1、現在完成時 一、現在完成時構成構成：現在完成時由助動詞 have +過去分詞構成，助動詞 have有人稱和數的變化。第三人稱單數用has,其余用have.現在完成時的否定式直接在助動詞后面加上not、疑問式是把助動詞提到主語之前。以 study為例，其否定式、疑問式和簡單回答形式如下：否定式疑問式I have not (haven't) studied .Have I studied ？You have not (haven't) studied .Have you studied ？He has not (hasn 't) studied .Has he studie

2、d ？否定疑問式簡單回答（肯定/否定）Have I not (Haven't I) studied？Yes, you have. No, you haven' t.Have you not (Haven't you) studied.?Yes, I have. No, I haven' t.Has he not (Hasn 't he) studied？Yes, he has. No, he hasn ' t.二、現在完成時用法1、現在完成時通常表示在說話之前已經完成的動作或存在的狀態。說話人強調的是該動作 或狀態對現在的結果或影響。My dau

3、ghter has just gone out.我女兒剛出去。I' m sure we ' ve met before.定我們以前見過面。She has arrived.她至 U 了。2、表示持續到現在的動作或狀態，往往和包括現在在內的表示一段時間的狀語連用，如recently, already, just, lately, for，sinyet 等*如：I haven ' t heard from her these day瞄些日子我沒有收到她的信。We haven ' t seen you recently.最近我們沒有見至U你。They have been

4、 away for two years.他們離開已經兩年了。She has been with us since Monday.for+時段since+過去一個時間點（譯為：自從以來） since+時段 +agosince+從句（過去時）It is+時段+since+從句（過去時）Mary has been ill?for three days.I have lived here?since 1998.注意：since 和 for 的區別since 后接時間點，如1993， last term, yesterday, the time I got therefor 后接一段時間，表示“長達多久

5、”，如 ten years, a while, two days 等。3、表示短暫意義的動詞如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die 等，在完成時當中不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用，因為它們表示的動作不可能持續。因此，不能說：He has come here for 2 weeks. xThe old man has died for 4 months. xThey have left only for 5 minutes. x4、 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in)?的區另UHave/Has

6、gone(to) : 去了(現在不在說話現場，可能在路上和已經到)Where is your father?He has gone to Shanghai.Have/Has been (to) :去過(已不在去過的地方)My father has been to Shanghai.Have/has been in：呆了多久(還在所呆的地方)My father has been in Shanghai?for two months. /since two months ago.5、現在完成時不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two da

7、ys ago,just now, when I came in ，但可以和already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently,once, twice, ever, never 等連用。不能與when 連用。現在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用例如：She has already come. 她已經來了。I haven ' t read it ye俄還沒讀過這個。I have met him before. 我從前曾見過他。Ma Hong has always been a good student.

8、馬紅一直是個好學生。I have often seen him in the street. 我經常在街上看見他。They have never been to Yan 他們從未去過延安。 an.I haven't seen him lately. 我近來沒看到他。三、現在完成時的標志, 用以下四大標志詞可以表達這1、現在完成時的含義之一是過去完成的動作對現在仍有影響種含義 :*? 以already, just 和 yet 為標志He?has already got?her help. 他已得到她的幫助。 He?has just seen?the film. 他剛剛看過這場電影。 He

9、?hasn't come?back?yet. 他還沒有回來。 *? 以ever 和 never 為標志This is the best film I?have ever seen. 這是我曾經看過的最好的一部電影。 He?has never been?to Beijing. 他從沒有到過北京。 *?以動作發生的次數為標志He says he?has been to?the USA?three times. 他說他已經去過美國三次了。*?以so far （到目前為止）為標 +before He?has got?to Beijing?so far. 到目前為止他已到了北京。 She has

10、 passed the exam so far. 到目前為止她已經通過了考試。2.過去已經開始的動作一直延續到現在, 甚至有可能繼續延續下去,我們可以從動作“延續 ”的特性和 “時間 ”點段的區分入手,進一步學習現在完成時。for+時段？?since+過去一個時間點（過去 ？從句）為標志四、?瞬間動詞buy, die, join, come, go ,leave, join不能直接與 for since?連用。要改變動詞buyhave?borrow keepcome/arrive/reach/get tobe in?go outbe out?leave be awaybeginbe on?fi

11、nishbe overopenbe open?close be closeddiebe dead1、 have 代替 buyMy brother has had（ 不能用 has bought） this bike for almost four years.2、用 keep 或 have 代替 borrowI have kept（不能用 have borrowed） the book for quite a few days.3、用be 替代 becomeHow long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold 代替 catch a co

12、ldTom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.5、用wear 代替 put on6、用“be形容詞”代終止性動詞be married 代 marry be ill 代 fall (get) illbe+ dead代 die be+ asleep代 fall (get) asleepbe+ awake 代 wake/wake up be+ gone 代 lose,die,sell,leavebe open 代 open be closed 代 close/shutbe+missing(gone,lost)代 lose7、用“be副詞”代終

13、止性動詞be+ on 代 start begin" be up”代 get up“ b e back(to) 代 ” return to, come back to, go back to“be here (there戕 corme(arrive, reach, get) here 或 go (arrive, reach, get) there8、用“be介詞短語”代終止性動詞1. “be in/a眥點”代替 go to /come to2. 用 be in the army?代替 join the army3. “ be in/a眥點”代替 move to常用瞬間動詞變延續性動詞表

14、：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.fhave been in sw./at 相應的介詞2. have come/gone back/returned have been back3. have come/gone out f have been out4. have become f have been5. have closed / opened f have been close/open6. have got up f have be en up7. have died f have b

15、een dead8. have left sw. f have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep f have been as leep10. have finished/ended/completedf have ； been over11. have married f have been married12. have started/begun to do sth.f hav e done sth.?13. have begun f have been on14. have borrowed/bought f have kept/had15. have lost f haven ' t had16. have put on f have worn17. have caught