1、.英漢對比研究與翻譯李 艷 教授. A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese and Their Translation Instructor ( Professor)： Li Yan. Autumn 2014 A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese and Their Translation Course Description.Introductory Remarks about the Course. About the course1. Making contrastMaking contrast

2、 is a very important method to know and understand the world and also one of the basic approaches to conduct language research and study. Mr. Zhao Yuanren, the well known Chinese linguist once said, “What so-called linguistic theory, in fact, is making contrast between different languages, a scienti

3、fic research finding by a synthetically contrastive analysis of languages of various nationalities in the world. ” .2. Contrastive study In China, contrastive study is a comparatively new branch of linguistics. However, recent years have witnessed its rapid development and tremendous achievements as

4、 the results of the efforts of the researchers. Contrastive study reveals similarities and dissimilarities between the two languages and suggests the dialectic approaches to language study. .3. A contrastive study of English and Chinese A contrastive study of English and Chinese not only helps to fo

5、rm a new method, which can be applied in language teaching and translation but also benefits the communication. By contrastive study, language learners can gain a better insight of peculiarities of their mother language and the foreign language. In the process of communication, it is possible for th

6、em to be conscious of the similarities and dissimilarities between the two languages in order to avoid committing mistakes, thus making communication possible. .4. About this course This course offers an introduction to contrastive study on English and Chinese. It is quite necessary for a language l

7、earner to learn this course and the Chinese scholar Lian Shuneng has given us an excellent contrastive study on English and Chinese. A few examples will be listed here to illustrate this point. . In the door way lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours. An idea suddenly struck me. He h

8、ad surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions.Four kinds of nouns may be transformed into Chinese verbs (英語下列四類名詞與漢語動詞的轉換)1) He gave a description (describe) of the traffic accident2）The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing. 3) I am afraid I cant teach you swimm

9、ing. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.4) have a rest, have a look at .(1)英語動詞派生的名詞與漢語動詞的轉換e.g. Liberation, application, insistence, settlement, description, abolition, exploitation （ .eksplitein 開發，開采）, refusal, acknowledgement, withdrawal. 1) He gave a description (describe) of

10、the traffic accident 他描述了交通事故的情況。 (2)英語含有動作意味的名詞,在記敘、描寫文體中出現了較多,往往可以與漢語動詞轉換, e.g. sight, sound, close, glance, wave, effusion, walk, view, thought, etc. 1）The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing. 看到我們的噴氣式飛機，聽見隆隆的機聲，令我特別神往。 .(3)英語中有些加后綴-er/-or的名詞，有時并不表示職業和身份，而是含有較強的動作意味，在漢

11、語中在漢語中沒有恰當的對應名詞沒有恰當的對應名詞，往往可以譯成漢語的動詞, e.g. teacher, forgiver, briefer(作作的概述；（向的概述；（向）簡單介紹）簡單介紹 ), advocator.I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 我未必會教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教教的好。.比較：She is a well-known singer. 她是一位著名的歌唱家。Some of my classmates are good si

12、ngers.我同班同學中有些人唱歌唱得唱歌唱得很好。 (4)英語作為習語主體的名詞往往可以與漢語動詞轉換。如：have a rest, have a look at, take care of , make mention of/make no mention of等. 花園里面是人間樂園，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的綾羅綢緞和花不完的金銀財寶。The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent. 漢語

13、“他能吃能睡”，英語該怎么說？.Required textbooks and reference books1. Lian Shu-neng Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 19932. 陳定安，英漢比較與翻譯中國對外翻譯出版公司，19983. Sun Zhili, A New Course book on English- Chinese Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2

14、0034. Shao Zhihong C-E Translation Studies: A Contrastive Approach. Shanghai: East China University of Science and Technology Press, 2005. Course RequirementsStudents are expected to attend all class sessions. (the time during which a school holds classes) If you are absent, a note (a written explan

15、ation) must be presented to explain the reason for the absence. When you miss classes, remember it is your responsibility to find out what you missed. If you are absent three times, please come to see me immediately. Assignments are due on the day announced in class. All assignments must be submitte

16、d ON TIME. Late assignments will not be accepted. So prepare your assignments in advance.All class assignments will be written on the paper arranged by our department. Grading Attendance, participation, class assignments, translation ability 30% Final Exam70%.Tentative syllabus:This course can be di

17、vided into ten chapters, namely,General Introduction Chapter 1 Synthetic vs. AnalyticChapter 2 Rigid vs. Supple/ Compact vs. Diffusive Chapter 3 Hypotactic vs. Paratactic Chapter4 Complex vs. Simplex Chapter 5 Impersonal vs. Personal Chapter 6 Passive vs. Active Chapter 7 Stative vs. Dynamic Chapter

18、 8 Abstract vs. ConcreteChapter 9 Indirect vs. Direct Chapter10 Substitutive vs. Reiterative.Chapter 1 Synthetic vs. Analytic. Synthetic language vs. Analytic languageSynthetic language： any language in which syntactic relations within sentences are expressed by inflection (the change in the form of

19、 a word that indicates distinctions of tense, person, gender, number, mood, voice, and case) (Latin, German, old English).In Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, Synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”. Latin,

20、German and Old English belong to typical Synthetic language .Analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”. (Chinese).What about modern English?Modern Engl

21、ish comes from the Old English. It preserves the characteristics of the synthetic language, but possesses the characteristics of the analytic language. Modern English is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of hereditary inflections, form words, and a relatively fixed word order to express sy

22、ntactic relations. So Modern English belongs to synthetic-analytic language. A Contrastive study of Synthetic- analytic English and Analytic Chinese 4 aspects: inflected forms (the change in the forms of the words) word order form words phonetics1. Inflected forms in English (the change in the forms

23、 of words) (Chinese has no the kind of change)(1) Affixation Prefixes and suffixes are added to roots to form new words. Generally speaking, prefixes can add new meaning to the newly formed words and suffixes indicate new meanings and new parts of speech, such as like, dislike, likely. .(2) Additive

24、 forms refers to enclitics( inklitik, en- 附屬字) that are added to the words to indicate the function of the words in sentences. This includes: noun+s/es; pronoun+ s/es, eg, yourselves; verb+ s/es; verb+ ed; verb+ing; adjective/adverb+ er/est , and so on.(3) External forms In English, the combination

25、of verbs, auxiliary verbs and modal verbs can be used to indicates different tenses, voices and mood of the verbs, .(4) The function of Particles in Chinese助詞 particle (grammatical)結構助詞 structural particle比較級虛助詞 comparative particle動態助詞 aspect particle虛詞empty wordform wordfunctional wordfunction wor

26、d.2. Relatively free word order in English vs. relatively fixed word order in Chinese (1) Differences on inversion (2) Different positions of attributes (3) Different logical thought patterns .3. A Contrastive study of English form words and Chinese empty words (1) English form words English form wo

27、rds（虛詞）are also called function words or structural words. They include: articles, prepositions, auxiliary, co-ordinators , subordinators .(2) Chinese empty wordsChinese empty words（虛詞）include :prepositions, particles (助詞) ,conjunctions. .(3) A Contrastive study of them a. articles (only used in Eng

28、lish)b. particles (only used in Chinese)c. Wide use of prepositions in English sentences. Compared with Chinese, prepositions are widely used in English. There are about 286 prepositions in English (about 30 prepositions in Chinese). Compared with English sentences, there are fewer kinds of function

29、 words or connecting devices in Chinese sentences. Chinese sentences emphasize covert coherence. They stress logical sequence, function and meaning. There are about 30 prepositions in Chinese and most of them are borrowed from verbs. .For example, “在，到，朝” can be used as both verbs and prepositions:(a) 車在外面。（The car is outside.）(b) 車停在外面。（Park the car outside.）(c) 不要在外面停車。（Do not park the car outside. ）In sentence (1)