1、0 1 2 3 4 5 CPK = Min CPL, CPUCPL = X-LSL 3P CPU = USL-X 3P PPL = X-LSL 3T PPU = USL-X 3T PPK = Min PPL, PPU 6 7 8 第第 2 步步 第第 3 步步 第第 4 步步 9 010203040 70 78 86 94 Individual and MR Chart Obser. Individual Value 1 X=84.00 3.0SL=93.21 -3.0SL=74.79 0 5 10 15 Mov.Range 1 1 1 1 R=3.462 3.0SL=11.31 -3.0SL

2、=0.00E+00 203040 Last 25 Observations 75 80 85 90 Observation Number Values 8090 Ppk: 0.27 Pp: 0.34 StDev: 4.88816 Overall (LT) Cpk: 0.43 Cp: 0.54 StDev: 3.06874 Potential (ST) Capability Plot Process Tolerance Specifications III III III ST LT 708090 Normal Prob Plot 708090 Capability Histogram Proc

3、ess Capability Sixpack for Process 1 10 第第 1 1 步步 StatQuality StatQuality ToolsCapability ToolsCapability Analysis NormalAnalysis Normal 11 第第 2 步步 第第 3 步步 第第 4 步步 12 707580859095100 LSLUSL Process Capability Analysis for Process 1 USL Target LSL Mean Sample N StDev (ST) StDev (LT) Cp CPU CPL Cpk Cp

4、m Pp PPU PPL Ppk PPM USL PPM Total PPM USL PPM Total PPM USL PPM Total 90 * 80 84 40 3.06874 4.88816 0.54 0.65 0.43 0.43 * 0.34 0.41 0.27 0.27 200000.00 125000.00 325000.00 96207.74 25279.73 121487.47 206591.77 109825.59 316417.36 Process Data Potential (ST) Capability Overall (LT) CapabilityObserve

5、d PerformanceExpected ST PerformanceExpected LT Performance ST LT 13 14 15 535251504948474645 Upper SpecLower Spec 16 17 18 19 Z U S L o r Z L S L U L 20 USLT + 3 能力能力 Z = 3 1 2 3 當偏差減小，缺陷 概率降低， 所以能力增加 我們希望我們希望 小小 Z大大 z + 6 能力能力 Z = 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 TUSL 21 22 Z = (U S L -) Z = (L S L -) 23 24 Z Z0.00

6、0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.005.00e-0014.96e-0014.92e-0014.88e-0014.84e-0014.80e-0014.76e-0014.72e-0014.68e-0014.64e-001 0.104.60e-0014.56e-0014.52e-0014.48e-0014.44e-0014.40e-0014.36e-0014.33e-0014.29e-0014.25e-001 0.204.21e-0014.17e-0014.13e-0014.09e-0014.05e-0014.01e-0013.97e-0

7、013.94e-0013.90e-0013.86e-001 0.303.82e-0013.78e-0013.74e-0013.71e-0013.67e-0013.63e-0013.59e-0013.56e-0013.52e-0013.48e-001 0.403.45e-0013.41e-0013.37e-0013.34e-0013.30e-0013.26e-0013.23e-0013.19e-0013.16e-0013.12e-001 0.503.09e-0013.05e-0013.02e-0012.98e-0012.95e-0012.91e-0012.88e-0012.84e-0012.81

8、e-0012.78e-001 0.602.74e-0012.71e-0012.68e-0012.64e-0012.61e-0012.58e-0012.55e-0012.51e-0012.48e-0012.45e-001 0.702.42e-0012.39e-0012.36e-0012.33e-0012.30e-0012.27e-0012.24e-0012.21e-0012.18e-0012.15e-001 0.802.12e-0012.09e-0012.06e-0012.03e-0012.00e-0011.98e-0011.95e-0011.92e-0011.89e-0011.87e-001

9、0.901.84e-0011.81e-0011.79e-0011.76e-0011.74e-0011.71e-0011.69e-0011.66e-0011.64e-0011.61e-001 1.001.59e-0011.56e-0011.54e-0011.52e-0011.49e-0011.47e-0011.45e-0011.42e-0011.40e-0011.38e-001 1.101.36e-0011.33e-0011.31e-0011.29e-0011.27e-0011.25e-0011.23e-0011.21e-0011.19e-0011.17e-001 1.201.15e-0011.

10、13e-0011.11e-0011.09e-0011.07e-0011.06e-0011.04e-0011.02e-0011.00e-0019.85e-002 1.309.68e-0029.51e-0029.34e-0029.18e-0029.01e-0028.85e-0028.69e-0028.53e-0028.38e-0028.23e-002 1.408.08e-0027.93e-0027.78e-0027.64e-0027.49e-0027.35e-0027.21e-0027.08e-0026.94e-0026.81e-002 1.506.68e-0026.55e-0026.43e-00

11、26.30e-0026.18e-0026.06e-0025.94e-0025.82e-0025.71e-0025.59e-002 1.605.48e-0025.37e-0025.26e-0025.16e-0025.05e-0024.95e-0024.85e-0024.75e-0024.65e-0024.55e-002 1.704.46e-0024.36e-0024.27e-0024.18e-0024.09e-0024.01e-0023.92e-0023.84e-0023.75e-0023.67e-002 1.803.59e-0023.51e-0023.44e-0023.36e-0023.29e

12、-0023.22e-0023.14e-0023.07e-0023.01e-0022.94e-002 1.902.87e-0022.81e-0022.74e-0022.68e-0022.62e-0022.56e-0022.50e-0022.44e-0022.39e-0022.33e-002 2.002.28e-0022.22e-0022.17e-0022.12e-0022.07e-0022.02e-0021.97e-0021.92e-0021.88e-0021.83e-002 2.101.79e-0021.74e-0021.70e-0021.66e-0021.62e-0021.58e-0021.

13、54e-0021.50e-0021.46e-0021.43e-002 2.201.39e-0021.36e-0021.32e-0021.29e-0021.25e-0021.22e-0021.19e-0021.16e-0021.13e-0021.10e-002 2.301.07e-0021.04e-0021.02e-0029.90e-0039.64e-0039.39e-0039.14e-0038.89e-0038.66e-0038.42e-003 2.408.20e-0037.98e-0037.76e-0037.55e-0037.34e-0037.14e-0036.95e-0036.76e-00

14、36.57e-0036.39e-003 2.506.21e-0036.04e-0035.87e-0035.70e-0035.54e-0035.39e-0035.23e-0035.08e-0034.94e-0034.80e-003 2.604.66e-0034.53e-0034.40e-0034.27e-0034.15e-0034.02e-0033.91e-0033.79e-0033.68e-0033.57e-003 2.703.47e-0033.36e-0033.26e-0033.17e-0033.07e-0032.98e-0032.89e-0032.80e-0032.72e-0032.64e

15、-003 2.802.56e-0032.48e-0032.40e-0032.33e-0032.26e-0032.19e-0032.12e-0032.05e-0031.99e-0031.93e-003 2.901.87e-0031.81e-0031.75e-0031.69e-0031.64e-0031.59e-0031.54e-0031.49e-0031.44e-0031.39e-003 25 Z0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 3.001.35e-0031.31e-0031.26e-0031.22e-0031.18e-0031.

16、14e-0031.11e-0031.07e-0031.04e-0031.00e-003 3.109.68e-0049.35e-0049.04e-0048.74e-0048.45e-0048.16e-0047.89e-0047.62e-0047.36e-0047.11e-004 3.206.87e-0046.64e-0046.41e-0046.19e-0045.98e-0045.77e-0045.57e-0045.38e-0045.19e-0045.01e-004 3.304.83e-0044.66e-0044.50e-0044.34e-0044.19e-0044.04e-0043.90e-00

17、43.76e-0043.62e-0043.49e-004 3.403.37e-0043.25e-0043.13e-0043.02e-0042.91e-0042.80e-0042.70e-0042.60e-0042.51e-0042.42e-004 3.502.33e-0042.24e-0042.16e-0042.08e-0042.00e-0041.93e-0041.85e-0041.78e-0041.72e-0041.65e-004 3.601.59e-0041.53e-0041.47e-0041.42e-0041.36e-0041.31e-0041.26e-0041.21e-0041.17e

18、-0041.12e-004 3.701.08e-0041.04e-0049.96e-0059.57e-0059.20e-0058.84e-0058.50e-0058.16e-0057.84e-0057.53e-005 3.807.23e-0056.95e-0056.67e-0056.41e-0056.15e-0055.91e-0055.67e-0055.44e-0055.22e-0055.01e-005 3.904.81e-0054.61e-0054.43e-0054.25e-0054.07e-0053.91e-0053.75e-0053.59e-0053.45e-0053.30e-005 4

19、.003.17e-0053.04e-0052.91e-0052.79e-0052.67e-0052.56e-0052.45e-0052.35e-0052.25e-0052.16e-005 4.102.07e-0051.98e-0051.89e-0051.81e-0051.74e-0051.66e-0051.59e-0051.52e-0051.46e-0051.39e-005 4.201.33e-0051.28e-0051.22e-0051.17e-0051.12e-0051.07e-0051.02e-0059.77e-0069.34e-0068.93e-006 4.308.54e-0068.1

20、6e-0067.80e-0067.46e-0067.12e-0066.81e-0066.50e-0066.21e-0065.93e-0065.67e-006 4.405.41e-0065.17e-0064.94e-0064.71e-0064.50e-0064.29e-0064.10e-0063.91e-0063.73e-0063.56e-006 4.503.40e-0063.24e-0063.09e-0062.95e-0062.81e-0062.68e-0062.56e-0062.44e-0062.32e-0062.22e-006 4.602.11e-0062.01e-0061.92e-006

21、1.83e-0061.74e-0061.66e-0061.58e-0061.51e-0061.43e-0061.37e-006 4.701.30e-0061.24e-0061.18e-0061.12e-0061.07e-0061.02e-0069.68e-0079.21e-0078.76e-0078.34e-007 4.807.93e-0077.55e-0077.18e-0076.83e-0076.49e-0076.17e-0075.87e-0075.58e-0075.30e-0075.04e-007 4.904.79e-0074.55e-0074.33e-0074.11e-0073.91e-

22、0073.71e-0073.52e-0073.35e-0073.18e-0073.02e-007 5.002.87e-0072.72e-0072.58e-0072.45e-0072.33e-0072.21e-0072.10e-0071.99e-0071.89e-0071.79e-007 5.101.70e-0071.61e-0071.53e-0071.45e-0071.37e-0071.30e-0071.23e-0071.17e-0071.11e-0071.05e-007 5.209.96e-0089.44e-0088.95e-0088.48e-0088.03e-0087.60e-0087.2

23、0e-0086.82e-0086.46e-0086.12e-008 5.305.79e-0085.48e-0085.19e-0084.91e-0084.65e-0084.40e-0084.16e-0083.94e-0083.72e-0083.52e-008 5.403.33e-0083.15e-0082.98e-0082.82e-0082.66e-0082.52e-0082.38e-0082.25e-0082.13e-0082.01e-008 5.501.90e-0081.79e-0081.69e-0081.60e-0081.51e-0081.43e-0081.35e-0081.27e-008

24、1.20e-0081.14e-008 5.601.07e-0081.01e-0089.55e-0099.01e-0098.50e-0098.02e-0097.57e-0097.14e-0096.73e-0096.35e-009 5.705.99e-0095.65e-0095.33e-0095.02e-0094.73e-0094.46e-0094.21e-0093.96e-0093.74e-0093.52e-009 5.803.32e-0093.12e-0092.94e-0092.77e-0092.61e-0092.46e-0092.31e-0092.18e-0092.05e-0091.93e-

25、009 5.901.82e-0091.71e-0091.61e-0091.51e-0091.43e-0091.34e-0091.26e-0091.19e-0091.12e-0091.05e-009 Z 26 Z0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 6.009.87e-0109.28e-0108.72e-0108.20e-0107.71e-0107.24e-0106.81e-0106.40e-0106.01e-0105.65e-010 6.105.30e-0104.98e-0104.68e-0104.39e-0104.13e-0103

26、.87e-0103.64e-0103.41e-0103.21e-0103.01e-010 6.202.82e-0102.65e-0102.49e-0102.33e-0102.19e-0102.05e-0101.92e-0101.81e-0101.69e-0101.59e-010 6.301.49e-0101.40e-0101.31e-0101.23e-0101.15e-0101.08e-0101.01e-0109.45e-0118.85e-0118.29e-011 6.407.77e-0117.28e-0116.81e-0116.38e-0115.97e-0115.59e-0115.24e-0

27、114.90e-0114.59e-0114.29e-011 6.504.02e-0113.76e-0113.52e-0113.29e-0113.08e-0112.88e-0112.69e-0112.52e-0112.35e-0112.20e-011 6.602.06e-0111.92e-0111.80e-0111.68e-0111.57e-0111.47e-0111.37e-0111.28e-0111.19e-0111.12e-011 6.701.04e-0119.73e-0129.09e-0128.48e-0127.92e-0127.39e-0126.90e-0126.44e-0126.01

28、e-0125.61e-012 6.805.23e-0124.88e-0124.55e-0124.25e-0123.96e-0123.69e-0123.44e-0123.21e-0122.99e-0122.79e-012 6.902.60e-0122.42e-0122.26e-0122.10e-0121.96e-0121.83e-0121.70e-0121.58e-0121.48e-0121.37e-012 7.001.28e-0121.19e-0121.11e-0121.03e-0129.61e-0138.95e-0138.33e-0137.75e-0137.21e-0136.71e-013

29、7.106.24e-0135.80e-0135.40e-0135.02e-0134.67e-0134.34e-0134.03e-0133.75e-0133.49e-0133.24e-013 7.203.01e-0132.80e-0132.60e-0132.41e-0132.24e-0132.08e-0131.94e-0131.80e-0131.67e-0131.55e-013 7.301.44e-0131.34e-0131.24e-0131.15e-0131.07e-0139.91e-0149.20e-0148.53e-0147.91e-0147.34e-014 7.406.81e-0146.

30、31e-0145.86e-0145.43e-0145.03e-0144.67e-0144.33e-0144.01e-0143.72e-0143.44e-014 7.503.19e-0142.96e-0142.74e-0142.54e-0142.35e-0142.18e-0142.02e-0141.87e-0141.73e-0141.60e-014 7.601.48e-0141.37e-0141.27e-0141.17e-0141.09e-0141.00e-0149.30e-0158.60e-0157.95e-0157.36e-015 7.706.80e-0156.29e-0155.82e-01

31、55.38e-0154.97e-0154.59e-0154.25e-0153.92e-0153.63e-0153.35e-015 7.803.10e-0152.86e-0152.64e-0152.44e-0152.25e-0152.08e-0151.92e-0151.77e-0151.64e-0151.51e-015 7.901.39e-0151.29e-0151.19e-0151.10e-0151.01e-0159.33e-0168.60e-0167.93e-0167.32e-0166.75e-016 8.006.22e-0165.74e-0165.29e-0164.87e-0164.49e

32、-0164.14e-0163.81e-0163.51e-0163.24e-0162.98e-016 8.102.75e-0162.53e-0162.33e-0162.15e-0161.98e-0161.82e-0161.68e-0161.54e-0161.42e-0161.31e-016 8.201.20e-0161.11e-0161.02e-0169.36e-0178.61e-0177.92e-0177.28e-0176.70e-0176.16e-0175.66e-017 8.305.21e-0174.79e-0174.40e-0174.04e-0173.71e-0173.41e-0173.

33、14e-0172.88e-0172.65e-0172.43e-017 8.402.23e-0172.05e-0171.88e-0171.73e-0171.59e-0171.46e-0171.34e-0171.23e-0171.13e-0171.03e-017 8.509.48e-0188.70e-0187.98e-0187.32e-0186.71e-0186.15e-0185.64e-0185.17e-0184.74e-0184.35e-018 8.603.99e-0183.65e-0183.35e-0183.07e-0182.81e-0182.57e-0182.36e-0182.16e-01

34、81.98e-0181.81e-018 8.701.66e-0181.52e-0181.39e-0181.27e-0181.17e-0181.07e-0189.76e-0198.93e-0198.17e-0197.48e-019 8.806.84e-0196.26e-0195.72e-0195.23e-0194.79e-0194.38e-0194.00e-0193.66e-0193.34e-0193.06e-019 8.902.79e-0192.55e-0192.33e-0192.13e-0191.95e-0191.78e-0191.62e-0191.48e-0191.35e-0191.24e

35、-019 Z 27 Z0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 9.001.13e-0191.03e-0199.40e-0208.58e-0207.83e-0207.15e-0206.52e-020 5.95e-020 5.43e-0204.95e-020 9.104.52e-0204.12e-0203.76e-0203.42e-0203.12e-0202.85e-0202.59e-020 2.37e-020 2.16e-0201.96e-020 9.201.79e-0201.63e-0201.49e-0201.35e-0201.23e

36、-0201.12e-0201.02e-020 9.31e-021 8.47e-0217.71e-021 9.307.02e-0216.39e-0215.82e-0215.29e-0214.82e-0214.38e-0213.99e-021 3.63e-021 3.30e-0213.00e-021 9.402.73e-0212.48e-0212.26e-0212.05e-0211.86e-0211.69e-0211.54e-021 1.40e-021 1.27e-0211.16e-021 9.501.05e-0219.53e-0228.66e-0227.86e-0227.14e-0226.48e

37、-0225.89e-022 5.35e-022 4.85e-0224.40e-022 9.604.00e-0223.63e-0223.29e-0222.99e-0222.71e-0222.46e-0222.23e-022 2.02e-022 1.83e-0221.66e-022 9.701.51e-0221.37e-0221.24e-0221.12e-0221.02e-0229.22e-0238.36e-023 7.57e-023 6.86e-0236.21e-023 9.805.63e-0235.10e-0234.62e-0234.18e-0233.79e-0233.43e-0233.10e

38、-023 2.81e-023 2.54e-0232.30e-023 9.902.08e-0231.88e-0231.70e-0231.54e-0231.39e-0231.26e-0231.14e-023 1.03e-023 9.32e-0248.43e-024 10.007.62e-0246.89e-0246.23e-0245.63e-0245.08e-0244.59e-0244.15e-024 3.75e-024 3.39e-0243.06e-024 Z 28 例子例子: : 客戶要求所有交付的燈泡都是完整的客戶要求所有交付的燈泡都是完整的.沒有破損的沒有破損的. . 在在100100個樣品

39、中有個樣品中有1717 個是破損的個是破損的. . DPMODPMO是多少是多少? ? 這個發運過程的這個發運過程的 “ “sigma” sigma” 是多少是多少? ? 1) 運用規范來確定缺陷率. 缺陷是破損的燈泡. 破損率 = 17/100 = 0.17 或 17% 2) 計算 DPMO: 破損率 X 1000000 機會 = 0.17 X 1,000,000 = 170,000 DPMO 3) 將缺陷率轉換為用科學記數法表示: 0.17 = 1.7E-01 29 4) 4) 從正態分布表中查找從正態分布表中查找 Z Z 值值: : 正態分布正態分布 Z Z0 00.010.010.02

40、0.020.030.030.040.040.050.050.060.060.070.070.080.080.090.09 0.05.00E-014.96E-014.92E-014.88E-014.84E-014.80E-014.76E-014.72E-014.68E-014.64E-01 0.14.60E-014.56E-014.52E-014.48E-014.44E-014.40E-014.36E-014.33E-014.29E-014.25E-01 0.24.21E-014.17E-014.13E-014.09E-014.05E-014.01E-013.97E-013.94E-013.90

41、E-013.86E-01 0.33.82E-013.78E-013.75E-013.71E-013.67E-013.63E-013.59E-013.56E-013.52E-013.48E-01 0.43.45E-013.41E-013.37E-013.34E-013.30E-013.26E-013.23E-013.19E-013.16E-013.12E-01 0.53.09E-013.05E-013.02E-012.98E-012.95E-012.91E-012.88E-012.84E-012.81E-012.78E-01 0.62.74E-012.71E-012.68E-012.64E-01

42、2.61E-012.58E-012.55E-012.51E-012.48E-012.45E-01 0.72.42E-012.39E-012.36E-012.33E-012.30E-012.27E-012.24E-012.21E-012.18E-012.15E-01 0.82.12E-012.09E-012.06E-012.03E-012.01E-011.98E-011.95E-011.92E-011.89E-011.87E-01 0.91.84E-011.81E-011.79E-011.76E-011.74E-011.71E-011.69E-011.66E-011.64E-011.61E-01

43、 Z = 0.96, Z = 0.96, 或者說或者說, , 該過程是一個該過程是一個 0.96 0.96 sigma sigma 過程過程 . . 相對于相對于 6 6 sigma sigma 的目的目 標來講標來講, , 不是很好不是很好. . Z 例子 - 邏輯變量 30 31 32 Z= ( x -) 33 計算計算 Z Z 值需要值需要 4 4 個條件個條件: : 1) 平均值Mean 2) 標準偏差 3) 規范 (單邊 或 雙邊) 4) 正態分布的假定 (那么就可以使用正態表確定缺陷率) 例子例子 #1 #1A (A (單邊規范極限單邊規范極限): ): 等候服務臺回答你的電話的平

44、均時間為5分鐘. 標準偏差為2.06分鐘. 規范是小于或 等于7分鐘. DPMO和Z值各是多少? 1) 計算 Z 值: X = 5Zusl = USL - X = 7 - 5 = 0.97 s = 2.06 s 2.06 USL = 7 2) 確定缺陷率 (超過7分鐘才被回答的電話): USL 57 超出規范上 限的缺陷! 單邊規范單邊規范 34 正態分布正態分布 Z Z0 00.010.010.020.020.030.030.040.040.050.050.060.060.070.070.080.080.090.09 0.05.00E-014.96E-014.92E-014.88E-014.

45、84E-014.80E-014.76E-014.72E-014.68E-014.64E-01 0.14.60E-014.56E-014.52E-014.48E-014.44E-014.40E-014.36E-014.33E-014.29E-014.25E-01 0.24.21E-014.17E-014.13E-014.09E-014.05E-014.01E-013.97E-013.94E-013.90E-013.86E-01 0.33.82E-013.78E-013.75E-013.71E-013.67E-013.63E-013.59E-013.56E-013.52E-013.48E-01 0

46、.43.45E-013.41E-013.37E-013.34E-013.30E-013.26E-013.23E-013.19E-013.16E-013.12E-01 0.53.09E-013.05E-013.02E-012.98E-012.95E-012.91E-012.88E-012.84E-012.81E-012.78E-01 0.62.74E-012.71E-012.68E-012.64E-012.61E-012.58E-012.55E-012.51E-012.48E-012.45E-01 0.72.42E-012.39E-012.36E-012.33E-012.30E-012.27E-

47、012.24E-012.21E-012.18E-012.15E-01 0.82.12E-012.09E-012.06E-012.03E-012.01E-011.98E-011.95E-011.92E-011.89E-011.87E-01 0.91.84E-011.81E-011.79E-011.76E-011.74E-011.71E-011.69E-011.66E-011.64E-011.61E-01 Z Z Z 值大于值大于0.970.97的概率是多少的概率是多少? ? 查表, 當 Z=0.97時, 概率 = 1.66E-01 科學計數轉換科學計數轉換: : 1.66E-01 = 0.166

48、 這表示這表示, , 電話超過電話超過7 7分鐘才被回答的概率是分鐘才被回答的概率是0.166, 0.166, 或者說或者說, , 缺陷率是缺陷率是0.1660.166或或16.6%.16.6%. 該過程的該過程的 “ “sigma” sigma” 是多少是多少? ? Z=.97 Z=.97 所以該過程是所以該過程是 0.97 0.97 sigmasigma過程過程相對于我們的相對于我們的 6 6 sigma sigma 目標不很好目標不很好. . 單邊規范單邊規范 35 30252015105 Upper SpecUpper Spec 36 65432 Low er SpecLow er S

49、pec 3.00 - 4.36 0.81 Z = -1.68 LSL - X s Z = 37 38 39 40 41 42 535251504948474645 Upper SpecLow er Spec 43 Z= (L S L - x ) = 4 6 - 4 8 .6 8 1 .1 1 = - 2 .4 2 L Z= (USL - x) = 50 - 48.68 1.11 = 1.19 U 535251504948474645 Upper SpecLow er Spec 535251504948474645 Upper SpecLow er Spec 44 45 535251504948

50、474645 U p p e r S p e cL o w e r S p e c 535251504948474645 Upper SpecLow er Spec 5 35 25 15 04 94 84 74 64 5 U p p e r S p e cL o w e r S p e c 46 LSL Z.LSL = X - LSL S =1.050 - 1.000 .015 Z.LSL = 3.33 查表查表, .0004 or ( .04% ) 超出規范超出規范 正態分布舉例正態分布舉例 規范為規范為 1.030” + .030 = ( 1.000, 1.060 ) 假定測量假定測量 30 個零件個零件, X = 1.050, s = .015 計算超出規范的比率計算