoredduringtheday第4部分：閱讀理解（第3l45題，每題3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請根據短文內容，為每題確定1個最佳選項。第一篇CellPhones:HangUp

25、orKeepTalking?Millionsofpeopleareusingcellphonestoday.Inmanyplacesitisactuallyconsideredunusualnottouseone.Inmanycountries,cellphonesareverypopularwithyoungpeople.Theyfindthatthephonesaremorethanameansofcommunication-havingamobilephoneshowsthattheyarecoolandconnected.Theexplosionsaroundtheworldinmob

26、ilephoneusemakesomehealthprofessionalworried.Somedoctorsareconcernedthatinthefuturemanypeoplemaysufferhealthproblemsfromtheuseofmobilephones.InEngland,therehasbeenaseriousdebateaboutthisissue.Mobilephonecompaniesareworriedaboutthenegativepublicityofsuchideas.Theysaythatthereisnoproofthatmobilephones

27、arebadforyourhealth.Ontheotherhand,whydosomemedicalstudiesshowchangesinthebraincellsofsomepeoplewhousemobilephones?Signsofchangeintheissuesofthebrainandheadcanbedetectedwithmodernscanning（掃描）equipment.Inonecase,atravelingsalesmanhadtoretireatayoungagebecauseofseriousmemoryloss.Hecouldn'tremember

28、evensimpletasks.Hewouldoftenforgetthenameofhisownson.Thismanusedtotalkonhismobilephoneforaboutsixhoursaday,everydayofhisworkingweek,foracoupleofyears.Hisfamilydoctorblamedhismobilephoneuse,buthisemployer'sdoctordidn'tagree.Whatisitthatmakesmobilephonespotentiallyharmful?Theanswerisradiation.

29、High-techmachinescandetectverysmallamountsofradiationfrommobilephones.Mobilephonecompaniesagreethatthereissomeradiation,buttheysaytheamountistoosmalltoworryabout.Asthediscussionabouttheirsafetycontinues,itappearsthatit'sbesttousemobilephoneslessoften.Useyourregularphoneifyouwanttotalkforalongtim

30、e.Useyourmobilephoneonlywhenyoureallyneedit.Mobilephonescanbeveryusefulandconvenient,especiallyinemergencies.Inthefuture,mobilephonesmayhaveawarninglabelthatsaystheyarebadforyourhealth.Sofornow,it'swisenottouseyourmobilephonetoooften31 PeoplebuycellphonesforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthatAthey'

31、;repopularBthey'reusefulCthey'reconvenientDthey'recheap32 Theworld"detected"inparagraph3couldbebestreplacedbyAcuredBremovedCdiscoveredDcaused33ThesalesmanretiredyoungbecauseAhecouldn'tremembersimpletasksBhedislikedusingmobilephonesChewastiredoftalkingonhismobilephoneDhisemp

32、loyer'sdoctorpersuadedhimto34 .Onthesafetyissueofmobilephones,themanufacturingcompaniesAholdthattheamountofradiationistoosmalltoworryaboutBdenytheexistenceofmobilephoneradiationCdevelopnewtechnologytoreducemobilephoneradiationDtrytoprovethatmobilephonesarenotharmfultohealth35 Thewriter'spurp

33、oseofwritingthisarticleistoadvisepeopleAtobuymobilephonesBtousemobilephoneslessoftenCtoupdateregularphonesDtostopusingmobilephones第二篇ImmuneFunctionsTheimmunesystemisequalincomplexitytothecombinedintricaciesofthebrainandnervoussystem.Thesuccessoftheimmunesystemindefendingthebodyreliesonadynamicregula

34、torycommunicationnetworkconsultingofmillionsandmillionsofcells.Organizedintosetsandsubsets,thesecellspassinformationbackandforthlikecloudsofbeesflyingaroundahive（蜂巢）.Theresultisasensitivesystemofchecksandbalancesthatproducesanimmuneresponsethatisprompt,appropriate,effective,andself-omitting.Atthehea

35、rtoftheimmunesystemistheabilitytodistinguishbetweenselfandnonself.Whenimmunedefendersencountercellsororganismscarryingforeignofnonselfmolecules,theimmunetroopsmovequicklytoeliminatetheintruders（入侵者）.Virtuallyeverybodycellcarriesdistinctivemoleculesthatidentifyitasself.Thebody'simmunedefensesdono

36、tnormallyattacktissuesthatcarryaself-marker.Rather,immunecellsandotherbodycellscoexistpeaceablyinastateknownasself-tolerance.Whenanormallyfunctioningimmunesystemattacksanonselfmolecule,thesystemhastheabilityto"remember"thespecificsoftheforeignbody.Uponsubsequentencounterswiththesamespecies

37、ofmolecules,theimmunesystemreactsaccordingly.Withthepossibleexceptionofantibodies（抗體）passedduringlactation（授孚L期），thissocalledimmunesystemmemoryisnotinherited.Despitetheoccurrenceofavirusinyourfamily,yourimmunesystemmust"learn"fromexperiencewiththemanymillionsofdistinctivenonselfmoleculesin

38、theseaofmicrobes（微生物）inwhichwelive,learningnecessitatesproducingtheappropriatemoleculesandcellstomatchupwithandcounteracteachnonselfinvader.Anysubstancecapableofstimulatinganimmuneresponseiscalledanantigen（抗原）.Antigensarenottobeconfusedwithallergens（過敏原）,whicharemostoftenharmlesssubstancesthatprovok

39、etheimmunesystemtosetofftheinappropriateandharmfulresponseknownasallergy.Anantigencanbeavirus,abacterium,orevenaportionorproductofoneoftheseorganisms.Tissuesorcellsfromanotherindividual（exceptanidenticalwin,whosecellscarryidenticalselfmakersactasantigens;becausetheimmunesystemrecognizestransplantedt

40、issuesasforeign,itrejectsthem.Thebodywillevenrejectnourishingproteinsunlesstheyarefirstbrokendownbythedigestivesystemintotheirprimary,nonantigenicbuildingblocks.Anantigenannouncesitsforeignnessbymeansofintricateandcharacteristicshapescalledepitopes（抗原表位），whichprotrude（突出）fromitssurface.Mostantigens,

41、eventhesimplestmicrobes,carryseveraldifferentkindsofepitomesontheirsurface,somemayevencarryseveralhundred.Someepitomeswillbemoreeffectivethanothersatstimulatinganimmuneresponse.Onlyinabnormalsituationsdoestheimmunesystemwronglyidentifyselfasnonselfandexecuteamisdirectedimmuneattack.36 Whatisusedtode

42、scribethecommunicationnetworkconsistingofcellsintheimmunesystem?ATheimmunesystem'smemory.BBeesflyingaroundahive.CImmunetroopseliminatingintruders.DAseaofmicrobes.37 TheimmunecellsandothercellsinthebodycoexistpeaceablyinastateknownasAbalance.Bharmony.Ctolerance.Dself-tolerance.38Howdotheimmunecel

43、lsrecognizeanantigenas"foreign"or"nonself"?AThroughcharacteristicshapesontheantigensurface.BThroughanallergicresponse.CThroughbloodtype.DThroughfinehairsprotrudingfromtheantigensurface.39 Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?AAllergensareusuallyharmfulsubstances.BAntigenscantrigge

44、ranimmuneresponse.CPeoplewithantigensdonotsufferfromobviousresponses.DThereisnodifferencebetweenanantigenandanallergen.40 Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthispassage?AThebasicfunctionoftheimmunesystemistodistinguishbetweenselfandnonself.BAnantigenisanysubstancethattriggersanimmunerespon

45、se.COneoftheimmunesystem'sprimaryfunctionsistheallergicresponse.DThehumanbodyisanappropriatehabitatformicrobes.第三篇BeAlerttoAntimicrobial（抗微生物的）ResistanceTheabilityofmicro-organismstofindwaystoevadetheactionofthedrugsusedtocuretheinfectionstheycauseisincreasinglyrecognizedasaglobalpublichealthiss

46、ue.Somebacteriahavedevelopedmechanismswhichmakethemresistanttomanyoftheantibiotics（抗生素）normallyusedfortheirtreatment（multi-drugresistantbacteria）,soposeparticulardifficulties,astheremaybefewornoalternativeoptionsfortherapy.Theyconstituteagrowingandglobalpublichealthproblem.WHOsuggeststhatcountriessh

47、ouldbepreparedtoimplementhospitalinfectioncontrolmeasurestolimitthespreadofmulti-drugresistantstrains（菌株）andtoreinforcenationalpolicyonprudentuseofantibiotics,reducingthegenerationofantibioticresistantbacteria.Anarticlepublishedin7"heLancetInfectiousDiseaseson11August2010identifiedanewgenethate

48、nablessometypesofbacteriatobehighlyresistanttoalmost/allantibiotics.ThearticlehasdrawnattentiontotheissueofAMR3(antimicrobialresistance),and,inparticular,hasraisedawarenessofinfectionscausedbymulti-drugresistantbacteria.Whilemulti-drugresistantbacteriaarenotnewandwillcontinuetoappear,thisdevelopment

49、requiresmonitoringandfurtherstudytounderstandtheextentandmodesoftransmission,andtodefinethemosteffectivemeasuresforcontrol.Thosecalledupontobealerttotheproblemofantimicrobialresistanceandtakeappropriateactionincludeconsumers,managersofhospitals,patients,aswellasnationalgovernments,thepharmaceutical(

50、制藥的)industry,andinternationalagencies.WHOstronglyrecommendsthatgovernmentsfocuscontrolandpreventioneffortsinthefollowingareaslikesurveillanceforantimicrobialresistance;rationalantibioticuse,includingeducationofhealthcareworkersandthepublicintheappropriateuseofantibiotics;introducingorenforcinglegisl

51、ationrelatedtostoppingthesellingofantibioticswithoutprescription;andstrictadherencetoinfectionpreventionandcontrolmeasures,includingtheuseofhand-washingmeasures,particularlyinhealthcarefacilities.Successfulcontrolofmultidrug-resistantmicroorganismshasbeendocumentedinmanycountries,andtheexistingandwe

52、ll-knowninfectionpreventionandcontrolmeasurescaneffectivelyreduce-transmissionofmulti-drugresistantorganismsifsystematicallyimplemented.WHOwillcontinuetosupportcountriestodeveloprelevantpolicies,andtocoordinateinternationaleffortstocombatantimicrobialresistance.Antimicrobialresistancewillbethethemeo

53、fWHO'sWorldHealthDay2011.41 AntimicrobialresidencehasbecomeaglobalpublichealthissuebecauseAtheremaybefewornotreatmenttoinfectionscausedbymulti-drugresistantbacteria.Bnewantibioticsaretooexpensiveforpoorcountries.Cinfectionscausedbymulti-drugresistantbacteriahavekilledalotofpeople.Dscientistsknow

54、nothingaboutmulti-drugresistantbacteria.42Theword"prudent"inparagraph1isclosestinmeaningtoAunwise.Bwasteful.Cwidespread.Dcareful.43 ThearticlepublishedinTheLancetInfectiousDiseasesfoundthatAsomebacteriahavedevelopedanewgenetoresistalmostallantibiotics.Banewmulti-drugresistantbacteriumhasap

55、peared.Csomeinfectionsarecausedbyantibiotics.Dsomecountriesaresuccessfulincontrollingmulti-drugresistantmicroorganisms.44 WHOrecommendsgovernmentstofocusonthefollowingareasEXCEPTAkeepinghospitalsfromstoringmoreantibioticsthantheycanuse.Beducationontheuseofantibiotics.Ccontrolofantibioticuse.Dintrodu

56、ctionofnewregulationsonthesaleofantibiotics.45 WelearnfromthepassagethatAantimicrobialresistancewasnotnoticeduntil2010.Bfurtherstudyisneededtodealwiththetransmissionofmulti-drugresistantbacteria.CwithoutWHO,nocountrywillbesaferinthewaragainstantimicrobialresistance.DWHOwillfocusitspreventionandcontr

57、oleffortsinpoorcountries.第5部分：補全短文（第46-50題，每題2分，共10分）下面的短文有5處空白，短文后有6個句子，其中5個取自短文，請根據短文內容將其分別放回原有位置，以恢復文章原貌。Mt.DesertIslandThecoastoftheStateofMaineisoneofthemostirregularintheworld.Astraightlinerunningfromthesouthernmostcoastalcitytothenorthernmostcoastalcitywouldmeasureabout225miles.Ifyoufollowedt

58、hecoastlinebetweenthesepoints,youwouldtravelmorethantentimesasfar.Thisirregularityistheresultofwhatiscalledadrownedcoastline.(46)Atthattime,thewholeareathatisnowMainewaspartofamountainrangethattoweredabovethesea.Astheglacier(冰Jl|)descended,however,itexpendedenormousforceonthosemountains,andtheysanki

59、ntothesea.Asthemountainssank,oceanwaterchargedoverthelowestpartsoftheremainingland,formingaseriesoftwistinginletsandlagoons(咸水湖).Thehighestpartsoftheformermountainrange,nearesttheshore,remainedasislands.(47)Marinefossilsfoundhere225feetabovesealevel,indicatingtheleveloftheshorelinepriortotheglacier.The2,500-mile-longrockycoastlineofMainekeepswatchovernear