CultureandTaboos

Taboo

istheself–

restrictionofsomewordsanddeeds.Perhapstaboosresultedfromthefearofmysteriouspower.Tabooalsoreflecttheexperiencespeopleaccumulatedintheirstrugglesagainstthenature,andthesocialcustomsandhabitsformedininterpersonalcommunication.

1/142CultureandTaboosTaboos

asapervasive/omnipresentsocialphenomenon,havetheirobvioushistoricalandculturalrootsfortheiremergence,existenceandcontinuance.2/142CultureandTaboos1)

Socialtaboos:

A)InEnglish-speakingcountries,ifyouwanttovisitsomebody,youshouldmakeanappointmentinadvance.Theunexpectedvisitwas/isnotacceptable.3/142CultureandTaboosB)PeopleinEnglish-speakingcountriesareexpectedtoavoidtalkingshop(談本行,三句不離本行C)InEnglish-speakingcountry,Christiansregardsuicideassin,sosuicideisnotanappropriatetopic.4/142CultureandTaboosD)

Insocialcommunication,Westernersavoidtalkingaboutprivacywhichincludesage,income,wealth,marriage,loveaffairs.5/142CultureandTaboos

E)

Chinesecareaboutsomefaults,badhabits,justasanoldChinesesayinggoes“Whenyoubeatsomebody,avoidhittinghimintheface,whenyouspeak,don’trakeup(重提不愉快之事，翻舊賬)other’sfaults”(

6/142CultureandTaboosInEnglish-speakingcommunities,therearesomesocialtaboos:(1)Itisunluckytohaveablackcatcrosstheroadinfrontofyou.(看見黑貓?jiān)谀忝媲皺M穿馬路是不吉利。)7/142CultureandTaboos(2)Thebrideshouldnotseethehusbandonthemorningbeforethewedding.(在婚禮舉行前早上，新娘不應(yīng)見自己丈夫。)8/142CultureandTaboos(3)Thekillingofcricketsinthehousewillbringbadluck.9/142CultureandTaboos(4)Topassunderaladderbringsbadluck.(從梯子下面走過會(huì)帶來厄運(yùn)。)(5)Lightingthreecigarettesfromonematchbringsbadlucktothethirdperson.(一根火柴點(diǎn)燃三支香煙會(huì)給第三個(gè)人帶來厄運(yùn)。)10/142CultureandTaboos(6)Tobreakamirrorbringssevenyears'badluck.(打壞鏡子會(huì)帶來7年厄運(yùn)。)(7)Openinganumbrellainthehouseisbadluck.(在屋中撐傘會(huì)倒霉。)11/142CultureandTaboos2)

Tabooinpublicsituations.“Firstcome,firstserved(先來后到)”;

Sneezing

isanormalphysiologicalreaction/phenomenon.

12/142

CultureandTaboos3)taboosaboutdiet

TheChinesealmosteatanyanimalandeventheinternalorgansofanimals.ButpeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountiesdon’tlikefat,andtheskin,feetheadandinternalorgans,someanimal’smeatsuchasdog’smeat,snake’smeat.

13/142CultureandTaboosTheydislikegarlicandvinegarandstrangesoups.

Whenthemouthisfulloffood,oneshouldnotutter(中國人“食不言，咽不語”.).Chineseshouldn’traptheemptybowlswithchopsticksforthat’swhatabeggardoes.

14/142CultureandTaboosDuringthedinner,thedinersshouldnotbelch(打嗝),loosenthebeltandgotothetoilet.

AtaCantonesedinner,thedinersshouldnoteatchickenhead,wingsandtail,butleavethemtotheseniorsinthefamily.

15/142CultureandTaboosFortheSpringFestivaldinner,theremustbeadishoffishimplying“年年有余”.“魚”and“余”arehomophoniccharactersinChinese.16/142CultureandTaboosForsomelocalweddingdinner,thefishhead,tailandfishbonesarenotallowedtobeeaten,becausepeoplehopethatthenewcouplewillremainadevotedcoupletotheendoftheirlives(白頭偕老),acompletecouple(有頭有尾).17/142CultureandTaboos

Insomeplaces,thecookedfishinadishisnotallowedtobeturnedoveroritmayimplytheshipwillcapsize(翻船).It’satabooforfishermen.

18/142CultureandTaboos

TeawaterisChinese’sfavoritedrink,northernChineselikejasminetea(茉莉花茶/花茶),thesouthernChineseprefergreenteaorblacktea.

19/142CultureandTaboos

Forthosewhoknowaboutsado(茶道，teaculture),theywon’tliketomixotherthingslikemilk,sugarwithtea,butwouldenjoythepuretea.Theteamadethepreviousdaywon’tbedrunknextday(隔夜茶),it’sharmfultohealth.

20/142CultureandTaboos

Chinesecareaboutthewayofdrinkingtea:tosiptea(呷茗)notdrinkunrestrainedly(牛飲).21/142CultureandTaboos

It’sbelievedintheWestandtheEast,thatteacanpredictsomething,thoughit’ssomewhatsuperstitionsiftheteastalksinacupfloat/standupright(erect),theteadrinkerwillbepleasedforit’saomenthatadistinguishedguestiscoming.

22/142CultureandTaboosTheBritishpeoplethink,ifsomeonehappenedto(無意中)cover(coveredaccidentally)atea-pot,itpredictsanunexpectedvisitorwillarrive.

23/142CultureandTaboosIftwowomensharetheteainthesamepot,thatmeansoneofthemorsomeonefromeitherfamilywillgivebirthtoachildbytheendoftheyear.Ithintsanunexpectedguestistocome.

24/142CultureandTaboosWhenthestalkishard,thecomerismale,ifthestalkissoft,itwillbeafemalevisitor.25/142InJapan,fornoreasoncanyouinsertchopsticksverticallyintothefood.Becausethisisaninauspicioussign.Moreover,itisthoughttobeanimpolitebehaviorwhenyousucktheendofachopstick.26/142Everyone,whetheryouareMuslimornon-Muslim,shouldtakeoffyourshoeswhenenteringintothemosque.VisitorsshouldfollowtheMuslimstyleofdress:menshouldwearlongpantsandlong-sleevedshirts;womenshouldcoveralltheirexposedskin.27/142CultureandTaboos4)

tabooaboutgift-presentingThenumberofflowersshouldbeodd(單數(shù)),forit’sbelievedtheevennumberwillresultinmisfortune/badluck.28/142CultureandTaboos

Whiteflowersaredeniedbecausethewhitecolorsymbolizesmisfortuneordeath.Sooneisnotexpectedtogivewhiteflowerstothepatientinhospital.29/142CultureandTaboosIfyouareinvitedtoaFrancefamilyfordinner,youcanbringsomeflowers,butuntied.Donotbringthechrysanthemum;they’reonlytobeusedatthefuneralinFrance.30/142CultureandTaboosPurpleflowers

aretheflowersofdeathinMexico.31/142CultureandTaboos

InFrance，theyellowflowerswereseenasdisloyal!Carnationsareassociatedwithbadluck.╳32/142CultureandTaboos

InU.S.AandBritish,remembernottosendlily,becauseitmeansdeath.33/142杜鵑花

Azalea，

rhododendron/r?ud?’dendr?n/

34/142石竹花pinkOntheinternationaloccasions,thesetwokindsofflowersarenotthepropergiftsforguestsastheFrenchpeoplethinkitwillbringforthdisasters.35/142Convallariamajalis(鈴蘭花)arenotthesuitablegiftforfriendsasitimpliestheterminationoffriendship36/142ThePolishwillnotsendguestsdriedorwitheredflowersastheymeanstheendoffriendship.TheGermans

won’tusetulipsasgiftsforitisregardedasthemercilessflowers.Purpleflowerswon’tservesasBrazilians’giftsforguestbecauseitisusedforfuneralsasthesymbolofdeath.37/142InEurope,theflowersforpatientsshouldnotbetheoneswithstrongaroma.Smallflowersarenotformid-agedpeople,andbigflowersfortheyoung.

Lotusarenotforgiftsastheyareforsacrifice.38/142Incommunication,cut-flowersratherthanthepottedflowersarethenormalgifts.OnlyontheEasterthepottedwindflowers(風(fēng)信子)areacceptable.

.39/142CultureandTaboosInLatinAmerican,thehandkerchief,knives,scissorsandothergiftslikethesecannotbesentasgifts.OtherwisetheLatinAmericanwillconsideryourfriendshiptoanend.

40/142CultureandTaboosHandkerchiefcannotbesenttoLatinAmericaasgift.Otherwisetheywillbeconsideredtheendofyourfriendship,notahandkerchiefasagift,neither.Becausetheythinkthatthehandkerchiefislinkedtotears.TheylikesmallhouseholdproductsmadeinUSA,suchaskitchenutensils.41/142CultureandTaboosTheRussianssendflowerswithasinglenumber.Theyusebreadandsalttotreatthehonoredguesttoshowtheiramicabilityandrespect.SendingmoneyasgiftistabooforRussianswhichmeanscharityandinsult.

42/142CultureandTaboosMenarenotrecommendedtopresentwomenperfumes,dressesandcosmetics.Oneisnotexpectedtopresentgiftsonpublicoccasionsforthiswillembarrassotherpeoplewhofailedtopreparegifts.ClocksorwatchesarenotthepropergiftsforChinese.43/142CultureandTaboos5)

tabooaboutfestivalTheWesternersespeciallyvaluetheNewYear’sDay

Theyareverycarefulaboutthisdaythatcanensuregoodluckinthecomingyear.

44/142CultureandTaboosTheybelievewhatkindofpersonthefirstvisitortotheirhouseisapersonwithblackhair,oratleastit’stheblack–hairedfriendoracquaintance,hewillbringthehostgoodluck:Ifthefirstvisitorisawoman,italsowillbetheevilomenforthenewyear.

45/142CultureandTaboosTopreventthatfromoccurring,theywillmakesomearrangements.Forexample,onewillinviteamaleguest/friendasthefirstvisitortohisfamily,toseveralfamiliesoreventothewholeneighborhood.46/142CultureandTaboosAccordingtothearrangement,atthebellsoundofthenewyear,thismaleguestshouldbeatthedoor,anticipatingthosepeoplewhoarethoughttobringbadlucktoothers.47/142CultureandTaboosIfafamilymemberactsasthefirstvisitor,hewillbesentoutofthehousebeforemidnighttomakesomepreparation.Heshouldcarrysomegiftsnotnecessarilyexpensivesuchasbreadsymbolizingamplefoodandclothing(豐衣足食)orcoin/saltasthesymbolofwealthandfortune.48/142CultureandTaboos6)religionstaboo:

IntheBible,therearetherecordsofTheTenCommandments《上帝十誡》reported(轉(zhuǎn)述)byMoses(摩西)：

49/142CultureandTaboosTheTenCommandmentsFirst

"IamTheLordyourGod,WhobroughtyououtofthelandofEgypt,outofthehouseofbondage.YoushallhavenoothergodsbeforeMe."

50/142CultureandTaboosSecond

“Youshallnotmakeforyourselfagravenimage,oranylikenessofanythingthatisinheavenabove,orthatisintheearthbeneath,orthatisinthewaterundertheearth;51/142CultureandTaboosThird

"YoushallnottakeTheNameofTheLordyourGodinvain;forTheLordwillnotholdhimguiltlesswhotakesHisNameinvain."52/142CultureandTaboosFourth

"RemembertheSabbathday,tokeepitholy.53/142CultureandTaboosFifth

"Honoryourfatherandyourmother,thatyourdaysmaybelonginthelandwhichTheLordyourGodgivesyou."

54/142CultureandTaboosSixth

"Youshallnotkill."Seventh

"Youshallnotcommitadultery."Eighth

"Youshallnotsteal."55/142CultureandTaboosNinth

"Youshallnotbearfalsewitnessagainstyourneighbor."56/142CultureandTaboosTenth

"Youshallnotcovetyourneighbor'shouse;youshallnotcovetyourneighbor'swife,orhismanservant,orhismaidservant,orhisox,orhisass,oranythingthatisyour57/142CultureandTaboos十誡大意：(1)

不可崇敬上帝以外其它神(2)

不可敬拜偶像(3)

不可妄稱上帝名字(4)

當(dāng)守安息日(5)

當(dāng)孝敬父母58/142CultureandTaboos(6)

不可殺人(7)

不可奸淫(8)

不可偷盜(9)

不可作假證害人(10)

不可貪戀他人財(cái)產(chǎn)59/142CultureandTaboosForCatholicism/-city,thereothertaboos:with2-3weekafterthefuneral,thedeceased’srelatives/familymembersshouldavoidinterviewingguests,joininginlarge-scaledpartyorballparty.

60/142CultureandTaboosCatholicpriestsarenotallowedtogetmarried.MostItaliansarearecatholicwhodon’tuseChristmasTreebutplaywithtoys.61/142CultureandTaboosAccordingtothediettaboosdescribedinIslam’sKoran,thedirtyanimalssuchaspigs/swines,donkeys,mulesanddogsarenotedible,theoxen,sheep,chicken,ducksandbirdsslaughteredwithoutkillers’chantingthenameofAllah(未誦安拉之名而宰殺)；thebanningofeatingtigers,leopards,wolves,eagles,andsnakes;theinlandIslamscannoteatthefishwithoutscalesandgills(無鱗無鰓魚)andotherfishthatdon’tlooklikefish(e.g.seafoods)；62/142AlsoinKoran,alcoholdrinkingisforbidden,adevoutMuslimwon’ttouchandsellalcoholdrinks.SonoalcoholdrinksareservedattheMuslims’banquetsandthehostswillnotproposeatoast（敬酒）。63/142CultureandTaboosForMuslimism/Moslem/Muslin,therearesometaboos:theydon’teatpork,andanimalblood,wineanddrinkwithalcohol,don’tworshipidol,Moslemsarenotallowedtogetmarriedwithcloserelatives,andthefollowers/disciplesofotherreligions.64/142CultureandTaboosSomereligions—includingHinduism,Buddhism,Islam,andvariousbranchesofChristianitysuchastheMethodists（衛(wèi)禮公會(huì)）,theBaptists,—forbidordiscouragetheconsumptionofalcoholicbeverages.

65/142CultureandTaboosFemaleMoslemsusuallystayathomeinsteadofworkingoutside,theyshouldavoidgazingatmales,insteadtheyshouldlowervisionwhilecomingacrossmaleMoslems,maleandfemaleMoslemsarenotsupposedtoembraceeachotherinpublic,awomanshouldveilherfaceinthepresenceofstrangers;66/142CultureandTaboosOnlyveiledwomenareallowedtoenterthemosque.MenshakinghandswithwomenisconsideredataboobytheMoslemcountries.67/142CultureandTaboos猶太教（Judaism）第一個(gè)法規(guī)和動(dòng)物相關(guān)。唯一能夠食用哺乳動(dòng)物是反芻并有分蹄動(dòng)物，能夠吃牛肉，而不允許吃豬肉和馬肉，這點(diǎn)與穆斯林在Halal飲食禁忌法規(guī)類似。大多數(shù)喂養(yǎng)禽類(如雞、鴨、鵝等)是被允許，但一些新品種如鴕鳥和鴯鹋不允許，圣經(jīng)中特意提及禁食鴕鳥。魚類必須有鰓和鱗，禁食軟體動(dòng)物和甲殼類動(dòng)物。第二個(gè)法規(guī)和動(dòng)物血液相關(guān)。猶太人認(rèn)為血是"生命液體"而禁止食用。68/142CultureandTaboos喇嘛教（Lamaism）亦稱藏傳佛教，也是“只要不殺生，也不禁葷腥”，但僅吃牛、羊、鹿、豬等偶蹄（even-hoof）動(dòng)物，不吃被視作“惡物”奇蹄動(dòng)物（馬、驢、狗、兔）、五爪禽（雞、鴨、鵝）以及“龍王子孫――魚蝦蚌貝”，也不愿借灶具給人煮這些東西吃，因?yàn)槔锝绦叛鳊垼J(rèn)為魚是龍子孫，故要禁食（如今一些地域已不禁）；也不準(zhǔn)在附近水域打魚、釣魚。喇嘛教信徒忌諱捕殺野生動(dòng)物，忌諱外人在天葬場(chǎng)旁觀或在遠(yuǎn)處偷看。69/142CultureandTaboosWhenmeetingalama,itisnotappropriatetohughimorshakehandswithhim,butanamaste(合十禮）.70/142CultureandTaboosWalkclockwisearoundamonastery,pagodas,orotherreligiousstructures.Prayerwheels（祈禱輪；轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)輪，地藏車）

shouldalsobeturnedclockwise.

71/142CultureandTaboos72/142CultureandTaboosInTibet,whistlinginthehouseisthoughttobeinauspicious.Peoplewhistleonlywhentheyareexorcisingevilspirits(驅(qū)邪）.

73/142CultureandTaboosInTibet,smoking,consumingalcoholormakingunnecessarynoiseinamonastery.

Touching,walkingoverorsittingonanyreligioustexts,objectsorprayerflags(幡經(jīng)）inamonastery.

74/142CultureandTaboosCausinganythingtobekilledinamonastery.Intrusivephotographyofamonasteryespeciallywhenpeopleareperformingreligiousceremonies.Alwaysaskforpermission.

75/142CultureandTaboos

Harmingvultures（禿鷲）,oryaks（牦牛）andsheepwearingred,yelloworgreencloth.

Steppingonthethreshold（門檻）whenenteringaTibetanhouse.

76/142CultureandTaboosDonotwatchaskyburialwithoutpermission.Ifitisallowed,donottakephotos.77/142CultureandTaboosPeopleshouldkeepquietonthetopofmountains.Itisbelievedthatloudnoisewillresultinheavysnow,stormsorhail.78/142CultureandTaboosClappinghands（鼓掌）behindothersisalsoconsideredimpolite.DonotusepaperprintedwithTibetanlanguagetoscrubanything79/142CultureandTaboosSpittingbeforesomebody.

Placingtrashinthefire.

Publicdisplaysofaffection.

Wearingshorts.80/142CultureandTaboosWomenshouldnotshaketheirskirtsinfrontofothers.Itwillbringbadlucktootherpeople.

Nevertouchtheheadofanotherperson.81/142CultureandTaboos

ColorsandTaboosDifferentcolorhasdifferentsymbolicmeaning:theredcolorstandsforvitalityandfiercelove,pinksymbolizesfaithfullove,orangeissignofvigor,purplemeansrespectandgoodwishes,butyellowsignifiescontempt.

82/142CultureandTaboosForChinese,theredcolorsymbolizeshappinessandjoy.Soitisnotthecolorforfunerals.Modernpeople(communists)endowedredwithrevolutionaryelements.Nowadays,redcolorsymbolizesenthusiasm,stimulation(bull-fighting),excitement,courage/bravery,andmakepeopleassociateitwithfire,blood,king’spowerandviolentrevolution.83/142CultureandTaboosIntheWest,redhassomenegativemeanings:imperious(專橫),irritable(急躁),andarrogance.ButAmericansdislikeredcolor,viewingitasadisgustingcolorforitimplies“stop”.84/142CultureandTaboos

Neverbuyagreenhatforanymalemarriedfriend,aswearingagreenhatimpliesthathiswifecommitsadultery.85/142CultureandTaboosWhitesymbolizespurity,virtuesandmaritalhappinessforWesterners,sotheywearwhiteweddinggowns,butforChineses,whiteisassociatedwith“mourning”(funeral/death).86/142CultureandTaboosInChineseculture,darksignifiesmystery,seriousnessandsolemnity.Ontheonehand,itsymbolizessolemnityandjustice,butontheothrhand,italsohastheconnotationofcattinessorinsidiouness(陰險(xiǎn)）wickednessandterror.WhileintheWesterncultures,blackisthebasictaboocolor,symbolizingdeath,illomenanddisaster.87/142CultureandTaboospurplewillcausesadnessinBrazil.darkbrownisregardedasthoseofunfortunate,yellowasthedesperate,aswellasmeanstoprovokedeepresentment.Americanslovebrightcolors,whileagainstthepurpleandhateyellowasitisassociatedwiththeyellowgownJudasworeatthelastsupperwithJesus.88/142CultureandTaboos4.Islamshatesyellowinparticular,becauseitsymbolizesthedeath,buttheylovegreen,whichwhattheysaywillgetridofevilspiritordeseases.5.Bulgarians（保加利亞人）hatebrightgreen(becauseitrepresentsthenon-governmentprimaryidentificationPeasantParty)89/142CultureandTaboosIslamistcountriesadoregreencolorwhichrepresentsthegreenareaindeserts(greenmightaswellrepresenthopesindesertstopeoplewhoarehungerforwater).GreenisthecolorthatreprsentstheoutwardexpansionofIslambyMuhammad.90/142CultureandTaboos

InJapan，blackandwhitecannotbeusedtogether,greenanddeepgreyarealsoabandant,Japanesedonotuselilyforlogodesignbecauselilyisusedforfuneral.91/142CultureandTaboosSingaporeiswherepurple,blackareconsideredasominous.Black,white,yellowcolorareincludedintaboo.Malaysianshateyellowcolorbecauseitsymbolizesdeath,thegeneralMalaysiansdonottowearyellowclothes.Blackwillraisenegativefeelings.92/142CultureandTaboosUnitedArabEmirates,Kuwait,Bahrain,Iran,Qatar,YemenandOmanusebrown,blackandgreen,blueandredandwhitecolorswhichcarryapositivemeaning.whilepink,purpleandyellowcolorarenegative.93/142CultureandTaboos

Egyptianslikethegreen,white,whileblackandbluearebanned.Egyptiansalsolovegreen,red,orange,ratherthanpurple,blue.

94/142CultureandTaboosInRomania,whiteisconsideredpureandsimple,ontheotherhand,redisregardedaslove,greenashope,yellowasacaution,andblackisincludedinanegativeconnotation.95/142CultureandTaboosItalianpeoplelikegreenandgray,thenationalflagconsistsofgreen,whiteandredcolor.Accordingtosomerecords,in1796Napoleon'sexpeditionintheItalianArmyusegreen,whiteandredcolorasitsflag.TheflagwasdesignedbyNapoleonhimself.Italianhatepurple.96/142CultureandTaboosFrenchpeopleareimaginativeincolors.theyalsogiveresearchoncolortofindouttherightwaytousecolor.Likered,yellowandbluecolorsareamongthepopularcatalogasbrightcolorsareelegant,fashionandgorgeous,noble.Intheeasternregion,fashionboyswearblue,whilegirlswearpink.97/142CultureandTaboosInancientChina,yellowsymbolizedhonorandrespect(尊貴),solemnity,monarchicalpower(君權(quán)),supremacy(至高無上)，sacrednessandinviolability（神圣不可侵犯）.Anythingimperialisyellow.Theyellowcolorwasexclusivelyenjoyedbyemperors(專用色).Anyministerorsubject(臣民)woreyellowclotheswouldbebeheaded.98/142CultureandTaboosInothercountries,yellowhassomepositivemeanings.InancientRome,yellowwastheindispensablereligiouscolor.InIndia,theBuddhistmonkwearyellowkasaya(袈裟)InAmerica,yellowsignifiesexpectation,missingofrelativesandmemory.Ofcourse,yellowhassomenegativeimplications:betrayal,jealousy,distrust,pornographyandchildishness.99/142CultureandTaboosFlowersandtaboos因?yàn)楦鲊L(fēng)土人情差異，不一樣國家人們對(duì)花語了解也有差異，對(duì)花顏色、花束枝數(shù)也有考究，所以，了解各地送花避忌，對(duì)我們交際應(yīng)酬是很有必要。

100/142CultureandTaboos1．在中國一些傳統(tǒng)年節(jié)或喜慶日子里，到親友家作客或造訪時(shí)，送花籃或花束，色彩要鮮艷、熱烈，以符合節(jié)日喜慶氣氛。可選取紅色、黃色、粉色、橙色等暖色調(diào)花，切忌送整束白色系列花束。2．在廣東、香港等地，因?yàn)榉窖躁P(guān)系，送花時(shí)盡可能防止用以下花：劍蘭(見難)、茉莉(沒利)。101/142CultureandTaboos

3．按我國風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，好事成雙。所以，除非送女友遠(yuǎn)行，在她襟前別上一朵鮮花以表示惜別之意，普通不宜送孤零零一朵花。

102/142CultureandTaboos4．日本人忌“4”，“6”，“9”幾個(gè)數(shù)字，因?yàn)樗鼈儼l(fā)音分別近似“死”、“無賴”和“勞苦”，都是不吉利。給病人送花不能有帶根，因?yàn)椤案卑l(fā)音近于困”，使人聯(lián)想為一睡不起。日本人忌諱荷花。在探望病人時(shí)，忌用山茶花、仙客來及淡黃色、白顏色。他們對(duì)菊花也存有戒心，因?yàn)樗腔适壹易鍢?biāo)志，普通人不敢也不能接收這種禮品。103/142CultureandTaboos5.俄羅斯人送女主人花束一定要送單數(shù)，將使她感到非常高興。送給男子花必須是高莖、顏色鮮艷大花。俄羅斯人也忌諱“13”，認(rèn)為這個(gè)數(shù)字是兇險(xiǎn)和死亡象征，而“7”在他們看來卻意味著幸運(yùn)和成功。104/142CultureandTaboos

6．在法國，當(dāng)你應(yīng)邀到朋友家中共進(jìn)晚餐，切忌帶菊花，菊花代表悼念，因?yàn)橹挥性谠岫Y上才會(huì)用到，法國人對(duì)藍(lán)色偏愛，忌諱黃色；他們很忌諱“13”這個(gè)數(shù)字。意大利人和西班牙人一樣不喜歡菊花，認(rèn)為它是不祥之花，但德國人和荷蘭人對(duì)菊花卻十分偏愛。105/142CultureandTaboos7．英國人普通不愛觀賞或栽植紅色或白色花。英國人忌諱百合花，并把百合花看作是死亡象征。亦忌贈(zèng)黃玫瑰，英國傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗認(rèn)為，黃玫瑰象征親友分離。他們對(duì)墨綠色很討厭，認(rèn)為墨綠色會(huì)給人帶來他們懊喪。很忌諱“13”和“星期五”這些數(shù)字與日期。106/142CultureandTaboos8．在德國他們最愛藍(lán)色矢車菊（cornflower），并視之為國花。普通不能將白色玫瑰花送朋友太太，因?yàn)樗琴?zèng)予情人禮品，也防止用郁金香。在送鮮花時(shí)，切不要用紙包裝。他們不喜歡客人隨便贈(zèng)予玫瑰花，因玫瑰花在德國有浪漫含義107/142CultureandTaboos9.瑞士國花是金合歡花（acaciaflower），瑞士人認(rèn)為紅玫瑰帶有浪漫色彩。所以，送花給瑞士朋友時(shí)不要隨便用紅玫瑰，以免誤會(huì)。(如送紅玫瑰能夠送1枝，也可送20枝，但不要送3枝，因?yàn)?枝意味著你們是情人。)108/142CultureandTaboos10．歐美一帶在悲痛時(shí)，不以香花為贈(zèng)物。11．巴西人忌諱黃色和紫色花，認(rèn)為紫色防色調(diào)，視黃色為兇喪色。千萬不要送巴西人絳紫色花。109/142CultureandTaboos

12.假如到芬蘭、瑞典等北歐國家，要是應(yīng)邀到主人家里作客，一定要給女主人帶幾束單數(shù)鮮花，最好是5枝或7枝。13.墨西哥人忌諱以黃色和紅色為禮相送，因?yàn)辄S色意味著死亡，紅花會(huì)給人帶來倒霉110/142CultureandTaboos14.假如應(yīng)邀到加拿大人家作客，可向女主人贈(zèng)予一束鮮花，但不要送白色百合花，在加拿大，白色百合花只有在開追悼會(huì)時(shí)才用。也不要送菊花，送花時(shí)要送單數(shù)。111/142CultureandTaboos15.到西班牙人家作客，千萬不要送大麗花和菊花，這種花和死亡相關(guān)。16.花數(shù)目不能是“4”。南朝鮮、日本人忌諱認(rèn)為“4”是表示死亡數(shù)字。日本人還尤其忌諱贈(zèng)予數(shù)量為“9”花，因?yàn)槟闼突〝?shù)量為“9”給他，就等于視他為強(qiáng)盜。112/142CultureandTaboos17.普通情況下，只有男士送女士鮮花，而女士不要回送男士鮮花。

18.探望病人花束或花籃不要香氣過濃或色彩過于素淡，對(duì)病人恢復(fù)健康不利。113/142CultureandTaboos

19.接收送花，應(yīng)表示高興，面帶微笑，能夠觀賞一下，并聞一聞花香，讓送花人感受到你對(duì)花喜歡。114/142CultureandTaboos日本人（Japanese）忌諱綠色（green），認(rèn)為綠色是不吉祥。英國人(British)也厭惡綠色，因?yàn)樗麄円蚤蠙炀G(Olivegreen)作為裹尸布顏色。在法國（France）和比利時(shí)（Belgium），人們都厭惡墨綠色（blackishgreen）。因?yàn)樵诘诙问澜绱髴?zhàn)期間，兩國曾飽受德國納粹占領(lǐng)之苦，而納粹軍服色就是墨綠色。比利時(shí)人還忌諱藍(lán)色(Blue)，以藍(lán)色作為不吉利標(biāo)志.伊拉克(Iraq)也討厭藍(lán)色，視藍(lán)色為魔鬼，在日常生活中忌諱使用藍(lán)色。115/142CultureandTaboos巴西人(Brazil)以棕色(brown)為兇色,他們認(rèn)為,死人好比黃葉飄落,所以忌諱棕黃色。埃及人(Egyptian)忌諱黃色(yellow),以黃色為不幸,喪葬之色.敘利亞(Syria)也忌用黃色(yellow),他們認(rèn)為它表示死亡。埃塞俄比亞人(Ethiopian)出門做客不穿淺黃色衣服,因?yàn)樗麄兇┑S色服裝是表示對(duì)死者悼念。土耳其人(Turk)在布置房間、客廳時(shí)，絕對(duì)禁用茄花色，民間一向認(rèn)為茄花色代表兇兆。印度(India)視白色(white)為不受歡迎顏色。116/142CultureandTaboos摩洛哥人(Moroccan)普通不穿白衣，忌白色，以白色為貧困象征。烏拉圭人(Uruguay)忌青色，認(rèn)為青色意味著黑暗前夕。泰國(Thailand)忌紅色(red)，認(rèn)為紅色是不吉利顏色，因?yàn)樵谔﹪怂篮?用紅筆把死者姓名寫于棺材上.蒙古人（Mongolian）對(duì)黑色(black)異常厭惡，把黑色視為不祥之兆，認(rèn)為它意味著不幸,貧窮,威脅,背叛,嫉妒,暴虐等。117/142CultureandTaboos歐美人視黑色為哀喪之色.俄羅斯人（Russian）也忌諱黑色，有些人連黑貓（blackcat）也討厭。傳說黑貓會(huì)給人帶來厄運(yùn)，誰假如在路上遇見黑貓誰就可能大禍臨頭。秘魯（Peru）平時(shí)禁用紫色（purple），只有在十月份舉行宗教儀式時(shí)才開禁。118/142CultureandTaboos

Numeralsandtaboo

Thenumeral3isrespectedbybothWesternersandEasterners.AncientEgyptiansvieweditasthesymbolsoffather,motherandson.InChristianity,theHolyTrinityincludesthe“Father”the“Son”andthe“HolySpirit”.InGreekmyth,theuniversewasthoughttobegovernedby3divinities(Gods):Jupiter,NeptuneandPluto.

119/142CultureandTaboosChinesealsovalue3.Theythinktherearethepreviouslife,presentlifeandnextlife.Thereare3relations:relationbetweenhusbandandwife.Thesearecalledthethreecardinalguidesandthefiveconstantvirtuesasspecifiedinthefeudalethicalcode君為臣綱—rulerguidessubject父為子綱—fatherguidesson,夫?yàn)槠蘧V—husbandguideswife.五常：仁:benevolence;義:righteousness;禮:propriety;智:wisdom信:fidelity.120/142CultureandTaboosThenumeral4,inKorea,JapanandotherAsiancountriesisnotregardedasaluckyone,foritandChinesecharacter死arehomophonic.SoinJapan,youcan’tfindthe4thfloorsinhospital,restaurants,officebuilding.It’ssaidifafamilyhasa4thchild,he/shecouldbeviewedasanillomenandgetmaltreatment.Thearmywillnotbenumeral(編號(hào))with4.Thecarlicense/numberplate(車牌)ortelephonenumberwiththenumeral4won’tbewelcome/accepted.121/142CultureandTaboosTherearefewtaboosaboutthenumeral5.InancientChina,womentriedtoavoidgivingbirthtochildonMay5ofthelunarcalendar(農(nóng)歷五月初五)，forthisdateindicatesanillomen(主兇)andthechildbornonthisdaywon’tbeworthyandonlyliveashortlife(不肖不壽)，evenbringsharmanddisastertohis/herfamily.122/142CultureandTaboos8isCantonese’sfavoritenumeral,because8and發(fā)（fa）arehomophones.BeforetheSpringFestival,mostCantonesefamilieswillbuyakumquat(漢語，金桔音譯→transliteration)tree.Thosepriced￥2.8（雙發(fā)），￥8.8（發(fā)發(fā)）,￥18(實(shí)發(fā))，willbewelcome.123/142CultureandTaboosInChinese,9and久arehomophones,so9signifiesalongtime,andthisnumberisapprizedtotheimperialbuildings.But9alsoisnegative,intheBeijingarea,therehasbeenafolklore“Reachingtheageofovert9orcovert9,oneislikelytodieorbecomeill（明九暗九，非死即病.）”overt9referstotheagewith9,19,29.39…,covert9→18,27,36,45.124/142CultureandTaboosIntheWest,13isregardedasafrighteningnumeral.傳說耶穌受害前和弟子們共進(jìn)了一次晚餐。參加晚餐第13個(gè)人是耶穌弟子猶大。就是這個(gè)猶大為了30塊銀元，把耶穌出賣給猶太教當(dāng)局，致使耶穌受盡折磨。參加最終晚餐是13個(gè)人，晚餐日期恰逢13日，“13”給耶穌帶來苦難和不幸。從此，“13”被認(rèn)為是不幸象征。“13”是背叛和出賣同義詞。1970年4月13日,從39號(hào)(13三倍)發(fā)射臺(tái)升空阿波羅13號(hào)宇宙飛船因氧氣瓶爆炸事故而宣告失敗,更使對(duì)“13”恐懼心理上升為“數(shù)字13恐懼癥phobia”。125/142Peopletrytogetridof13indailylife.Theywon’tinvite13personstodinner,thehouse,buildingandroomwillnotbenumberedwith13,studentswon’ttakethe13thseatattest;sailorswon’tsetouton13th,sportsmenwon’taccept13astheirnumber(編號(hào)).Peoplefindlotsofevidencetoprove13tobeanillnumber.126/142CultureandTaboosTherearesometaboosaboutnumeralsofage.PeoplefromShandongdisliketheageof41.Ifthehusbandisaged41,hewilltellothersthatheisaged42toavoidthisagetaboo,fortheyearahusbandreaches41willbeaharmfulyearforhiswife.(妨妻之年).127/142InoldBei