1、英文論文引言的寫作技巧（上課用）1 引言的內容與結構布局引言的主要任務是向讀者勾勒出全文的基本內容和輪廓。它可以包括以下五項內容中的全部或其中幾項：1）介紹某研究領域的背景、意義、發展狀況、目前的水平等；2）對相關領域的文獻進行回顧和綜述，包括前人的研究成果，已經解決的問題，并適當加以評價或比較；3）指出前人尚未解決的問題，留下的技術空白，也可以提出新問題、解決這些新問題的新方法、新思路，從而引出自己研究課題的動機與意義；4）說明自己研究課題的目的；5）概括論文的主要內容，或勾勒其大體輪廓。我們可以將引言的內容分為三到四個層次來安排(如圖所示)。第一層：1) Introducing the g

2、eneral research area including its background, importance, and present level of development2) Reviewing previous research in this area第二層： Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question 第三層：Specifying the purpose of your research第四層：1) Announcing yo

3、ur major findings 2) Outlining the contents of your paper 比較簡短的論文，引言也可以相對比較簡短。第一層: Introducing the importance of the research area and reviewing previous Research第二層: Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question 第三層: Specifying the purpose of your

4、 research2 如何寫引言的開頭引言開頭(即第一層)最主要目的是告訴讀者論文所涉及的研究領域及其意義是什么，研究要解決什么問題，目前狀況或水平如何。也就是說，開頭要回答如下問題：1、 What is the subject of the research?2、 What is the importance of this subject?3、 How is the research going at present?4、 In what way is it important, interesting, and worth studying?5、 What problem does th

5、e research solve?例Purple loosestrife (紫千曲菜) is a wetland plant which invaded North America in the early 1800s. It is well established in the United States and Canada with serious infestations in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence regions.例Forecast of the tracks of hurricanes (颶風)have improved steadily

6、 over the past three decades, owing to a combination of better observations and much improved numerical models. These improvements, along with advances in warning systems and preparedness for emergencies, have brought about a significant decline in loss of life.例Environmental indicators(環境指數)attempt

7、 to accurately describe environmental conditions and make available scientifically valid information on environmental trends例Acoustic problem occur extensively in long spaces. For example, in road or rail tunnels noise pollution is a serious problem, and in underground stations poor speech intelligi

8、bility of public address systems can cause misunderstanding of vital instructions during an emergency.首先，關鍵詞往往出現在第一句話，回答What is the research area? 這個問題，迅速將主題告訴讀者，避免轉彎抹角，影響信息傳遞。然后簡單介紹該研究領域的意義。第二，引言開頭句子的謂語動詞或者是一般現在時態，或者是現在完成時態。這是因為這些動詞所描述的是某研究領域的現狀，而不是過去的情況。引言的開頭常用句型有：句型1：研究主題+謂語動詞be 例aFuel cell(燃料電池)

9、is a technology for the clean and efficient conversion from chemical energy in fossil fuels to electricity句型2: 研究主題+ has become a. Semiconductor based industry (基于半導體的工業)has be come the largest industry for the USA and it has influenced every other industry and every aspect of human life.b. The batt

10、ery technology has become increasingly popular in automotive industry.c. Forest decline has become a favorite topic for environmental studies.句型3：研究主題 + be 過去分詞（被動語態）a. Synthetic polymers (聚合物) are widely used in contact with biological systems in applications such as medicine, biotechnology, food p

11、rocessing and natural water environment.b. Air pollution has been extensively studied in recent years.c. The causes of glaucoma have been widely investigated recently.d. The importance of safe driving is now well established.句型4: Recently, there has been growing interest in / concern about + 研究主題 a.

12、 Recently, there has been growing concern about waste-water biosolid, the residual organic matter produced during waste water treatment.b. In the 1990s there has been growing interest in the development of electric vehicles in response to the public demand for cleaner air.句型5: Recently there have /

13、has been extensive / increasing /numerous publications / literature / reporting on + 研究領域a. There have been numerous publications over the last ten years on the need for nursing education to keep pace with the increase in knowledge of biological science.b. There has been increasing reporting about f

14、orest decline in North America.句型6: Researchers have become increasingly interested in +研究領域 或:Researchers have recently focused their attention on +研究領域；Researchers are recently paying more attention to + 研究領域a. Researchers have become more interested in environmental indicators.b. Researchers are

15、paying more attention to high pressure injection (高壓噴射).3 如何寫文獻綜述文獻綜述是學術論文的重要組成部分，是作者對他人在某研究領域所做的工作和研究成果的總結與評述，包括他人有代表性的觀點或理論、發明發現、解決問題的方法等。在援引他人的研究成果時，必須標注出處，即這一研究成果由何人在何時何地公開發表。3.1文獻出處的標注引用文獻時，不同的學科或領域可能采用各自約定俗成的體系或格式。在寫論文時，應該了解自己學科采用的固定格式。目前最常見的體系有兩種，一種是作者+出版年體系，另一種是順序編碼體系。下面對這兩種體系分別加以介紹。第一種體系的主要

16、框架模式如下：模式1：作者(年代)十謂語動詞主動語態+研究內容成果a. Hanson et al. (1976) noted that oak mortality and decline were associated with drought and insects throughout a multi-state region of the mid-west.b. McCarthy (1995) documented 50% hickory mortality, associated with insects, in a ten year study of forest dynamics

17、in two hardwood areas in a southeastern Ohio forest.c. Also, Fay (1991) found cooperative group projects integrated into science class to be successful experiences for students.模式2：研究內容成果+謂語動詞被動語態+(作者年代)a. Success at this Science Day was found to be linked to parental support (Czemiak 1996).b. Throu

18、ghout the eastern United States, large scale compositional changes have been observed in forests dominated by oak and hickory (Christensen 1997, Lorimer 1984, McCarthy et al. 1987, Pallardy et al. 1988).模式3：It has been十謂語動詞被動語態+by作者(年代)+that從句 或：It has been+謂語動詞被動語態+that從句(作者年代)；研究內容成果+謂語動詞被動語態+by作者

19、(年代)a. It was found by Czemiak (1996) that success at this Science Day was linked to parental support. 或 It was found that success at this Science Day was linked to parental support (Czemiak 1996).b. The condition of eastern hardwood species and ecosystems of the United States has been summarized by

20、 Weiss and Rizzo (1987) and Millers et al. (1989).如果引用的文獻有兩個以上的作者，只標明第一作者，后面用拉丁文et al表示，意思是“等人”、“其他人”。如“Hanson et al”就是如此。如果在綜述中涉及幾個項目或文獻時，則將這些文獻并列標注，必要時用逗號隔開。如 “Christensen 1997， Lorimerl984，McCarthy et al1987，Pallardy et al1988)” 以及 “Weiss and Rizzo(1987)and Millers et al(1989)”。標注參考文獻另一種常見體系是按文獻出

21、現的先后順序編號，置于方括號中，標在指引部分的右上角。被引用的作者、文獻名、出版時間、地點等列入論文后面的參考文獻中。其順序要與正文中標注的順序一致。例Forecasts of the tracks of hurricanes have improved steadily over the past three decades 1, owing to a combination of better observations and much-improved numerical models. In contrast to the improvements in track forecasts

22、, there has been comparatively little advance in predictions of intensity 1, in spite of the sophisticated numerical models. The best intensity forecasts today are statistically based2. Most of the research literature on hurricane intensity focuses on the pre-storm sea surface temperature and certai

23、n properties of the atmospheric environment3 But it is well known that hurricanes alter the surface temperature of the ocean over which they pass4 and that a mere 2.5 K decrease in ocean surface temperature near the core of the storm would be enough to shut down energy production entirely51. Simulat

24、ions with coupled atmosphere-ocean models5-7 confirm that interaction with the ocean is a strong negative feedback on storm intensity文中標注的編號代表參考文獻出現的順序。"l"在文中出現兩次，代表這兩處所陳述的內容或觀點出自同一篇文獻，即正文后面參考文獻中的第1條。“57”代表此處陳述的內容或觀點涉及到三篇文獻，即參考文獻中第57條。行文中的編號也可以不放在方括號里。如：例The sound attenuation along the len

25、gth, a significant index in long spaces, has been intensively studied. Based on various assumptions and using various methods, a number of formulae have been given1-5. Another important index, reverberation time, has been seen to be different from that of the diffuse field6.3.2 文獻綜述中的動詞運用技巧(1)兩類動詞我們

26、可以發現，文獻綜述中常用state， note，observe，discuss，establish，find，present等動詞。這些動詞有兩種特性，一種是描述性動詞，客觀地向讀者介紹他人的工作；另一種是評價性動詞，在一定程度上代表了作者對他人的工作的理解、解釋或態度。文獻綜述中常用的描述性動詞有：describe，discuss，explain，examine，present，state等。常見的評價性動詞有：affirm，allege，argue，assume，claim，imply，maintain，presume，reveal，suggest等。(2)動詞時態文獻綜述中最常見的時態是

27、一般現在時、一般過去時和現在完成時三種時態。使用不同的動詞時態會給句子的意義帶來變化，基本原則如下：原則1：當作者引用某人過去某個時間所做過的某一項具體的研究時，用一般過去時。如：例a. Hanson et al. (1976) noted that oak mortality and decline were associated with drought and insects throughout a multi-state region of the mid-west. McCarthy (1995) documented 50% hickory mortality, associat

28、ed with insects, in a ten year study of forest dynamics in two hardwood areas in a southeastern Ohio forest.b. It was found by Czerniak (1996) that success at this Science Day was linked to parental support. 或 It was found that success at this Science Day was linked to parental support (Czemiak 1996

29、).原則2：在概括或總結某一研究領域里所做過的一些研究時，用現在完成時，如：例a. The condition of eastern hardwood species and ecosystems of the United States has been summarized by Weiss and Rizzo (1987) and Millers et al. (1989). Since then, numerous studies have been completed and many regions have established long-term forest surveys

30、 to better monitor changes occurring in the eastern forest (Loucks 1992).b. The sound attenuation along the length, a significant index in long spaces, has been intensively studied. Based on various assumptions and using various methods, a number of formulae have been given 1-5. Another important in

31、dex, reverberation time, has been seen to be different from that of the diffuse field 6.原則3：在談及目前的知識水平、技術水平或存在的問題時，用一般現在時態。例Acoustic problems occur extensively in long spaces. For example, in road or rail tunnels noise pollution is a serious problem, and in underground stations poor speech intelligi

32、bility of public address systems can cause loss of important travel information and misunderstanding of vital instructions during an emergency. An outstanding feature of long spaces is that classical room acoustic theory is not applicable since the assumption of a diffuse field does not hold with th

33、e extreme dimension condition. Consequently, works required for an understanding of the behavior of sound in long spaces and for an acoustic prediction which takes into account the relevant characteristics.(3)銜接手段如果綜述中多處需要引用同一個作者或同一篇文章，那么，需要用一些連接手段使上下文銜接，讓意思流暢、連貫，并起到提醒讀者的作用。例a. The author goes on to

34、 say thatb. The article further states thatc. The author also states / argues / believes that d. The author concludes that 4 如何寫研究動機與目的在介紹了他人在某領域的工作和成果之后，下一步便介紹作者自己的研究動機、目的與內容。介紹研究動機可以從兩個角度人手，一是指出前人尚未解決的問題或知識的空白，二是說明解決這一問題，或填補知識空白的重要意義。主要句型有：句型1：用表示否定意義的詞例little，few，no或none of+名詞作主語。如：例aLittle infor

35、mationattentionworkresearchbFew studiesinvestigationsresearchersattemptscNo studiesdatacalculationsdNoneofthese studiesfindingscalculations下面舉幾個表示否定意義的例子。a. Unfortunately, few educational opportunities exit to teach farmers and rural homeowners effective water supply management.b. There have been fe

36、w specific reports in the literature of oak and hickory decline.c. There is, however, little qualitative information regarding purple loosestrife vegetative reproduction.d. However, there exists little research on science fair projects.句型2:里表示對照的句型。如:例a. The research has tended to focus on, rather t

37、han onb. These studies have emphasized, as opposed toc. Although considerable research has been devoted to, rather less attention has been paid tod. Although there is much hope that three-dimensional coupled models will lead to better understanding of the factors that control hurricane intensity and

38、 to increased reliability of hurricane intensity forecasts, the present generation of models may not have enough horizontal resolution to capture the full intensity of extreme storms.句型3：提出問題或假設。如：例a. However, it remains unclear whetherb. It would thus be of interest to learn howc. If these results

39、could be confirmed, they would provide strong evidence for d. These findings suggest that this treatment might not be so effective when applied toe. It would seem, therefore, that further investigations are needed in order to指出或暗示了知識領域里的空白，或提出了問題或假設之后，下一步理所當然應該告訴讀者本研究的目的和內容，要解決哪些問題，以填補上述空白，或者證明所提出的假

40、設。此部分常見的句型請參見如何寫摘要中的目的部分。這里只略舉幾例。例a. The aim of the present paper is to give b. This paper reports on the results obtainedc. In this paper we give preliminary results ford. The main purpose of the experiment reported here was toe. This study was designed to evaluatef. The present work extends the us

41、e of the last model byg. We now report the interaction betweenh. The primary focus of this paper is oniThe aim of this investigation was to testjItisthe purposeof the present paper to provide從暗示知識的空白到本研究的目的與內容一般需要用一些過渡詞，以提示一下讀者。如上面這些例句中，用了this paper，here，thepresentwork，now，this investigation，the pre

42、sent paper等詞或詞組。為了引起讀者的注意，這些詞或詞組一般放在句首。例The fate of these sections is not clear. In this study we asked the questions: Do shoot sections remain viable and, if so, are they capable of further growth? We also examined the effect of habitat history and section length on survivorship.如果一項研究、一篇論文不止一個目的，應該按目的的主次排列順序，并用連接詞或詞組。例The present work extends the use of the la