1、 Unit 10 Development Issues (II)In essence, climate change is a development issue, and should be addressed in the context of sustainable development. In the international climate change cooperation, the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities should be observed and the ro

2、le of UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol as the main channel of international cooperation should be upheld.emission n. （光、熱等的）發射，散發；噴射；（光、熱等的）發射，散發；噴射；發行發行protocol n. 協議；草案；禮儀協議；草案；禮儀 vt. 擬定擬定 vi. 擬定擬定eradication n. 消滅，撲滅；根除消滅，撲滅；根除mandate n. 命令，指令；委托管理；授權；受命命令，指令；委托管理；授權；受命進行的工作進行的工作 vt. 托管；授權托管；授權since

3、rity n. 真實，誠摯真實，誠摯generate vt. 使形成；生殖；發生使形成；生殖；發生inject vt. 注射；注入注射；注入vigorous adj. 有力的；精力充沛的有力的；精力充沛的legitimate adj. 合法的；合理的；正當的；正合法的；合理的；正當的；正統的統的 vt. 使合法；認為正當使合法；認為正當impediment n. 妨礙；阻止妨礙；阻止 curb n. 抑制；勒馬繩；路邊抑制；勒馬繩；路邊 vt. 勒住；控制勒住；控制arbitrarily adv. 武斷地；反復無常地；專橫地武斷地；反復無常地；專橫地regime n. 政權，政體；社會制度；管

4、理體制政權，政體；社會制度；管理體制deficiency n. 缺乏；不足的數額；缺陷，缺點缺乏；不足的數額；缺陷，缺點inadequacy n. 不適當，不充分；不完全；不十分不適當，不充分；不完全；不十分governance n. 統治；支配；管理統治；支配；管理conducive adj. 有助于有助于的；有益的的；有益的 conducive toaccelerate vt. 使使加快；使加快；使增速增速 vi. 加速；促進；增加加速；促進；增加quantitative adj. 定量的；量的，數量的定量的；量的，數量的supervisory adj. 監督的監督的regulatory

5、adj. 調整的；控制的；管理的調整的；控制的；管理的surveillance n. 監督；監視監督；監視stability n. 穩定性；堅定，恒心穩定性；堅定，恒心emission reductions 減排減排technology transfer 技術轉讓技術轉讓gross national income 國民總收入國民總收入international financial institutions 國際金融機構國際金融機構emerging markets 新興市場國家新興市場國家1.emission reductions 減排減排Certified Emission Reduction

6、s (CERs) are a type of emissions unit (or carbon credits) issued by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Executive Board for emission reductions achieved by CDM projects and verified by a DOE under the rules of the Kyoto Protocol. CERs can be used by Annex 1 countries in order to comply with their

7、emission limitation targets or by operators of installations covered by the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) in order to comply with their obligations to surrender EU Allowances, CERs or Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) for the CO2 emissions of their installations. CERs can be held by

8、governmental and private entities on electronic accounts with the UN. 2.The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) 聯合國氣候變化聯合國氣候變化框架公約框架公約The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC)is an international environmental treaty produced at the

9、United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to 14, 1992. The objective of the treaty is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic in

10、terference with the climate system. The treaty itself set no mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. In that sense, the treaty is considered legally non-binding. Instead, the treaty provides for updates (called protocols) that wou

11、ld set mandatory emission limits. The principal update is the Kyoto Protocol, which has become much better known than the UNFCCC itself 3. Kyoto Protocol 京都議定書京都議定書The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting global

12、 warming. The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. 4. Bali Road Map 巴厘路線圖巴厘路線圖After the 2007 United Natio

13、ns Climate Change Conference on the island Bali in Indonesia in December, 2007 the participating nations adopted the Bali Road Map as a two-year process to finalizing a binding agreement in 2009 in Copenhagen. The conference encompassed meetings of several bodies, including the 13th Conference of th

14、e Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 13) and the 3rd Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (MOP 3 or CMP 3) 5. Copenhagen Summit哥本哈根氣候峰會 The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, commonly known as the Copenhagen Summit, was held at the Bella Cen

15、ter in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 7 December and 18 December. The conference included the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 5th Meeting of the Parties (MOP 5) to the Kyoto Protocol. According to the Bali Road Map, a framewo

16、rk for climate change mitigation beyond 2012 was to be agreed there. 6.6.Monterrey Consensus蒙特雷共識蒙特雷共識The Monterrey Consensus was the outcome of the 2002 Monterrey Conference, the United Nations International Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey, Mexico. It was adopted by Heads of St

17、ate and Government on 22 March 2002. Over fifty Heads of State and two hundred Ministers of Finance, Foreign Affairs, Development and Trade participated in the event. Governments were joined by the Heads of the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the World Trade

18、 Organization (WTO), prominent business and civil society leaders and other stakeholders. New development aid commitments from the United States and the European Union and other countries were made at the conference. Countries also reached agreements on other issues, including debt relief, fighting

19、corruption, and policy coherence. 7. Official development assistance官方發展援助官方發展援助 Official development assistance (ODA) is a statistic compiled by the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to measure aid. The DAC first compiled the statistic in

20、 1969. It is widely used by academics and journalists as a convenient indicator of international aid flow. It includes some loans Comprehension of the TextI. Answer the following questions according to the text.1) What determination does the international community need to show to help developing co

21、untries realize the MDGs at an early date?2) Through what way can African countries capacity for self-development be enhanced？3）What should they do to create favourable external conditions for Africas development?4) What assistance has China offered to Africa?5) How would you be perceptive about the

22、 importance of food security?Language SkillsII. Word Study 1. Match the words and the explanations. A B1. appreciation a. 購買期貨購買期貨2. bank draft b. 外匯經紀人外匯經紀人3. buying forward c. 貨幣籃子，籃子貨貨幣籃子，籃子貨幣幣4. bank transfer d. 就業經紀人就業經紀人5. basket of currencies e. 不記名支票不記名支票6. bearer cheque f. 銀行匯票銀行匯票7. employ

23、ment broker g. 升值升值8. exchange broker h. 銀行轉賬銀行轉賬2. Fill in the blanks with the words or expressions given below. Change the form where necessary. inevitable reluctance mount stimulus emerge rebate advocate undermine regulatory plunge1. The expenses for daily necessities are _ up due to the inflatio

24、n.2. The truth of the murder _ after a thorough investigation by the police.3. The disabled aircraft _ to the ground and burst into flames.4. Late hours can _ ones health.5. As we grow up, we have to face the _ changes in our lives. 6. Martin Luther King was an _of civil rights of the Black. 7. Bein

25、g selfish and indifferent, he was _ to help others. 8. Tax _ is an effective way to boost consumption. 9. Encouragement is the best _ for students to strive for more progress. 10. It is necessary for the government to implement some _ measures to control population. 3. Choose right answers to fill i

26、n the blanks. Once the market is divided into 1 , the marketer determines the 2 of each segment. These efforts focus on each segments market 3 the total amount of product that buyers in the segment will 4 during a 5 period of time, given a specified level of marketing activity. The marketer can 6 ma

27、rket potential in terms of dollars of sales or units of product. Thus, a publisher might predict that a book will generate 7 of $75,000 or sell 5,000 copies. The marketer cannot control such variables as the marketing efforts of competitors, so market potential must be an estimate based on experienc

28、e with the same or similar products. For instance, a marketer might use industry data to determine the current sales 8 at a type of restaurant. Then the marketer 9 the percentage changes that can be expected in a 10 period of time-say, the percent by which sales should grow in one year.1. A. segment

29、sB. circlesC. levelsD. departments 2. A. lengthB. inchC. sizeD. amount 3. A. economyB. conditionC. backgroundD. potential 4. A. investB. purchaseC. sellD. retail5. A. longB. shortC. specified D. special6. A. decideB. estimateC. investigateD. examine7. A. incomeB. revenue C. taxD. number 8. A. produc

30、tB. figureC. amountD. volume9. A. announcesB. revisesC. predicts D. indicates 10. A. givenB. comparedC. individualD. divided1. Complete the following sentences.1. We will give you an reply immediately _. (當我們看完報告當我們看完報告)2. Ill let you know _. （一旦裝運安排好）（一旦裝運安排好）3. We have not received your reply _.（自

31、我方（自我方3月月30日給你方發日給你方發過過 傳真后）傳真后）4. Please advise us _.（當（當你們想要購買這些商品時）你們想要購買這些商品時）5. _, (直到你告訴我之前直到你告訴我之前) I had heard nothing of what happened about the contract.2. Combine the sentences in each group by using sothat, unless, as if, in order that, although. 1. A. It rained heavily. B. They still we

32、nt out.2.A. They started early. B. They might arrive in time.3.A. He works hard. B. He can serve the country well.4.A. I shall not go out to play. B. I finish my homework.5. A. The old man is running fast. B. He were a young man.Business Knowledge Extensions . Translate the following sentences into

33、English. 1. 氣候變化是當今世界面臨的重大挑戰，需各國合作應對。氣候變化是當今世界面臨的重大挑戰，需各國合作應對。2. 南南合作是發展中國家間取長補短、實現共同發展的重要渠道，南南合作是發展中國家間取長補短、實現共同發展的重要渠道，是發展中國家相互幫助，攜手應對各種發展挑戰的重要途徑。是發展中國家相互幫助，攜手應對各種發展挑戰的重要途徑。3. 當務之急是建立并完善平等、互利、共贏的全球發展伙伴關系，當務之急是建立并完善平等、互利、共贏的全球發展伙伴關系，切實落實切實落實蒙特雷共識蒙特雷共識，確保如期實現千年發展目標。，確保如期實現千年發展目標。4. 多哈回合談判取得成功，有利于提升國

34、際貿易開放水平，抑制貿多哈回合談判取得成功，有利于提升國際貿易開放水平，抑制貿易保護主義，促進世界經濟復蘇和可持續發展，符合各方共同利易保護主義，促進世界經濟復蘇和可持續發展，符合各方共同利益。益。5. 加強全球經濟治理，塑造一個有利于世界經濟長期健康穩定發展加強全球經濟治理，塑造一個有利于世界經濟長期健康穩定發展的體制框架，符合國際社會共同利益。的體制框架，符合國際社會共同利益。V. Translate the following sentences in the text into Chinese. We hope the developed countries will fully de

35、monstrate political sincerity, fulfill their obligations and honor their commitments in good faith, and make positive contribution to the international cooperation on tackling climate change.2. China believes that there should be vigorous consultation and coordination on major international issues b

36、etween the developing countries, where they could coordinate their actions to uphold their legitimate rights and interests.3. The inadequate financing for development has always been a major impediment to international development. This issue becomes more prominent against the serious impact of the

37、global financial crisis on low-income countries.4. We stand for an early resolution of the outstanding issues follow the principle of consistent with its mandate, locking in the progress already made and basing the negotiations on the existing texts, and work for a comprehensive and balanced conclus

38、ion to the Doha Round.5. The consensus is to make necessary reforms to the existing international financial system and establish a fair, equitable, inclusive and well-managed international financial system.VI. Write a summary of the text in about 120 words.V I I . W r i t e a o n e - p a r a g r a p

39、 h c o m p o s i t i o n entitled“Climate change, a major challenge facing todays world,”。Complete the paragraph with five to seven sentences, using the words phrases given below.VIII. Discuss with your partner Climate change 1. technology transfer 技術轉讓技術轉讓Technology transfer is the process of skill

40、 transferring, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and facilities among governments and other institutions to ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users who can then further develop and exploit the technology

41、 into new products, processes, applications, materials or services. It is closely related to (and may arguably be considered a subset of) knowledge transfer.2. gross national income 國民總收入Gross national income (GNI) comprises the total value produced within a country (i.e. its gross domestic product)

42、, together with its income received from other countries (notably interest and dividends), less similar payments made to other countries. The GNI consists of: the personal consumption expenditures, the gross private investment, the government consumption expenditures, the net income from assets abro

43、ad (net income receipts), and the gross exports of goods and services, after deducting two components: the gross imports of goods and services, and the indirect business taxes. The GNI is similar to the gross national product (GNP), except that in measuring the GNP one does not deduct the indirect b

44、usiness taxes.3. international financial institutions 國際金融機構國際金融機構The most prominent international institutions are the IMF, the World Bank and the WTO:The International Monetary Fund keeps account of international balance of payments accounts of member states. The IMF acts as a lender of last resor

45、t for members in financial distress, e.g., currency crisis, problems meeting balance of payment when in deficit and debt default. Membership is based on quotas, or the amount of money a country provides to the fund relative to the size of its role in the international trading system.The World Bank a

46、ims to provide funding, take up credit risk or offer favourable terms to development projects mostly in developing countries that couldnt be obtained by the private sector. The other multilateral development banks and other international financial institutions also play specific regional or function

47、al roles.The World Trade Organization settles trade disputes and negotiates international trade agreements in its rounds of talks (currently the Doha Round). 4. emerging markets 新興市場國家新興市場國家 Emerging markets are nations with social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrializ

48、ation. At 2006, there are around 28 emerging markets (at 2010, more than 40 emerging markets) in the world, with the economies of China and India considered to be the largest. According to The Economist many people find the term outdated, but no new term has yet to gain much traction 5. internationa

49、l monetary systems 國際金融體系國際金融體系 International monetary systems are sets of internationally agreed rules, conventions and supporting institutions that facilitate international trade, cross border investment and generally the reallocation of capital between nation states. They provide means of payment

50、 acceptable between buyers and sellers of different nationality, including deferred payment. To operate successfully, they need to inspire confidence, to provide sufficient liquidity for fluctuating levels of trade and to provide means by which global imbalances can be corrected. The systems can gro

51、w organically as the collective result of numerous individual agreements between international economic actors spread over several decades. Alternatively, they can arise from a single architectural vision as happened at Bretton Woods in 1944.I. OmittedII. 1.1. 1. g2. f3. a4. h5. c6. e7. d8. b2. 1. m

52、ounting2. emerged3. plunged4. undermine5. inevitable6. advocate7. reluctant8. rebate9. stimulus10. regulatory3. 1. A 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.C6. B 7.B 8.D 9. C 10.ABackBackIII. 1. 1.After we have completely read the report.2.as soon as the shipment is arranged3.since we faxed you on may 30th4.when you want to purchase these goods5.Until you told me all about this2. 1. Although it rained heavily, they still went out.2. They started early so that they might arrive in time.He works hard in order that he can serve the country w