句子的正譯與反譯 英漢兩種語言習(xí)慣不同，有時(shí)英語里正說的句子，譯成漢語時(shí)不得不處理成反說，反之亦然。所謂正譯，是指把句子按照與原語相同的語序或表達(dá)方式譯入目的語。所謂反譯則是指把句子按照與原語相反的語序或表達(dá)方式譯入目的語。 正譯和反譯都是一種翻譯方法，其目的是為了解決翻譯過程中所遇到的表達(dá)方面的困難，使譯文更通順達(dá)意。實(shí)際上英漢兩種語言均可以從正面或反面來表達(dá)同一概念。如：在美國(guó)，人人都能買到槍。正譯：In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. 反譯：In the United States, guns are available to everyone.你可以從因特網(wǎng)上獲得這一信息。正譯：You can obtain this information on the Internet. 反譯：This information is accessible/available on the Internet. 他突然想到了一個(gè)新主意。正譯：Suddenly he had a new idea. He suddenly thought out a new idea. 反譯：A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. 他仍然沒有弄懂我的意思。正譯：He still could not understand me. 反譯：Still he failed to understand me.無論如何，她算不上一位思維敏捷的學(xué)生。正譯：She can hardly be rated as a bright student. 反譯：She is anything but a bright student. Please withhold the document for the time being.正譯：請(qǐng)暫時(shí)扣下這份文件。反譯：請(qǐng)暫時(shí)不要發(fā)這份文件。正說反譯或反說正譯的相互轉(zhuǎn)換，其目的主要有三個(gè)：1.明確語義。2.加強(qiáng)修辭。3.符合目的語習(xí)慣。例如：一、.正說反譯 Please tender exact fare. 自備零鈔、不找零錢。（明確） Thats a thing that might happen to anyone.這種事誰也難免。（加強(qiáng)修辭）But we must bear in mind that the great proportion of books, plays and films which come before the censor are very far from being works of art. 可是我們要牢記送到審讀員面前的大量書刊、戲劇和電影遠(yuǎn)非杰作。 To criticize it (intelligence test) for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. 批評(píng)智力測(cè)驗(yàn)不反映上述情況，猶如批評(píng)溫度計(jì)不能測(cè)出風(fēng)速一樣。（such failure是正面表達(dá)，但從上下文看，是指An intelligence test does not measure character, social adjustments .,故譯為不反映上述情況。）He was absent from his own country last year.他去年不在自己的國(guó)家里。（原文正說，譯文反說。）We may safely say so.我們這樣說萬無一失。 Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 雙方認(rèn)為，那和平建議是一個(gè)他們可以接受而不失體面的建議。 The decision has to come. 決定還沒做出。 If it worked once, it can work twice. 一次得手，再次不愁。 這小孩現(xiàn)在完全能自己走了。 The child can walk without any help now. （漢語原文正說，英文譯文反說。） 法律面前，人人平等。 Law is no respecter of persons. 我和老王說句話，馬上就回來。Just to have a word with Old Wang. I wont be long. 在不少情況下，有的介詞短語如不從反面著筆，譯文就不通，這時(shí)必須反譯。像beyond, past，against等表示超過某限度的能力或反對(duì).時(shí)，其短語有時(shí)用反譯法。如： It is past repair這東西無法修補(bǔ)了。 There are some arguments against the possibility of life on this planet有人不同意這行星上可能有生物的說法。 Radio telescopes have been able to probe space beyond the range of ordinary optical telescopes射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡已能探測(cè)普通光學(xué)望遠(yuǎn)鏡達(dá)不到的宇宙空間。 用語義冗余不僅能為單個(gè)的詞選擇意義或發(fā)現(xiàn)“新義”，而且可以準(zhǔn)確譯出一段中的許多詞語。利用語義冗余還有助于表達(dá)：一般說來，詞義理解正確了，off, from等表示地點(diǎn)，距離時(shí)，有時(shí)用反譯法。如：The boat sank off the coast.這只船在離海岸不遠(yuǎn)處沉沒了。but，except，besides等表示除去、除外時(shí)，也用反譯法： Copper is the best conductor but silver銅是僅次于銀的最優(yōu)導(dǎo)體。The molecular formula, C6H14, does not show anything except the total number of carbon and hydrogen atoms.分子式C6H14只用來表示碳原子和氫原子的總數(shù)。from，in等介詞短語作補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，有時(shí)用反譯法。如： An iron case will keep the Earths magnetic field away from the compass鐵箱能使地球磁場(chǎng)影響不了指南針。 The signal was shown about the machine being order.信號(hào)表明機(jī)器沒有毛病。請(qǐng)注意所謂英語正面表達(dá)是指在原文中沒有用no、not或帶否定意義前綴的詞，如：dishonest, impossible, indirect。英語中有些詞或短語常常正說反譯，如：miss the bus(沒有趕上公共汽車)，live up to the Partys expectations(不辜負(fù)黨的期望)，be absent from the meeting(沒有出席會(huì)議)，a final decision(不可改變的決定)，(be) at a loss (不知所措)等。 英語中有時(shí)原詞所表達(dá)的并不是其字面意義，而是其字面意義的反義，或者說是對(duì)其字面意義的否定。例如：gas mask(防毒面具)，riot police(防暴警察)，crisis law(反危機(jī)法案)。有些句子則需通過上下文，根據(jù)邏輯推理，仔細(xì)推敲關(guān)鍵詞的實(shí)際含義，再采取適當(dāng)?shù)姆醋g法進(jìn)行翻譯。例如：In fact, the willingness to experiment is one of the most striking features of China today, and it seems to be rooted in confidence rather than security.實(shí)際上，這種敢于試驗(yàn)的愿望是當(dāng)今中國(guó)最顯著的特點(diǎn)之一。它源于信心，而非出于擔(dān)憂。（此句中security其實(shí)指的是insecurity。作者是說中國(guó)對(duì)未來充滿信心而大膽進(jìn)行改革實(shí)驗(yàn)，并不是因?yàn)閲?guó)內(nèi)混亂和不穩(wěn)定才被迫改革。）總之，所謂正說反譯的目的就是使譯文和原文所表達(dá)的真正含義相一致。二、.反說正譯 I wont keep you waiting long.我一會(huì)兒就回來。（明確語義） Isnt it funny! 真逗！（加強(qiáng)修辭） “You will try to tide me over, wont you?” “Wont I!”“你會(huì)幫我渡過難關(guān)的，是嗎？” “當(dāng)然！”（符合漢語習(xí)慣）反說正譯是重要的翻譯方法之一。常見的反義正譯的例子還有：In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready for such drastic action. 從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn)來看，十分清楚，如果完全禁止吸煙，那么每個(gè)人的境況將得到很大改善。但對(duì)于采取這種極端措施，人們尚無準(zhǔn)備。The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind.科學(xué)研究的方法只是人類思維活動(dòng)的必要表達(dá)方式。It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price. 開這么高的價(jià)，簡(jiǎn)直是敲竹杠。 I am not so sick but I can come to sit for the exam.我盡管有病，但是還能來參加考試。（或：我還沒有病到不能來參加考試。）The beaten enemy had no other choice than to surrender. 被擊敗的敵人只得投降。 You cannot attach too much importance to the matter.你應(yīng)該非常重視這件事情。He is no less clever than his brother. 他和他兄弟一樣聰明。The man over there is none other than our principal. 站在那兒的人正是我們的校長(zhǎng)。No spitting ! 嚴(yán)禁吐痰?。ㄓ⑽姆凑f，漢語正說。） The train coming from Moscow will arrive in no time. 從莫斯科來的火車很快就到。 Dont lose time in posting this letter. 趕快把這封信寄出去。 Such flights couldnt long escape notice. 這類飛行遲早會(huì)被人發(fā)覺的。 請(qǐng)勿大聲喧嘩。Keep quiet. （漢語原文反說，英語譯文正說。）他提前三天到達(dá)是我們沒有想到的。 His arrival three days in advance is beyond our expectation. 油漆未干。 Wet paint. 在收據(jù)未簽字以前不得付款。 Before the receipt has been signed, the money must not be paid. 如果沒有她的幫助，我早就失敗了。 But for her help, I should have failed. 他開車時(shí)心不在焉，幾乎闖禍。 His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident. 他顯然有不同的想法。 He evidently thinks otherwise. 我要鉛筆，不要鋼筆。 I want a pencil instead of a pen. 他太自私了，幾乎沒人喜歡他。 Hardly anybody likes him, because he i