1、從句是相對于主句而言的,即它是從屬于某一個主句,而不能單獨作一個句子.在英語中,主要有三大從句,即名詞性從句（包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句,同位語從句）、形容詞性從句（即定語從句）、副詞性從句（即狀語從句,包括時間、條件、結果、目的、原因、讓步、地點、方式等）.主語從句用作主語,如：That the earth is round is true.地球為圓的是真實的.賓語從句用作賓語.如：Do you know where he lives?表語從句用作表語,如：My opinion is that you should not go alone.我的意見是你不應單獨前往.同位語從句用于解釋

2、說明前面的名詞.如：The fact that the earth is round is true.地球是圓的的事實是真實的.（that從句用于解釋說明the fact）定語從句相當于一個形容詞,用于修飾前面的名詞.如：The student who answered the question was John.回答問題的學生是John.狀語從句相當于一個副詞,如：When it rains,I usually go to school by bus.天下雨時,我通常坐公共汽車上學.（時間狀語）If he comes tomorrow,you will see him.如果他明天來,你就可以

3、看見他.（if 引導的條件狀語從句,其結構為：if +狀語從句,主句）.要注意在狀語從句中有一個規則是“主將從現”,即主句是將來時,則從句要用一般現在時表示將來.主句和從句的劃分方法是相同的.句子的成分從謂語動詞處來劃分比較容易.謂語動詞前面的部分是主語,后面常接賓語,修飾謂語動詞的是狀語,修飾主語、賓語的是定語,若謂語是系動詞,則系動詞后的部分是表語.如：I am a teacher.其中,I 是主語,am是謂語,a teacher 是表語.He likes playing football very mucy.其中,he是主語,likes是謂語,playing football是賓語,ve

4、ry much是狀語.英語中8種從句介紹1定語從句2時間狀語從句3地點狀語從句4條件狀語從句5同位語從句6表語從句7賓語從句8主語從句名詞性從句：在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句 (Noun Clauses）.名詞從句的功能相當于名詞詞組,它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等,因此根據它在句中不同的語法功能,名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句.引導名詞性從句的連接詞引導名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：連接詞：that,whether,if 不充當從句的任何成分）連接代詞：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,whi

5、ch.連接副詞：when,where,how,why不可省略的連詞：1.介詞后的連詞2.引導主語從句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略.That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比較：whether與if 均為是否的意思.但在下列情況下,whether 不能被if 取代：1.whether引導主語從句并在句首2.引導表語從句3.whether從句作介詞賓語4.從句后有or notWhether he will come is not clear.大部分連接詞引導的主語從句都可以置于句末,

6、用 it充當形式主語.It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.）由從屬連詞that引導的從句叫做名詞性that-從句.That只起連接主句和從句的作用,在從句中不擔任任何成分,本身也沒有詞義.名詞性that-從句在句中能充當主 語、賓語、表語、同位語和形容詞賓語,例如：主語：That he is still alive is sheer luck.他還活著全靠運氣.賓語：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesd

7、ay.約翰說他星期三要到倫敦去.表語：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事實是近來誰也沒有見過他.同位語：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.近來誰也沒有見過他,這一事實令辦公室所有的人不安.形容詞賓語：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你對工作滿意我感到很高興.2）That- 從句作主語通常用it作先行詞,而將that-從句置于句末,例如：It is quit

8、e clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚,整個計劃注定要失敗.Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事一、什么是英語從句?要回答這個問題,先要弄清楚兩個小問題：1、什么叫英語的句子一般情況下,英語句子中必定有一個主語和謂語,或者說,有主語和謂語組成的句子就是句子.例如：Mr. Wang teaches English in a middle school.Many trees were planted last spring.2、英語句子的成份英語的句子中,不僅只

9、有主語和謂語,還有其它的句子成份,其中最主要的成份有：主語、謂語、賓語、狀語、定語等.這幾種成份在句子的位置大致是：(狀語) + (定語)主語(定語) + (狀語)謂語(狀語) + (定語)賓語(賓語補足語) + (狀語)也就是,定語一般位于主語和賓語的前后；狀語一般位于謂語的前后；及物動詞后一般接賓語和賓語補足語.有一點請注意：英語句子中狀語的位置非常靈活,它在句首、句中、句末都可以.3、什么是英語的從句在明白了英語句子的成份之后,再來討論英語從句就比較簡單了.因為,什么叫從句呢?就是英語句中的某一成份不是一個單詞或詞組,而是一個句子,那么這個擔任成份的句子就叫從句.如果定語是一個句子,它就

10、叫定語從句；如果賓語是一個句子,它就是賓語從句.依此類推.例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. (括號中that開始的句子就是定語從句)We revisited the village where we had worked before. (括號中where引導的句子也是定語從句)He learned that this was a hard work (which must be finished in a week.) (這句里有兩個從句,方括號由that引導的是賓語從句；在這個賓語從句中又包含了一

11、個由which引導的定語從句.)因此,對于一個比較復雜的較長的英語句子來說,它就可能存在幾個句子,即主句和擔任各種成份的從句.從這個角度看,也可以說從句是句子中的句子.二、定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞.定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后,由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出.關系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等.關系副詞有：when, where, why等. 18.1 關系代詞引導的定語從句關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分.關系代詞

12、在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致.1）who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想見的人嗎?（who/that在從句中作主語）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見的那個人.（whom/that在從句中作賓語）2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換）, 例如：They rushed over to help the man wh

13、ose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙.Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書.3）which, that它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農村出現了前所未有的繁榮.（which / that在句中作賓語）The package (which / that) you

14、 are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了.(which / that在句中作賓語 18.2 關系副詞引導的定語從句關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語.1）when, where, why關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于介詞+ which結構,因此常常和介詞+ which結構交替使用,例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候.Beijing is the place where (in which

15、) I was born. 北京是我的出生地.Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?2）that代替關系副詞that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和介詞+ which引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如：His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了.He is unlikely to find the place (that

16、/ where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方.用關系代詞,還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞.及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞.例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.判斷改錯（注：先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線；用不同的顏色表示出.）（錯） This is the mountain v

17、illage where I visited last year.（錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（對） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（對） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where, when聯系在一起.此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上.內容提要定語從句是由關系代詞和關系副詞引導的從句,其

18、作用是作定語修飾主句的某個成分,定語從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種.狀語從句分為時間狀語從句,結果狀語從句,讓步狀語從句,原因狀語從句,條件狀語從句以及行為方式狀語從句.名詞從句包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句和同位語從句及there be句型.一、 限定性定語從句1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物；它們在從句中作主語或賓語,that在從句中作賓語時常可省略關系詞,which在從句中作賓語則不能省略.而且,如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞介詞”的介詞的賓語,注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來的位置2. which作賓語時,

19、根據先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關系,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟3. 代表物時多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括all, anything, much等,這時的that常被省略4. who和whom引導的從句用來修飾人,分別作從句中的主語和賓語,whom作賓語時,要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語5. where是關系副詞,用來表示地點的定語從句6. when引導定語從句表示時間注值得一提的是,表示時間“time一詞的定語從句只用when引導,有時不用任何關系代詞,當然也不用that引導By the time you arrive in

20、London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.7. whose是關系代詞,修飾名詞作定語,相當于所修飾成分的前置所有格8. 當從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, somethin

21、g, anything, everything或nothing時,常用there is來引導二、非限定性定語從句：非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進一步說明,通常和主句間用逗號隔開,將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1. which引導的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分2. 在引導限定性定語從句時,that有時相當于in which, at which, for which或at whichAttitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes t

22、owards night dreaming have changed. 人們對白日做夢的態度正在改變,這與人們對夜間做夢的看法的變化有非常相似之處.I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂,而他恰恰與我相反.We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了.3. 有時as也可用作關系代詞4. 在非限定性定語從句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物先行詞:是在定語從句中,被定語

23、從句所修飾的名詞.例如:He is a teacher who teach our English.在這里定詞從句who teach our English是來修飾前面的名詞teacher.所以teacher就是一個先行詞.再說下它的用法：1、先行詞指人時,引導詞可用Who,Whom,及that,其中當引導詞在句中作主語時用Who或that；當其充當賓語時用whom或that,在非正式賓語中也可用who,也可省略.a That boy who/that broke the window is called Tom.b The person to whom you just talked is

24、Mr Li.b 句可改為：The person(that/whom/who)you just talked to is Mr Li.2、先行詞指物時,引導詞用that或whicha.They planted the trees which didnt need much water.b .The fish (which)we bought were not fresh.3、先行詞指時間時,引導詞用When/on which或in whicha.I still remember the day when/on which I first came to Bei jing.b.Ill never

25、forget the year when/ on which we worked on the farm.4、先行詞指地點時,引導詞用Where或in whichThis is the house where/in which we lived last year.或:This is the house that/which we lived in last year.5、whose在定語從句中作定語時,可用來指人,也可以用來指物,如:a.This is the boy whose mother died a month ago.b.This is the house whose window

26、s were broken.此句可改成：This is the house the windoues of which were broken.6、先行詞表示原因時,引導詞用why,如:The reason why he was late for school was that he had been knocked down by a bike.二、物殊情況：盡管有以上基本原則,但要學好定語從句更應注意以下特殊情況；、當定語從句的先行詞為表示人的不定代詞,如 anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,noone,nobody,all, these ,those等時,

27、用who而不用thatThose who break the rule are pulished.Anybody who had eyes could see the elephant was like a snake.以who或which作主語的特殊疑問句中先行詞指人,引導詞只用That,如:a.Who is the person that is standing at the gate ?b.Which of you that knows something about English doesnt know this word?、先行詞指物時引導詞用that而不用which的情況:1、先

28、行詞有序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時,This is the best composition that has been written in English.2、先行詞是all,something,anything,nothing,everything,little,few,much等不定代詞時There is nothing/little/much that we can do for her.3、先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修飾時Ive read all the books that you gave me.4、先行詞被the only/ve

29、ry等修飾時This is the very/last place that they visited yesterday.5、有兩個以上先行詞,分別表示人或物時They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.6、先行詞為基數時Yesterday I caught two fish,Now you can see the two that are still alive in a basin of water.time為先行詞時,前邊如有序數詞修飾時,定語從句引導詞用that或什么也不用,如沒序數詞修飾時,用when或that均可a.This is the last time(that)I shall