UNIT3SectionA

TOPICTALK&LESSON1英語2021內容索引課前篇自主預習課堂篇互動探究晨讀晚誦素養導航

晨讀晚誦The

Sixth

Mass

ExtinctionAsthehumanpopulationhasrisento7.5billion,ourspecies’

enormous①footprintonplanetEarthhashadashockingimpactonmammals,birds,insects,and’vedriventhousandsofspeciestotheedgeofextinctionthroughhabitatloss,overhuntingandoverfishing,theintroductionofinvasive②speciesintonewecosystems,toxic③pollution,andclimatechange.Inthepast40years,thenumberofwildanimalshasdecreasedby50percent,a2019studyfound.AndtheWorldWildlifeFund(WWF)estimatesthatthepopulationofvertebrates④havefallenbyanaverageof60percentsince1970.Thepast20yearshavebroughta90percentdecreaseinthenumberofmonarchbutterfliesinAmerica,alossof900million,andan87percentlossofrustypatchedbumblebees.Only3percentoftheoriginalpopulationsoftheheavilyfishedPacificbluefintuna(藍鰭金槍魚)remaininthesea.“Wearesleepwalkingtowardtheedgeofacliff,”saidMikeBarrett,executivedirectoratWWF.

Whataretheconsequences?Potentiallyenormous.Thelossofspeciescanhavecatastrophic⑤effectsonthefoodchainonwhichhumanitydepends.Oceanreefs,whichsustain⑥morethan25percentofmarinelife,havedeclinedby50percentalready—andcouldbelostaltogetherby2050.Thisisalmostcertainlycontributingtothedeclineofglobalmarinelife,down—onaverage—by50percentsince1970,accordingtotheWWF.Insectspollinate⑦cropshumanseat.“Thisisfarmorethanjustbeingaboutlosingthewondersofnature,desperatelysadthoughthatis,”theWWF’sBarrettsaid.“Thisisactuallynowdangerousforthefutureofpeople.Natureisnot‘nicetohave’—itisourlife-supportsystem.”詞海拾貝①enormousadj.巨大的;龐大的②invasiveadj.侵入的;侵略性的;攻擊性的③toxicadj.有毒的④vertebraten.脊椎動物⑤catastrophicadj.災難性的⑥sustainv.支持;承受;維持⑦pollinatev.給……授粉典句欣賞Thepast20yearshavebroughta90percentdecreaseinthenumberofmonarchbutterfliesinAmerica,alossof900million,andan87percentlossofrustypatchedbumblebees.譯文:在過去的20年里,美國的帝王蝶數量銳減了90%,損失了9億只,長著鐵銹色斑紋的大黃蜂損失了87%。分析:這是一個簡單句。句中Thepast20years是無生命的物體作主語;alossof900million是a90percentdecrease的同位語;and連接a90percentdecrease和an87percentloss兩個賓語。理解誘思Whatisthefinalresultofthesixthmassextinction?(nomorethan5words)答案Thefallofmankind.課前篇自主預習Ⅰ.知識體系圖解重點詞匯

1.plasticadj.

2.miningn.

3.itemn.

4.unrecyclableadj.

5.informativeadj.

6.hornn.

7.massadj.

8.solaradj.

9.hatchvi.&vt.

塑料制的采礦業一項,一條

不可回收的

有教育意義的;知識性強的(牛、羊等頭上的)角大量的太陽光(能)的(使)孵化10.

n.保護

11.

vt.破壞;毀掉

12.

vi.&vt.再利用,回收利用

13.

n.威脅;(災難等壞事)發生的可能

14.

vi.&vt.轉換,改變

15.

adv.非法地,違法地

16.

vi.&vt.獵取,獵殺

17.

adj.滅絕的,絕種的

18.

adv.非常地,極端地

conservation

destroy

recycle

threat

switch

illegally

hunt

extinctincredibly

19.

adj.緊急的,急迫的

20.

n.物種,種

21.

vt.擦;拭

22.

adj.異常的;不平常的

23.

adj.各種各樣的,形形色色的

24.

vi.&vt.減少n.減少;減少的量

25.

vt.責怪,指責

26.

vt.影響

27.

adj.瀕危的

28.

vt.(使)恢復

urgent

species

wipeunusual

varied

decrease

blameaffect

endangered

restore重點短語

1.

起某種作用

2.

盡自己的職責3.

消失;絕跡,滅絕4.

處境危險,受到威脅5.wipeout

6.betoblame

havearole

doone’spart

dieoutbeatrisk

徹底毀滅把……歸咎于重點句式

1.Theyfoundthathumanactivityiscausingspeciestodieout1,000timesfasterthannormal.2.Withoutforests,wewouldhavenoairtobreathe,andwithoutcleanwaterwewouldbeunabletosurvive.重點語法

限制性和非限制性定語從句

Ⅱ.閱讀導學A.閱讀P52-53文章,判斷正(T)誤(F)。1.Over90percentofalleverlivingspeciesareextinctin500millionyears.2.Itisnaturalforspeciestodieoutusually.3.Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs,entirespecieswillbewipedout.4.Inordertoavoidthesixthextinction,weneedtostoptravelingaround.答案1~4FTFFB.閱讀P52-53文章,選出最佳選項。1.Whatisoneofthereasonsforextinction?A.Sleepofvolcanoes.B.Changesinsealevels.C.Theincreaseoftheoxygen.D.Thedecreaseintemperature.

答案

B2.Whatarescientistsmainlyconcernedaboutastoreasonsforspecies’dyingout?A.Ages. . D.Rates.3.Whywouldwehumansbeatriskofdyingoutif75%ofallspeciesonEarthdieout?A.Wewillhavenocleanairorwater.B.Wewillkillallspeciesforfood.C.Wewillhavenofactoryfarming.D.Wewillkilloneanotherforwater.答案

D答案

A4.Howcanweavoidthesixthextinction?A.Byproducingmorespecies.B.Bystoppingdestroyingtheplanet.C.Bytakingactiontoprotectourselves.D.Bymovingtoanotherplanetimmediately.答案

BⅢ.單句語法填空1.Hegaveusanotherpieceofadvice,

Ithinkisofgreathelptotheresearchwork.

2.Thebook

myclassmatelentmeisveryuseful.

3.Thereisalwayssomething

wearenotsatisfiedwithinourlife.

4.Wetalkedaboutthepeopleandthings

werememberedinourprimaryschool.

5.I’dliketomakefriendswiththose

arerichinexperienceandknowledge.

which

which/thatthat

that

who6.Therearestillsomepeople

livingconditionsareterrible.

7.Thisisthebestfilm

Ihaveeverseentheseyears.

8.HaveyouseenthefilmTitanic,

leadingactorisworld-famous?

9.Whoisthatman

isgoingtogiveusalecture?

10.Thisistheplace

Igrewup.

whose

that

whose

that

where課堂篇互動探究重點詞匯1WaysWeDestroyNature我們破壞自然的方式(P50)【詞匯精講】destroy用作及物動詞,意為“破壞;毀掉”。Theearthquakedestroyedalmosttheentirecity.那次地震幾乎毀滅了整個城市。Thatwilldestroythereputationofourproducts.那將毀了我們產品的聲譽。【詞語辨析】destroy,damage與ruindestroy作動詞,表示“毀壞”,通常指徹底的毀掉或毀滅,往往暗示無法或很難修復,有時用于比喻用法中;也可用于損壞抽象的東西,如名譽、計劃等damage可作動詞或名詞,表示“損害,損壞”,通常是指部分性的損壞,往往暗示損壞后價值、效率、功能等會降低,有時用于比喻用法中ruin可作動詞或名詞,表示“毀壞,破壞”,強調毀滅的徹底性,并且是一次性的行為。這種毀滅也許沒有多大力量,但其嚴重性卻使其不能修復。這種毀滅強調長期損壞過程所導致的結果【微寫作】IntheearthquakethathappenedonAugust3,2014,allthehousesandbuildingsweredestroyed,andgreatdamagewascausedtoYunnan.AtthattimeLudianwasalmostinruins.在2014年8月3日發生的那場地震中,所有的房屋和建筑物都被摧毀了,(這場地震)給云南造成了巨大的損失。那時的魯甸幾乎成了一片廢墟。Thedestructionofsuchspecieswasdestroyedlargestdestroyer2Afterthelecture,Icanseethattheuseofoilandcoalisoneofthebiggestthreatstoourplanet.

聽了講座后,我可以看到石油和煤炭的使用是我們星球最大的威脅之一。(P108)【詞匯精講】在本句中threat用作名詞,意為“威脅;(災難等壞事)發生的可能”。Asthemonthswentby,therabbitssawthatIwasnothreatanddidn’tescape.幾個月過去了,兔子們看出來我對它們沒有威脅,也不再逃走了。【詞匯拓展】athreattosb/sth對某人/某物構成威脅threatenv.

威脅threatensb(withsth) (用某物)威脅某人threatentodosth 恐嚇要做某事threatenedadj.

受到威脅的However,othersareinfavouroftheinclusionbecauseitishardtosaywhetheritwillthreatentheChineselanguage.但是,其他人贊成收錄(英語單詞),因為很難說這是否會威脅到漢語。【遷移應用】完成句子(1)那個農場主威脅說,無論哪條狗,如果咬死他的一只羊,他就要開槍打死它。Thefarmer

thatkilledoneofhissheep.

(2)污染對這一物種的繼續生存造成了威脅。Pollutionis

thecontinuedexistenceofthisspecies.

(3)盡管戰爭一觸即發,人們仍像平時一樣工作。Despite

,peoplewentabouttheirworkasusual.

threatenedtoshootanydogathreattothethreatofwar3Wedefinitelyneedtoswitchtodifferentformsofpowerassoonaspossible.

我們確實需要盡快轉換到不同形式的能源。(P108-109)【詞匯精講】在本句中switch用作動詞,意為“轉換,改變”;它還可以用作名詞,意為“開關;轉換”。Newtechnologymadeaswitchtooilpossible.新技術使得改用石油成為可能。【詞匯拓展】switchon接通,打開switchoff(=turnoff) 把……關掉,關上switchover(tosth) 轉換頻道;轉變switch(fromsth)to... 從……轉變到……switchroles 轉換角色switchAwithB 把A與B交換【遷移應用】完成句子(1)桌子上面有一臺開著的便攜式小型電視機。Therewasalittleportabletelevision

onthedesk.

(2)夜間請務必將所有的燈關掉。Pleasemakesurethatallthelights

atnight.

(3)五年后,父親改行教書了。Fiveyearslater,Father

teaching.

switchedonareswitched/turnedoffswitchedoverto單句語法填空(4)Doyoumindme

(switch)overtoChannelOne?I’dliketoseewhattheweatherwillbeliketomorrow.

switching4Weallhave

a

roletoplayinprotectingtheenvironment.Ifwealldo

our

part,wecanliveahealthierlifeonEarth.在保護環境方面,我們大家都可以發揮作用。如果我們都盡自己的一份力,我們就能在地球上過上更健康的生活。(P109)【詞匯精講】在本句中havearole意為“起某種作用”,還可以意為“充當角色”;doone’spart意為“盡自己的職責”。Everyonehad

a

roleintheshow’ssuccess.每個人都對節目的成功起了作用。Everystudentoughttodo

his

parttomakesteadyprogress.每個學生都應盡本分以求平穩的進步。【詞匯拓展】playanimportantrole/partin...在……中起重要作用/擔任重要角色playtheroleofsb=play/actthepartofsb

(在劇中)扮演……角色playtheleadingrole起帶頭/主要作用formypart 至于我,對我來說onone’spart 由某人做出;就某人而言takepartin 參加……,參與……活動Hehasplayed

an

important

part

incarryingthroughthewholeplan.他在整個計劃的實行中扮演了重要的角色。【遷移應用】完成句子(1)在維護世界和平方面,中國正在起著越來越重要的作用。China

safeguardingworldpeace.

(2)他在上周的戲劇中扮演了哈姆雷特。Heplayed

Hamletintheplaylastweek.

(3)媒體在影響人們的觀念方面起著很重要的作用。Themedia

ininfluencingpeople’sopinions.

isplayinganincreasinglyimportantpart/roleintherole/partofplaysaveryimportantrole/part(4)對我來說,到哪兒吃飯都無所謂。

,Idon’tmindwhereweeat.

Formypart5Yes,manyanimalsareillegally

huntedforsomethingtheyhave.

是的,許多動物因為它們擁有的東西而被非法獵殺。(P109)【詞匯精講1】在本句中illegally為副詞,意為“非法地,違法地”。(2020全國卷Ⅱ)Nutriaareillegallyhunted.海貍鼠被非法獵殺。【詞匯拓展1】illegaladj.違法的,非法的legaladj.

法律許可的,合法的legallyadv.

法律上,合法地【遷移應用1】完成句子(1)未經允許看別人的私人信件是不合法的。

toreadpeople’sprivateletterswithoutpermission.

(2)鑒于她已經到了法定的結婚年齡,我想象不出你怎么可以阻止她。Seeingthatshe’s

togetmarried,Idon’tseehowyoucanstopher.

(3)上屆政府的行為是非法的。Thepreviousgovernmenthadacted

.

It’sillegallegallyoldenoughillegally【詞匯精講2】在本句中hunt用作動詞,意為“獵取,獵殺”;它還可以意為“搜索;驅趕”;hunt也可以用作名詞,意為“狩獵;追捕;搜尋”。ThehuntersandIhunttheanimalsoutofthegarden.獵人和我把動物趕出花園。Thedogwastrainedforthehunt.這只狗受過狩獵訓練。【詞匯拓展2】huntafter追獵(某動物);追逐(某物)huntfor 尋找某人/某物huntup (在報紙上、書上等)找到(資料等)Doyouapproveofhunting

afterfoxes?你贊成獵捕狐貍嗎?Hehasbeenhunting

forajob.他一直在找工作。【遷移應用2】完成句子(1)你須在字典里查找這個字。You’llhaveto

thewordinthedictionary.

(2)很多人一生追逐名利,但是總不能成功。Manypeople

fameintheirlivesbutneverfindit.

(3)附近的鄰居都在尋找那個失蹤的孩子。Thewholeneighbourhoodhavebeen

themissingchild.

huntuphuntafterhuntingfor6That’sanincrediblyurgentmatter...這是一件非常緊急的事情……(P109)【詞匯精講】在本句中urgent用作形容詞,意為“緊急的,急迫的”,還可以意為“堅持要求的”。They’vemadeanurgentrequestforinternationalaid.他們緊急請求國際援助。【詞匯拓展】urgevt.催促;極力主張n.

強烈的欲望、沖動,迫切的要求urgesbtodosth/urgesbintodoingsth催促/敦促某人做某事urgethat/Itisurgedthat...堅決主張……(用虛擬語氣)have/feelanurgetodosth

渴望做某事;有做某事的沖動/欲望satisfyanurge 滿足欲望urgencyn.

緊急;急事;催促urgentlyadv.

緊急地,急迫地Weurged

thatthebill(should)bepassed.我們強烈要求通過那項議案。Sheurgedhimtostay.她力勸他留下。Theyurged

thatthelibrary(should)bekeptopenduringthevacation.他們要求圖書館假期開放。Ifelt

an

urge

togooutandbuyabigbunchofflowerstodecoratethelivingroom.我有一股沖動,想去買一大束鮮花裝點起居室。Thisisamatterofsomeurgency.這件事相當緊迫。【遷移應用】完成句子(1)爸爸不停地督促我在結冰的路上開車要謹慎。Fatherkept

carefullyontheicyroads.

(2)我害怕那個男孩,很想跑開。IwasafraidoftheboyandI

torunawayfromhim.

urgingmetodrivehadanurge用urge的適當形式填空(3)Iwillnotusemysavingsunlessamatterof

happens.

(4)Manypeopleintheearthquake-strickenareaarein

needoffoodandwater.

(5)Thetwocountries

toputanendtothewar,whichhadlastedovereightyearsandcausedgreatsufferingandlosses.

urgency

urgent

wereurged7Extinctions,whereentirespeciesarewiped

out,arenotunusualinourEarth’shistory.

在地球的歷史上,整個物種的滅絕并不罕見。(P52)【詞匯精講】在本句中wipeout意為“徹底毀滅”。Doctorsaresearchingforacurethatwillwipe

outcancer.醫生們正在尋找消滅癌癥的醫療方法。Fivehundredyearsagotheplaguealmostwiped

outthepopulationoftheisland.五百年前,瘟疫幾乎消滅了這個島上所有的人。【詞匯拓展】wipe...with...用……擦……wipesthaway/off/up 擦掉/擦凈某物wipesthoff/from... 把某物從……處擦掉(消除掉)wipesthfrom/offone’smind/memory

有意忘記某事物Wipeyourtearsawaywithasofttowel.用柔軟的毛巾擦去你的淚痕。Iliketowipethewindowswithaverysoftcloth.我喜歡用非常柔軟的布擦窗子。Hewipedthesweatfromhisforehead.他擦掉額頭上的汗水。【遷移應用】完成句子(1)這些措施將有助于在農村地區消滅貧困。Thesemeasureswillhelpto

inruralareas.

(2)她彎下腰,用一塊干布把鞋上的泥土擦掉了。Shebentdownand

usingadrycloth.

wipeoutpovertywipedthedirtoff/fromhershoes(3)我幾次想把這件事忘掉,但就是做不到。Itriedseveraltimesto

,butIjustcouldn’t.

(4)現如今所有的人普遍希望消除貧困,過上幸福生活。Itisnowadaysamatterofuniversaldesirethatpoverty

andallpeopleliveahappylife.

wipeitoff/frommymind/memoryshouldbewipedout8Thereasonsforextinctionsarevaried.滅絕的原因多種多樣。(P52)【詞匯精講】在本句中varied用作形容詞,意為“各種各樣的,形形色色的”。Yet,outdooractivitiesarevariedandtemptingintheUSA.而各種各樣的戶外活動在美國則引人入勝。【詞匯拓展】varietyn.多種樣式;不同種類;多變性avarietyofstyles 各種風格varietyinone’slifestyle 生活方式的多樣化varietyshow 綜藝節目varyvi.&vt.變化,改變variousadj.

各種各樣的;多方面的(=avarietyof)(2020天津卷)Restaurantscanofferachoiceofmusicalongwiththevariousfoodchoicesonthemenu.餐館可以提供多種音樂和菜單上各種各樣的食物選擇。*溫馨提示:(1)表示“多種多樣”的表達還有:all

sorts

of

people各種各樣的人all

kinds

of

reasons各種各樣的原因many

types

of

goods多種產品(2)variety作“種類,品種”解時為可數名詞,作“多樣化”解時為不可數名詞。(3)“a

variety

of

+復數名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞用復數;“the

variety

of

+復數名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。A

variety

of

books

have

been

published.出版了各種各樣的書。【遷移應用】用vary的適當形式填空(1)Susan’sideaoffreedomwastohave

inherlifestyle.

(2)Theislandofferssuchawide

ofsceneryandwildlife.

(3)Itisessentialthatyourdietis

andbalanced.

variety

variety

varied9Accordingtoscientists,theyincludevolcaniceruptions,asteroidshittingtheEarthfromspace,changesinsealevels,thedecreaseoftheoxygencontentoftheseaandglobalwarming.根據科學家的說法,它們包括火山爆發、小行星從太空撞擊地球、海平面的變化、海洋含氧量的減少和全球變暖。(P52)【詞匯精講】在本句中decrease用作名詞,意為“減少;減少的量”;還可以用作動詞,意為“減少”。Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.因此,即使今天的排放量開始減少,我們仍然要面對適應氣候變化的挑戰。【遷移應用】完成句子(1)Thenumberofnewstudents

(減少到)800thisyear.

(2)Thepriceofwheathas

(降低了)10%.

(3)Therehasbeen

(下降)inpopulation.

decreasestodecreasedby

adecrease10Thistime,humanactivitywillbetoblame.這一次,人類活動將是罪魁禍首。(P52)【詞匯精講】在本句中blame用作動詞,意為“責怪,指責”。WetendtoblameTV,hesays,forproblemsitdoesn’treallycause,overlookingourownrolesinshapingchildren’sminds.他說,我們傾向于把責任歸咎于并非真正原因的電視而忽略了我們自己在塑造孩子思想上產生的影響。【詞匯拓展】betoblame(forsth)應該為(某事)負責任,應該(為某事)受責備blamesthonsb/sth 把某事歸咎于某人/某事blamesbfor(doing)sth 因(做)某事而責備某人blamen.

過失;責備put/lay/placetheblame(forsth)onsb

把某事歸咎于某人Sheblamedherparentsforthefailureofhermarriage.=Sheblamedthefailureofhermarriageonherparents.她把自己婚姻的失敗歸咎于父母。Citizensarelaying

the

blame

onthegovernmentforactingtoolate.市民們責怪政府反應遲緩。*溫馨提示:be

to

blame是主動形式表示被動意義。I

feel

it

is

your

husband

who

is

to

blame

for

the

spoiled

child.我認為孩子被慣壞是你丈夫的責任。【遷移應用】完成句子(1)老師因那個學生犯了如此愚蠢的錯誤而責怪他。Theteacher

makingsuchsillymistakes.

(2)就是那位教授而不是他的助理們應對實驗室里所發生的事情負責。Itwastheprofessorratherthanhisassistantswho

forwhathadhappenedinthelab.

blamedthestudentforwastoblame(3)健康專家們把疾病的傳播歸咎于惡劣的居住條件。Healthexperts

thespreadofthediseaseonpoorhousingconditions.

(4)失敗要怪你自己,不是其他任何人的錯。Itisyouyourselfwho

’snotthefaultofanyoneelse.

put/lay/placetheblameforaretoblame11Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodie

outnaturally,therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.雖然物種自然滅絕并不罕見,但現在這種情況發生的速度令人擔憂。(P52)【詞匯精講】dieout在本句中意為“消失;絕跡,滅絕”。Infact,halfofthe6,000-7,000languagesspokenaroundtheworldtodaywilllikelydie

outbythenextcentury,accordingtotheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO).實際上,根據聯合國教科文組織報告,到下個世紀,世界上現有使用的6000~7000種語言中有一半將可能消失。【詞匯拓展】dieaway

(聲音、風、光等)逐漸消失dieoff (一群生物)相繼死去diedown (慢慢地)熄滅;平息下來Allhisangerdied

down.他滿腔的怒氣漸漸平息下來.【遷移應用】完成句子(1)我們再也看不到這種動物了,或許它早就滅絕了。Wenolongerseethisanimal—maybeithas

.

(2)工廠使用童工的做法已經幾乎絕跡了。Thepracticeofchildrenworkinginfactorieshasnearly

.

(3)汽車的響聲消失在遠處。Thesoundofthecar

inthedistance.

(4)盡管風停了,但是雨還在下,因此你仍需要帶上一件雨衣。Althoughthewind

,therainremainssteady,soyoustillneedaraincoat.

diedoutdiedoutdiedawayhasdieddown12ItisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspeciesonEarth,includinganimalsandplants.

很明顯,人類活動已經對地球上所有其他物種產生了負面影響,包括動物和植物。(P53)【詞匯精講】在本句中affect用作動詞,意為“影響”,它還可以意為“感染;打動”。Itnotonlyaffectsoureverydaylife,butmayalsothreatenpeople’slives.它不僅影響我們的日常生活,而且也可能威脅人們的生命。In

effect,theonlythingfasterthanthespeedofourthoughtsisthespeedofourforgetfulness.實際上,唯一比我們思想速度快的就是我們健忘的速度。【詞語辨析】affect,effect與influence(1)affect指產生的影響之大足以引起反應,著重“影響”的動作,有時含有“對……產生不利影響”的意思。Theslightchangeofweathercanaffectherpoorhealth.天氣稍有變化就會影響她那虛弱的身體。(2)effect作“影響”講時,通常用作名詞,構成haveaneffecton/upon,意為“對……有影響”。Modernfarmingmethodscanhave

anadverseeffect

ontheenvironment.現代農業方法可能會對環境產生不利影響。(3)influence有動詞和名詞兩個詞性,指通過說服、舉例對行動、思想、性格等產生不易覺察到的、潛移默化的影響。Thewaytheguestsweretreatedinthehotelinfluencedtheirjudgementoftheservice.客人在酒店里受到的待遇影響了他們對酒店服務的評價。【遷移應用】用affect,effect與influence的適當形式填空(1)Inspiteofallthesedifferences,evidenceshowsthatrecentlifestylechangesmaybe

Frencheatinghabits.

(2)

byahighschoolbiologyteacher,hetookupthestudyofmedicine.

(3)Whatparentssayanddohasalifelong

ontheirchildren.

(4)Thenewtaxlawdoesn’t

meatallbecauseIamstillastudent.

affecting

Influenced

effectaffect13Ofcourse,aswehumansdependonsomanyspeciesforoursurvival,wewouldalsobeat

riskofdyingout.

當然,由于我們人類依靠如此多的物種生存,我們也會有滅絕的危險。(P53)【詞匯精講】在本句中atrisk意為“處境危險,受到威脅”。Thediseaseisspreading,andallyoungchildrenareat

risk.疾病正在傳播,所有的幼兒都有危險。【詞匯拓展】riskvt.冒……的危險n.

冒險;危險的人或物riskone’slife 冒著生命危險riskdoingsth 冒險做某事reduce/increasetheriskof降低/增加……的危險attheriskofdoingsth 冒著做某事的危險run/taketheriskofdoingsth

冒著做某事的風險riskyadj.

危險的;大膽的;冒險的Smokingcanincreasetheriskofdevelopingheartdisease.吸煙會增加患心臟病的風險。ButSimondecidedtorisk

his

lifetosavethedrowningchild.但是西蒙決定冒著生命危險去救那個溺水的小孩。Heisnotwillingtotake

the

risk

oflosinghismoney.他不愿冒賠錢的風險。*溫馨提示:risk后面跟動詞-ing形式作賓語。另外enjoy、finish、practise、feel

like、avoid、mind、suggest、imagine、keep等動詞(短語)也要用動詞-ing形式作賓語,不能跟動詞不定式。【遷移應用】完成句子(1)我不能得罪我的老板,因為我不能冒失去這份工作的風險。Ican’tannoymybossbecauseIwon’trisk

.

(2)我是不會讓你冒險的,畢竟,小心一點好,以免以后后悔。Iwon’tletyou

.Afterall,itisbettertobesafethansorry.

(3)到戶外曬曬太陽是有益的,但過分在陽光下暴曬會使你的身體面臨危險。It’snicetogetoutinthesun,butifyouoverdoit,youcouldputyourlife

.

losingmyjobtakesuchrisksatrisk(4)他們冒著失去生命的危險阻止了一次嚴重的鐵路事故。Theypreventedaseriousrailwayaccident

losingtheirownlives.

(5)如果不采取更加有力、更加有效的措施,空氣污染會變得更嚴重,威脅到人們的健康。Unlessstrongerandmoreeffectivemeasuresaretaken,theairpollutionwillgetworse,puttingpeople’shealth

.

attheriskofatrisk重點句式1They

found

that

human

activity

is

causing

species

to

die

out

1,000

times

faster

than

normal.

他們發現,人類活動導致物種滅絕的速度是正常情況下的1000倍。(P53)【句式剖析】句中1,000timesfasterthan意為“比……快一千倍”,表示倍數。Theresearchersfoundthatlaptopuserstooktwiceasmanynotesasthosewhowrotebyhand.研究人員發現,筆記本電腦用戶記的筆記是那些手寫者的兩倍。(3)Ais...timesthelength/width/height/size/depth...ofB.如:Chinaisalmosttwicethesizeoftheircountryinarea.在面積上中國差不多是他們國家的兩倍。Thisropeismorethanfivetimesthelengthofthatone.這根繩的長度是那根繩的五倍多。(4)Ais...times+what從句.如:Thelengthoftheroadisdoublewhatitwasthreeyearsago.這條路的長度是三年前的兩倍。Thedictionarycoststhreetimeswhatitdidbefore.這本字典的價錢是過去的三倍。(5)Ahasincreased/decreased/reduced/goneup/risenby...times.如:Thepriceofmeathasgoneupbythreetimes.肉價上漲了三倍。Thecostshavebeenreducedby20%afterthenewequipmentwasbroughtin.新設備引進后,成本已經減少了20%。【遷移應用】完成句子(1)亞洲的面積是歐洲的四倍。Asiais

Europe.

(2)這塊大石頭的重量是那塊的三倍。Thisbigstoneis

thatone.

fourtimesaslargeas/fourtimestheareaofthreetimesasheavyas/threetimestheweightof(3)這個國家的新鮮蔬菜真貴。這些卷心菜花了我十美元,是在國內時的三倍。Freshvegetablesinthiscountryareexpensiveindeed.Thesecabbagescostme$10,

astheydoathome.

(4)據統計,男性死于皮膚癌的可能性是女性的兩倍以上。Accordingtostatistics,amanismorethantwiceaslikelytodieofskincancer

awoman.

threetimesasmuchas2Without

forests,we

would

have

no

air

to

breathe,and

without

clean

water

we

would

be

unable

to

survive.

沒有森林,我們將沒有空氣呼吸,沒有干凈的水,我們將無法生存。(P53)【句式剖析】句中without和no構成雙重否定,用以加強語氣。without還可以表示“如果沒有”,用于虛擬語氣,相當于butfor。Withouthiswartimeexperiences,Hemingwaywouldn’thavewrittenhisfamousnovelA

Farewell

to

Arms.沒有戰時的經歷的話,海明威就不可能寫出《永別了,武器》這部名著。Pleasedon’tleavewithoutme.請讓我和你一起去。Theynevermeetwithoutquarreling.他們一見面就要吵嘴。without

without

重點語法限制性定語從句限制性定語從句對被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用,使該詞的含義更具體,更明確,因而不能被省略,否則句意就不完整。1.關系代詞:that,which,who,whom,whose(1)that既可指代事物也可指代人,which指代事物,在從句中均可作主語或賓語,作賓語時常可省略。Thefilm(that/which)wesawlastnightwasverywonderful.昨晚我們看的那部電影非常棒。(2)who和whom引導的從句用來修飾人,who可以作從句的主語和賓語,whom只能作賓語。Heknewtheteacherwho/whomwemetyesterday.他認識我們昨天遇見的那個老師。(3)whose是關系代詞,修飾名詞作定語,相當于所修飾成分的前置所有格。它引導的從句可以修飾人和物。Isawaboystandingonthegroundwhosehatwasred.我看見一個男孩站在地上,他的帽子是紅色的。(4)“介詞+關系代詞”指人時關系代詞用whom,指物時用which。SheisthegirlwithwhomIwentthere.她就是和我去那兒的女孩。2.關系副詞:where,when,why(1)where引導定語從句表示地點。IwenttotheZhongshanParkwhereIspentthewholemorningwithmystudents.我去了中山公園,在那里我整個上午都和我的學生在一起。(2)when引導定語從句表示時間。I’llneverforgetthedaywhenImetyou.我永遠不會忘記遇見你的那天。(3)why引導定語從句表示原因,先行詞一般為reason等。Thereasonwhytheinjectionneedsrepeatingeveryyearisthattheviruschanges.每年需要重復注射的原因是病毒發生了變化。3.定語從句中只用that不用which的情況(1)當先行詞是all,any,anything,everything,nothing或被它們修飾時。IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?有什么我可以為你做的嗎?Allthatcanbedonemustbedone.凡是能做的都必須做。(2)當先行詞被形容詞的最高級或序數詞修飾時。Thatisoneofthemostinterestingbooksthataresoldinthebookshop.那是這家書店出售的最有趣的書之一。Thefirstthingthatweshoulddoisgetsomefood.我們該做的第一件事是弄點吃的。(3)當先行詞有theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等修飾時。Mynecklaceisnottheonlythingthat’smissing.我的項鏈不是丟掉的唯一的東西。(4)當主句以who或which開頭時。Whoisthegirlthatiswearingaredcoat?正穿一件紅色外套的女孩子是誰?(5)當先行詞既有人又有物時。Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutarereallywell-known.你剛才談起的那位作家以及他的小說確實很著名。非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句在句中主要起補充說明作用,在非限制性定語從句與主句之間往往有逗號隔開,獨立存在,缺失也不會影響整個句子的意思。1.which引導非限制性定語從句,說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的一部分。Thenovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.這本小說很動人,我已讀了三遍。2.who引導非限制性定語從句,作從句的主語。Ourguide,whowasaFrenchCanadian,wasanexcellentcook.我們的導游是法裔加拿大人,他是個出色的廚師。3.whom引導非限制性定語從句,指人,在句中作動詞