ASystemicFunctionalLinguisticsApproachtoTranslationStudies

系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)視角下的翻譯研究HuangGuowen(SunYat-senUniversity)<>近年來我們的有關(guān)研究黃國文2001，《語篇分析的理論與實(shí)踐》，上海：上海外語教育出版社。黃國文2002，關(guān)于語篇與翻譯，《外語與外語教學(xué)》2002第7期。黃國文2006，《翻譯研究的語言學(xué)探索》，上海：上海外語教育出版社。張美芳、黃國文2002，語篇語言學(xué)與翻譯研究，《中國翻譯》2002年第3期。黃國文、張美芳2003,從語篇分析角度看翻譯單位的確定,(香港)TranslationQuarterly,2003（30）。黃國文：功能語言學(xué)分析對翻譯研究的啟示,《外語與外語教學(xué)》，2002(5)。黃國文：杜牧《清明》英譯文的邏輯功能分析,《外語與翻譯》，2002(1)。黃國文：《清明》英譯文的人際功能探討,《外語教學(xué)》，2002(3)。黃國文：從語篇功能的角度看《清明》的幾種英譯文,錢軍編《語言學(xué)：中國與世界同步》，北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2002。黃國文：唐詩英譯文中的引述現(xiàn)象分析，《外語學(xué)刊》2002(3)。黃國文：對唐詩《尋隱者不遇》英譯文的功能語篇分析，《解放軍外語學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)》，2002(5)。黃國文：古詩英譯文里的時態(tài)分析，《四川外語學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)》2003（1）。Outline1Introduction:Twogeneralapproachestotranslationstudies2FunctionalLinguistics3FunctionalLinguisticsandtranslationstudies4Hallidayanfunctionalismintranslationstudies(Catford,Hatim&Mason,Bell,Baker)5SFLapproachrevisited(assumptions,functionalviewsoflanguage,levelsofanalysis)6Illustration:“JiangXue”7Summary1Introduction:TwoapproachesTwoapproachestotranslationstudies:(1)Linguistics(formalvsfunctional)(2)LiteraryTranslationstudiesasascienceTranslationasanartTranslationasapracticeandtranslationstudiesasainter-disciplineoramulti-discipline2FunctionalLinguisticsLinguistics:(1)Formallinguistics(e.g.generativelinguistics)(2)Functionallinguistics(includingSystemicFunctionalLinguistics,Pragmatics,CognitiveLinguistics,DiscourseAnalysis,Sociolinguistics,etc.)2FunctionalLinguistics(6)Autonomistfunctionalismorgenerativefunctionalism(S.Kuno,E.Prince)(7)Functionalgrammar(S.Dik)(8)Text/Discoursegrammar(vanDijk)(9)Mixedfunctionalism(S.Levinson)2FunctionalLinguistics(10)Typologicalfunctionalism(W.Croft)(11)RoleandReferenceGrammar(R.D.vanValin,W.A.Foley)(12)WestCoastFunctionalism(T.Givón,P.Hopper,S.Thompson)(13)Cognitivelinguistics(R.W.Langacker)Notethatdifferentfunctionalapproachesareusuallyrelatedinonewayoranother.E.g.,HallidaywasFirth'sstudentandbothwereinfluencedbythePragueSchool.BothHallidayandFirthcamefromaEuropeantraditioninfluencedbydeSaussure(espHalliday)(aswasthePragueSchooltosomeextent).Whatisclearisthatthereareinfluencesratherthanhierarchiesinvolvedhere.3FunctionalLinguisticsandtranslationstudiesThereareanumberofimportantfunctionalapproachestotranslationstudies.Belowarethreemajorones:(1)Hallidayanfunctionalism(M.Baker,B.Hatim,R.Bell,J.House)(2)Germanfunctionalism(K.Reiss,H.Vermeer,C.Nord,J.Holz-Manttari)(3)Pragmatics/Mixedfunctionalism(E-A.Gutt,L.Hickey)3FunctionalLinguisticsandtranslationstudiesBasicassumptions:ViewinglanguageasameansofcommunicationEmphasizingcognitive,socio-cultural,physiologicalfactorsRegardingsemantic,pragmatic,functionalpatterningascentralDoinganalysisoftextsandtheircontextsTranslationistranslatingmeaning!Hallidaydevelopshistheoryoflanguagefromthestudyofsyntax.From“atheoryofsyntax”to“atheoryoflanguage”ScaleandCategoryGrammar,SystemicGrammar,FunctionalGrammar,SystemicFunctionalGrammar,SystemicFunctionalLinguistics4.1Catford’sapproachJ.C.Catford,ALinguisticTheoryofTranslation:AnEssayinAppliedLinguistics,1965.(卡特福德《翻譯的語言學(xué)理論》;穆雷譯.北京旅游出版社1991)Notes:(1)BasedonScaleandCategoryGrammar;(2)AnEssayinAppliedLinguisticsIn1956,theUniversityofEdinburghestablishedthefirstSchoolofAppliedLinguisticsunderthedirectionofJ.C.Catford.《翻譯的語言學(xué)理論》目錄(穆雷譯)第一章：普通語言學(xué)理論第二章：翻譯的定義和基本類型第三章：翻譯等值第四章：形式對應(yīng)第五章：意義和完全翻譯第六章：轉(zhuǎn)移第七章：翻譯等值的條件第八章：按音位學(xué)原理的翻譯，或稱音位翻譯第九章：按字形學(xué)原理的翻譯，或稱字形翻譯第十章：音譯第十一章：語法翻譯和詞匯翻譯第十二章：翻譯轉(zhuǎn)換或翻譯轉(zhuǎn)位第十三章：翻譯中的語言變體第十四章：可譯性的限度“Catford（1965）以系統(tǒng)語言學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)，提出了‘翻譯對等論’。他認(rèn)為，翻譯實(shí)踐的中心問題是尋求等值成分：等值關(guān)系可以在‘層面’(levels,語法、詞匯、語音、詞形等)和‘等級’(ranks,語法結(jié)構(gòu)、句子、短語、詞、詞素等)的任何一個交叉點(diǎn)上建立。”(黃國文2003)DefinitionTranslation:thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL).(Catford1965)翻譯是用另一種語言（譯語）的等值的文本材料來替換一種語言（原語）的文本材料。（穆雷譯1990）“textualmaterial”“textualmaterial”(ratherthan“text”):itisnottheentiretyofaSLwhichistranslatedReplacement:replacementofSLgrammarandlexisbyequivalentTLgrammarandlexisReplacementofSLgraphologybyTLgraphology–buttheTLgraphologicalformisbynomeansatranslationequivalentoftheSLgraphologicalform“transference”“atoneormorelevelstheremaybenoreplacementatall,butsimpletransferenceofSLmaterialintotheTLtext.”Innormaltranslation,theTLtexthasaTLmeaning.ThevaluesofTLitemsareentirelythosesetupbyformalandcontextualrelationsintheTLitself.However,itispossibletocarryoutanoperationinwhichtheTLtext,orpartoftheTLtext,doeshavevaluessetupintheSL(i.e.hasSLmeaning).Catfordcallsthisprocess“transference”.“Aformalcorrespondent,ontheotherhand,isanyTLcategory(unit,class,structure,elementofstructure,etc.)whichcanbesaidtooccupy,asnearlyaspossible,the‘same’placeinthe‘economy’oftheTLasthegivenSLcategoryoccupiesintheSL.”穆雷.評卡特福德的《翻譯的語言學(xué)理論》[J]《外語教學(xué)》1990(2):37林克難.重新認(rèn)識卡特福德翻譯理論[J]《天津外國語學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)》2001(1)劉文華梁燕.卡特福德翻譯等值論中的翻譯的轉(zhuǎn)移及對語言教學(xué)的啟示[J]《鞍山師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)》2004(3)范祥濤.從卡特福德到翻譯規(guī)律的探討--兼論語料庫翻譯研究的意義[J]《外語研究》2006（2）孫乃榮王秀娟.《語言學(xué)翻譯理論》評介[J].《安徽工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)》2006（6）

4.2ApproachbyHatim&MasonHatim&Mason(1990)takesafunctionaldiscourseapproachRegisteranalysisDiscoursestructureTextureTexttypeContextIntertextualityandintentionality4.3Bell’sapproachBell(1991)focusesonelementsincommunicationWhat?Why?When?How?Where?Who?4.4Baker’sapproachBaker(1992)focuseson“equivalence”:EquivalenceatwordlevelEquivalenceabovewordlevelGrammaticalequivalenceTextualequivalencePragmaticequivalence5SFLapproachrevisitedRevisitingtheSystemicFunctionalLinguisticsapproachtotranslationstudies5.1BasicassumptionsAtranslatedtextisdifferentfromtheoriginaltextintermsofcontextofco-text,contextofsituationandcontextofculture.Afunctionallinguisticsapproachtotheanalysisofatranslatedtextisafunctionallinguisticsstudyofthetextanditscontext.5.2AfunctionalviewoflanguageLanguageasmeaning-potentialChoicesoflanguagearemeaningfulinrelationtothesystemofchoicesavailable(whatcouldhavebeensaidbutwasnot)LanguageasmetafunctionalIdeationalInterpersonalTextualLanguageasmulti-stratal(Discourse)SemanticsLexicogrammarPhonology/GraphologyThetrafficlightsystem

StopSlowdownREDGoAMBERGREENMeaning(isrealizedby)FormLanguageasmeaning-potentialHeismyfather/dad.

父親。他是我爸爸。

老竇。

MeaningasmetafunctionalIdeationalmetafunctionInterpersonalmetafunctionTextualmetafunctionIdeationalequivalenceInterpersonalequivalenceTextualequivalenceIdeationalequivalenceA.HeisateacherofEnglish.(Relationalprocess)B.HeteachesEnglish.(Materialprocess)(1)他是英語老師。（關(guān)系過程）(2)他教授英語的。（物質(zhì)過程）Interpersonalequivalence窈窕淑女，君子好逑。（《詩經(jīng)》）Agoodyoungmaniswooingamaidenfairheloves.（許淵沖譯，1992）Theladiskeentowoothelass,averydream.（趙彥春譯，2002）Aladwouldliketowooalasswithprettylooks.（汪榕培譯，1997）TextualequivalenceTheyarrivedattheairportyesterdayafternoonandweremetbythemayorofBeijingthere.(passive)（1）他們昨天下午到達(dá)機(jī)場，北京市市長到那里接見了他們。（主動語態(tài)）（2）他們昨天下午到達(dá)機(jī)場，便受到北京市市長的接見。（被動語態(tài)）5.3Levelsofanalysis

(1)Ideology(2)ContextofCulture:genre(schematicpatterning)(3)ContextofSituation:register(field,tenor,mode)(4)Contextofco-text:language(Ideational,Interpersonal,Textual)

5.3LevelsofanalysisMetafunction:Transitivity(processtypes:material,mental,relational,verbal,behavioral,existential),Ergativity,Voice;Speechrole(offer,statement,command,question),Mood(declarative,indicative,interrogative),Modality(modalisation,modulation);

5.3LevelsofanalysisThematicstructure,Informationstructure,Cohesion(reference,ellipsis,substitution,conjunction).Grammaticalmetaphor(ideational,interpersonal,textual)GroupsandphrasesClauses5.3LevelsofanalysisClausesincombinationTypesofrelationsbetweenclauses:logicaldependencyrelations(dependence/hypotaxis;equality/parataxis);logico-semanticrelation:(a)expansion:elaboration,extension,enhancement,(b)projection:locution,idea)6Illustration:“JiangXue”Illustrations:RiverSnow柳宗元《江雪》6.Illustration:“JiangXue”

江雪

柳宗元

千山鳥飛絕，萬徑人蹤滅。孤舟蓑笠翁，獨(dú)釣寒江雪。6.Illustration:“JiangXue”

Text1:RiverSnowAhundredmountainsandnobird,Athousandpathswithoutafootprint;Alittleboat,abamboocloak,Anoldmanfishinginthecoldriver-snow.(WitterBynner譯）6.Illustration:“JiangXue”

Text2:TheSnowboundRiver

O’ermountainsandmountainsnobirdisonthewing;Onthousandlinesofthepathwaysthere’snofootprint.Inaloneboatonthesnowboundriver,anoldman,Inpalm-barkcapeandstrawhat,dropshisanglestring. (吳鈞陶譯)6.Illustration:“JiangXue”

Text3:RiverSnowfall

Amidstallmountains,birdsnolongerfly;Onallroads,nomoretravelerspassby.Strawhatandcloak,oldman’sinboat,headlow,Fishingaloneonrivercoldwithsnow.(王大濂譯）6.Illustration:“JiangXue”T1:Thing(nominalgroups)T2&T3:Situation(clauses)T1&T2:State(relational,existential)T3:Event(material)6.Illustration:“JiangXue”Text1Ngp+ngp:Ahundredmountainsandnobird,Ngp:Athousandpathswithoutafootprint;Ngp+ngp:Alittleboat,abamboocloak,Ngp:Anoldmanfishinginthecoldriver-snow.