中國地質大學長城學院 2015 屆畢業論文外文翻譯  中國地質大學長城學院  本科畢業論文外文資料翻譯  系     別：          工程技術系         專    業：    機械設計制造及其自動化             姓     名：            王逸君            學     號：           05211631          2015 年 03 月 20 日  中國地質大學長城學院 2015 屆畢業論文外文翻譯  中國的 模具和模具工業技術的發展  摘要  近年來，模具工業和技術已在中國快速發展 , 尤其是沖壓模具、塑料模具、模具 CAD/CAE/ CAM，快速原型和快速模具制造領域和其他一些特殊的技術。 在本文中，所有這些領域的改進和模具技術也進行了簡要的總結，根據分析和總結，本文還指出了發展的前景和目標是為了滿足當前和未來在中國市場的需求。  關鍵詞： 模具工業和技術；  快速原型和快速模具制造；  發展前景  1  中國模具工業的現狀  自 1980，模具工業已在中國發展很快， 國民經濟的高速發展也對模具工業提出了更高的要求。 近年來，在中國生產模具行業增幅約 15% 。  目前，中國擁有 17000 多家模具生產工廠， 1998 年 大約 500000 的人關注這個領域 ， 中國模具行業總產量達到 245 億元人民幣。  模具行業中，沖壓模具占 50%，塑料模具占 33%，壓鑄模具約占 6%與其他模具約 11%。  由于開放政策的實施，模具工業企業的所有權已經發生了顯著的變化。不僅只與國有企業和私營企業，除了國有專業模具廠，還有許多模具廠不同所有制，如合資企業，他們都發展很快。此外，集體和民營企業在廣東和浙江兩省很受歡迎，例如，有在浙江省黃巖地區有數百家模具制造集體和民營企業，這就是中國著名的 “ 土地模具 ” 。在廣東省，為了提高產品競爭力一些大集團公司和其他新出現的鄉鎮企業投入大量資金用于模具制 造業。例如，包括科龍，美的，康佳和威力等在內的許多公司，建立了自己的模具制造中心。此外，這些模具廠擁有先進的設備和高素質、高水平的技術人員。此外，先進的 CAD/CAM 技術，電火花加工技術，熱流道和氣體輔助注射技術在這些工廠采用。到目前為止，有數以千計的合資企業，專門為模具制造自己的投資的外資企業，都分布在經濟發達地區沿海岸。例如，無錫微研有限公司。在江蘇有超過 200 名員工，是一個日本的企業。同時，有超過 60 套精密數控設備，模具制造。 1998 年，其模具年產值超過200000000 元人民幣。  中國模具行業的技術 水平在近幾年得到了改善。目前，用 0.2 毫米的精度精密多級進模可以在中國國內工廠生產，通過 160 個階段可以使模具的壽命提高100 150 萬倍  在國內工廠 48 英寸電視機塑料外殼的大型注塑模具，以 6.5 公斤容量洗衣機，保險杠和汽車的整體儀表板可以產生。用于照相機塑料件的精密塑膠模具，中國地質大學長城學院 2015 屆畢業論文外文翻譯  塑料模具、多型腔齒輪低模塊也可以產生。大型精密復雜的壓鑄模具的自動扶梯踏板和汽車的后軸變速箱、覆蓋新型汽車零件可制造模具也可以制造。同時，模具的其他類型，如對子午線輪胎活絡模具，擠壓模具及異形鋁合金制造，塑料門窗可以制造的，他們可以取代國外進口的。  通過對中國模具工業的許多優秀的發展在過去的二十年中已經實現，但與發達工業國家相比存在明顯的差距。例如， CAD / CAE / CAM 技術設備生產的精密模具比較缺乏，許多先進的模具技 術沒有被廣泛的應用在中國。特別是，用于生產大型，精密技術的模具，復雜和長壽命模具明顯落后于發達國家。所有這些模具制造能力不能滿足國內企業的需求，所以很多模具必須依靠進口。  2  中國模具技術的改進  人們都知道，模具制造業在中國工業中的重要地位。同時，模具技術制造水平是評價一些國家的制造業水平的重要標記。與模具技術直接測定產品質量，經濟效益，及開發能力有重要關系。  現在，許多模具制造企業注重技術的改進，和投入多少資金到技術的改進。同時，技術進步是企業發展的重要動力。此外，許多研究機構和大學開始做研究和發展模具技術 。目前， 30 多個研究機構和大學工作的模具技術，研究，超過40 所大學都注重模具技術的教育和培訓。其中，國家模具技術和華中科技大學是國家重點實驗室，模具 CAD 國家工程研究中心在上海交通大學，精密沖裁技術工程研究中心在北京機電研究所，國家橡膠和塑料模具及模具工程技術研究中心，鄭州大學的技術是關鍵的支持和在中國建立 institutu。多年的積累后，對模具的 CAD / CAE / CAM 技術領域，模具電火花加工、數控加工技術，快速原型和快速制造技術和新型模具材料等取得了許多成就。這些研究成果有助于提高模具質量，縮短模 具設計制造周期。  2.1 沖壓模具工藝的改進  大型沖壓模具的制造技術，如汽車覆蓋件模具得到了明顯的改善。東風汽車公司的模具制造廠和第一汽車集團公司模具中心可以制造汽車覆蓋件模具。隨著設計和制造方法和技術的持續改進，中國制造的汽車得到了一些幫助。  多工位級進模和多功能精密模具是中國模具發展的關鍵。目前，核心自動打樁功能模自動沖孔，鉚壓樁的功能，計數和安全保護，可以在中國生產。生產的定子和電機轉子雙回轉式打樁硬質合金級進模的步距精度可達 0.2 毫米，其壽命可達 100000000 年。多工位級進模等，如 20-30 階段級進模線領先的集成電路結構，硬質合金級進模生產空調器散熱片生產電子槍和級進模件，可高精度生產。  中國地質大學長城學院 2015 屆畢業論文外文翻譯  2.2 塑料模具技術的改進  近年來，塑料模具技術發展很快。占有率相對于國內模具工業總產值不斷增加。所有的塑料模具在家用電器，如：電視，空調和洗衣機，幾乎都已可以在國內工廠生產。我國工廠也可以制造 10 20 噸汽車的整個儀表板保險杠的塑料模具。關于模具精度，塑件的尺寸精度可達到 it 6-7，表面粗糙度可達Ra 0.05-0.025，并且模具的價值可以達到一百萬以上。  用于制造塑膠模具設計的 CAD / CAM 技術迅速 推廣，  CAE 軟件和熱流道技術也被一些工廠廣泛應用。并且氣體輔助注射技術和高效多色注射技術開始成功應用。  2.3 改進模具 CAD / CAE / CAM 技術  現在，計算機輔助繪圖在許多國內模具企業得到廣泛應用，許多先進的 CAD / CAE / CAM 軟件也在進口。許多著名的 CAD / CAM 軟件，如 UG -， Pro/Engineer，I-DEAS 和歐幾里得等，已廣泛應用于中國模具工業。有些工廠還進口了一些 CAE軟件，例如，歐普士，和 MAGMA SOFT 等，并成功地應用于塑料模具設計，沖壓模具，壓鑄模具。  近年來，一些 CAD / CAE / CAM 具有自主版權的軟件得到開發。例如，的CAD /對塑料模具設計的 CAE / CAM 軟件，汽車覆蓋件模具和級進模是由國家模具和華中科技大學模具技術重點實驗室開發。對冷鍛、精沖設計的 CAD 軟件進行模具是上海交通大學的 CAD 國家工程研究中心開發的。 CAD / CAE / CAM 軟件的鍛造是由北京機電研究所研制的。 CAXA 軟件采用軟件工程化研究所研制的。板材成形 CAE 軟件是由吉林大學開發的技術。此外，所有的軟件都有很多中國用戶。  2.4 快速原型和快速模具制造的改進  我國也非常 重視快速原型和快速模具制造的發展。許多研究機構的工作，對這個領域的發展都做出了貢獻，并取得了一定的成績。許多機構，包括清華大學，華中科技大學，西安交通大學和隆源自動成形系統有限公司，已經開發出自己的快速原型技術和設備，他們已經產生了許多快速原型機器，包括 LOM， SLA， FDM和 SL 等。此外，所有這些機器已經被廣泛應用于新產品開發，精密鑄造和快速模具制造。  在國內研究機構也進行了快速模具制造技術。廣泛的研究采用電弧噴涂成形和等離子噴涂成形的模具制造技術。模具制造技術的合金模具中、低熔點、樹脂沖壓模具已被成功地 應用。同時，硅橡膠模具已被應用到新產品的開發。  2.5 其他相關技術的改進  中國地質大學長城學院 2015 屆畢業論文外文翻譯  近年來，一些先進的技術和設備已在國內一些鋼鐵企業進口，明顯提高和規范鋼模具的質量。同時，許多新的鋼也被應用在模具制造，如熱作工具鋼， H10，H13， h21,4cr 5mo V1， 45Cr2Ni Mo V Si 等，和塑料模具鋼 P20， 3Cr 2Mo， PMS，SMI 和 SMII 等模具材料的應用能明顯提高模具質量和壽命。  模具的拋光技術以及一些特殊的拋光工具和機器已經開發已在一些國內機構的研究。特別是刻蝕技術的迅速發展，已被廣泛應用于糧食加工模具。  高速銑削加工是一種快速模具制造技術的發展。幾家公司已經本地化，用高速銑床。與此同時，一些國內機床廠還開發了一些準高速銑床，他們正在開發的高速銑床。然而，高速銑削還未在中國廣泛使用。  3  中國模具工業的發展前景  3.1 市場需求  每年在中國國內模具制造業總的市場需求約 330 億人民幣，同時也增加了在最近幾年有 10%增長。此外，為大型模具精度的要求不斷提高，復雜程度和模具壽命增加超過 10%。  汽車、摩托車模具占中國總需求的 50%。目前，中國約有二百萬的汽車產量，總累積量約為一千五百萬。據估計，汽車總產量 2005 將達到 3000000。同時，汽車工業的快速發展和電動自行車產業將推動模具工業的快速增長，特別是汽車覆蓋件的大型模具，塑料模具，壓鑄模具。例如， 2005 年汽車行業將需要 360000噸的塑料部件。然而，在中國目前的生產能力僅為 200000 噸，因此在這一領域有著廣闊的發展空間。  其他快速發展的行業，如電子，通訊和建筑材料，促進模具行業在中國的發展。  1989，中國國務院“確定當前生產政策”發布模具工業作為第一必要改革工業機械行業。自 1997 年以來，模具和設備及相關的制造技術已成為當前產業發展的必要內容，中國鼓勵產品技術的革新和外商投資鼓勵。自 1997 年國務院已經返回一些模具企業稅收的 70%。這些優惠政策將提供強有力的支持，推動模具行業的發展。  3.2 國內模具技術發展方向  模具工業和技術的發展在過去的十年里加速發展，但是與工業發達國家相比還存在較大的差距，還不能完全滿足高速發展的國民經濟的要求。  在未來的十年，中國模具工業和技術的主要發展方向將包含：  中國地質大學長城學院 2015 屆畢業論文外文翻譯  （ 1）提高 大型，復雜，精密模具的制造水平和使用壽命；  （ 2）模具設計制造廣泛使用的 CAD / CAE / CAM 技術；  （ 3）研究與發展快速原型和快速制造技術；  （ 4）推廣應用熱流道技術，氣體輔助注射技術和高壓注射成型技術的塑料模具設計。  （ 5）提高模具標準件的使用和標準化；  （ 6）開發優質模具材料和先進的表面處理技術；  （ 7）在模具制造傳播高速銑削；  （ 8）開發拋光技術和拋光機；  （ 9）采用高速測量技術和逆向工程的模具；  （ 10）開發新的成型工藝及模具。  參考文獻  1 國家機械工業局。輝煌 50 年機械行業。 1999。  2 周云湖。對汽車覆蓋件在中國大規模死亡情況。中國模具工業協會技術交流。8 號， 1997。  3 張佳麗。對技術的模具，中國模具材料的應用現狀及發展。中國模具工業協會技術交流。 71997 號。  4 周永泰。在中國模具市場預測分析。中國模具工業協會技術交流。 11997 號。  5 中國的技術委員會專家組；模具工業協會。第七的模具展綜述。中國模具工業協會技術交流。 91998 號  中國地質大學長城學院 2015 屆畢業論文外文翻譯  外文原文：  THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIES AND MOLD INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA Abstract: In recent years, the die and mold industry and technology have been developed very fast in China, especially about the stamping die, plastic mold, die and mold CAD/CAE/CAM, rapid prototype/rapid die manufacturing and some other special technologies. In this paper, all the improvements about die and mold technology in these fields are briefly summarized. According to the analysis and summarization, this paper also points out the development prospects and goals in order to satisfy the current and future market requirement in China. Keywords; Die and Mold Industry and Technology; CAD/CAE/CAM; Rapid Prototype/Rapid Die Manufacturing; Development Prospect 1. THE SITUATION OF DIE AND MOLD INDUSTRY IN CHINA Since 1980, die and mold industry has been developed very fast in China. The high-speed development of national economy also provides much higher requirement to die and mold industry. In recent years, the production of die and mold industry always increases at about 15% in China.  At present, China has more than 17,000 factories for producing the die and mold, and about 500,000 persons focus on this field. In 1998, the total output in die and mold industry reached 24.5 billion RMB in China. Among the output of die and mold industry, 50% is from the stamping die, 33% from plastic mold, about 6% from die-casting die and 11 % from other die and mold. Since the opening policy are implemented, the ownership of die and mold industrial enterprises has changed remarkably. Besides the national owned special die and mold factories, there are many die and mold factories with different ownership, joint ventures, ventutee exclusively with one's own investment and private enterprises, and they all developed very fast. Moreover， the collective and private enterprises are very popular in Guangdong and Zhejiang Provinces. For example, there are hundreds of collective and civil enterprises for die and mold manufacturing in Huangyan area of Zhejiang province, which is called the famous "a land of die and mold" in China. In Guangdong province, some big group companies and other new -appeared town and township enterprises invest much fund for the die and mold manufacturing in order to 中國地質大學長城學院 2015 屆畢業論文外文翻譯  improve the competition of their products. For instance, many group companies, including Kelong,Meide, Kangka and Weili etc, established their own die and mold manufacturing center. Moreover, these die and mold factories owned the advanced equipment and the technical personnel with high quality and ability. Furthermore, advanced CAD/CAM technologies, EDM   technologies, hot-runner and gas-aided injection technologies are adopted in these factories. So far, there are thousands of joint ventures, and foreign ventures exclusively with one's own investment for the die and mold manufacturing， which are all distributed in the economic developed area along coast. For example, Wuxi Weiyan Company Ltd. in Jiangsu with more than 200 stuff, is a Japan venture exclusively with its own investment. Meantime, there are more  than 60 precision numerical control equipment for die and mold manufacturing. In 1998, its annual output of die and mold is over 200 million RMB. The technology level of China die and mold industry has been improved in the recent years. At present, precision multi-stage progressive die with 0.2 millimeters precision can be produced in home factories in China, and 160 stages can reached at the most and the life of die and mold can reach 100 150 million times. For example, the large-scale plastic injection mold for the plastic shell of 48 inches television, the washer with the capacity of 6.5 kilograms, the bumper and the whole instrument panel of cars can be produced. The precision plastic molds for plastic parts of camera, and the multi-cavity plastic mold for the gear with low module can also be produced. The large-scale precision complicate die-casting dies for the footboard of automatic staircase and the gearbox of the car real axle can also be manufactured in home factories. The die and mold for the covering parts of new type automobile can be manufactured. Meanwhile, the other type of dies and molds, such as the loose die for meridian tire, and the special-shaped extrusion die for aluminum alloy manufacturing and plastic door and window can be manufactured, and they can substituted the foreign imported ones. Through many outstanding developments of China die and mold industry have been achieved in the past twenty years, there exists obvious gap compared with the developed industry countries. For example, the equipment to produce the precision die is scare. CAD/CAE/CAM technologies are not very popular and many advanced die and mold technologies have not been widely applied in china. Especially, the die and mold technologies for producing the large-scale, precision, complicate and long life die and mold obviously lag behind the developed countries. The manufacturing capacity for all these die and mold can not satisfy the requirements of home enterprises, so a lot of dies and molds must be imparted from other countries. 2. THE IMPROVEMENT OF CHINA DIE AND MOLD TECHNOLOGIES In China, people have known the important position of die and mold industry in 中國地質大學長城學院 2015 屆畢業論文外文翻譯  manufacturing industry. Meanwhile, the manufacturing level of die and mold technologies is the important mark to evaluate the level of some country's manufacturing industry. And the die and mold technologies directly determined the. production quality, economic benefits, and the development ability.  Now, many die and mold manufacturing enterprises pay much attention to the technology improvement, and much fund is invested to the technology improvement. Meantime, the technology improvement is regarded as the important motive force of development of enterprises. In addition, many research institutes and universities began to do the research and development of die and mold technologies. At present, more than 30 research institutes and universities are working on the research of die and mold technologies， and， than 40 universities are focusing on the education and training of die and mold technology. Among them, National Die and Mold Technology Key Laboratory in Huazhong University of Science Technology, National Die and Mold CAD Engineering Research Center in Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Precision Blanking Technology Engineering Research Center in Beijing Mechatronics Research Institute, National Rubber and Plastic Die and Mold Engineering Research Center in Zhengzhou University of Technology are the key supported and constructed institutu in China. After many years' accumulation, many achievements are obtained on the field of die and mold CAD/CAE/CAM technology, die and mold electric discharge manufacturing and numerical control manufacturing technology， rapid prototype and rapid manufacturing technology and new type die and mold material, etc. Then. these achievements contribute to improve the die and mold quality and shorten die and mold design and manufacturing cycle. 2.1 The Improvement of Stamping Die Technology The obvious improvements are obtained on. the manufacturing technology of large-scale stamping dies, such as the dies for auto covering parts. The Die and Mold Manufacturing Factory in Dongfeng Automobile Company and the Die and Mold Center in First Automobile Group Company can manufacture some dies for auto covering parts. With the help of continual improvement of design and manufacturing methods and technologies， some achievements on the automobile made in China are obtained. Multi-stage progressive die and multi-function die are the key developed precision dies in China. Currently， the core automatic piling multi-function die with the function of automatic punching, pile pressing, riveting， counting and safety protection can produced in China. The precision of step distance of double rotary piling hard alloy progressive die for producing the stators and rotors of electrical machinery can reach 0.2 millimeters， and its life can reach 100 million times. Other multistage progressive dies, such as 20-30 stages progressive dies for line-leading frame of 中國地質大學長城學院 2015 屆畢業論文外文翻譯  integrated circuit， the hard alloy progressive die for producing the parts of electron gun and the progressive die for producing the cooling fin of air conditioner, can be produced with high precision. 2.2 The Improvement of Plastic Mold Technology In the recent years， plastic mold technologies developed very fast. And the occupation ratio relative to the total output of domestic die and mold industry is continuously increased. All the plastic molds for the household appliances， such. television, air conditioner and washer, can almost be produced in domestic factories. The home factories can also produce the plastic molds for producing the bumper with 10 20 tons and the whole instrument panel of automobiles. About the die precision，the dimension precision of plastic parts can come up to IT6-7, the roughness of the surface can reach Ra 0.05-0.025, and the die life can reach more than one million. CAD/CAM technologies used in the design and manufacturing of plastic molds are quickly popularized. And CAE software is also used in some factories. Hot runner technologies are widely used. And gas-aided injection technologies and high efficient and multi colors injection technologies begin to successfully be used. 2.3 The Improvement of Die and Mold CAD/CAE/CAM Technology Now， computer aided drawing is widely used by many domestic die and mold enterprises， and many advanced CAD/CAE/CAM software are also imported. Many famous CAD/CAM software， such as Unigraphics - , Pro/Engineer， I-DEAS and Euclid-IS etc.， have been widely applied in China die and mold industry. Some factories have also imported some CAE software， such as DYNAFORM， Optris, and MAGMA SOFT etc.， which are successfully applied into the design of plastic die, stamping die and die-casting die. In recent years, some CAD/CAE/CAM software with our own copyright are also developed. For example， the CAD/CAE/CAM software for the design of the design of plastic mold, auto covering part dies and progressive dies are developed by National Die and Mold Technology Key Laboratory in Huazhong University of Science & Technology. The CAD software for the design of cold forging and fine blanking are developed by National Die and Mold CAD Engineering Research Center in Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The CAD/CAE/CAM software for forging is developed by Beijing Mechatronics Research Institute. CAXA software is developed by Huazheng Research Institute of Software Engineering. The CAE software for sheet forming is developed by Jilin University of Technology. Furthermore, all the software has many users in China. 2.4 The Improvement of Rapid Prototype/Rapid Die Manufacturing 中國地質大學長城學院 2015 屆畢業論文外文翻譯  Our country also paid more attention to the development of rapid prototype/rapid die manufacturing. Many institutes work on the development in this field, and they have obtained some achievements. Many institutes, including Tsinghua University，Huazhong University of Science & Technology， Xi'an Jiao Tong University and Longyuan Automatic Forming System Company, have developed their own rapid prototype technology and equipment, and they have produced many rapid prototype machines, including LOM， SLA， FDM and SLS. Furthermore, all these machines have been widely used in the development of new products， precision casting and rapid die manufacturing. Rapid die manufacturing technology is also studied in many domestic institutes. The die manufacturing technologies using the electric arc spraying forming and plasma spraying forming are widely studied. The die manufacturing technologies of the alloy die with middle or low melting point and resin stamping die have successfully been applied. Meanwhile， silicon rubber dies have been applied into the development of new products. 2.5 The Improvement of Other Relevant Technologies In recent years， some advanced technologies and equipment have been imported in some domestic steel enterprises， which obviously improved the specification and quality of die and mold steel. Meanwhile， many new steels have also been applied in the die manufacturing， such as the hot-working tool steels, H10, H13， H21， 4Cr 5Mo V1 Si, 45Cr 2Ni Mo V Si etc.， and the plastic die steels, P20, 3Cr 2Mo, PMS, SMI and SMII etc. The application of these die materials can obviously increase the die quality and life. Polishing technology of dies and moldy has been studied in some domestic institutes, and some special polishing tools and machines have been developed. Especially the grain etching technology has quickly been developed， which has been used to manufacture the die grain. High-speed milling is one of the rap