Unit2SailingtheoceansPartTwo:TeachingResourcesSection3:WordsandexpressionsfromUnit2Sailingtheoceansmercvnoun(pl.-ies)[U]akindorforgivingattitudetowardssbthatyouhavethepowertoharmorrighttopunishhumanity:toask/beg/pleadformercyTheyshowednomercytotheirhostages.Godhavemercyonus.Thetroopsareonamercymission(=ajourneytohelppeople)inthewarzone.2.[C,usuallysing.1(informal)aneventorasituationtobegratefulfor,usuallybecauseitstopssthunpleasant:It'samercyshewasnrtseriouslyhurt.Hisdeathwasamercy(=becausehewasingreatpain.alihemercyofsb/sihnotabletostopsb/sthharmingyoubecausetheyhavepowerorcontroloveryou:I'mnotgoingtoputmyselfatthemercyofthebank.Wewereatthemercyoftheweather.leavesb/sthtoihemercy/merciesofsb/sthtoleavesb/sthinasituationthatmaycausethemtosufferortobetreatedbadly:privatizedcompanieslefttothemercyofmarketforces(humorous)I'llleaveyoutothetendermerciesoftheseladies!throwyourselfonsb'smercy(formal)toputyourselfinasituationwhereyoumustrelyonsbtobekindtoyouandnotharmorpunishyoulongsideprep.next(ooral(hesideofsth:Apolicecarpulledupalongsideus.alifeboatmooredalongsidetheyachtMuchofthelandalongsidetheriverisbelowsealevel.2.togetherwithoratthesametimeassth/sb:Traditionalbeliefsstillflourishalongsideamodemurbanlifestyle.explorationnoun[C,UItheactoftravellingthroughaplaceinordertofindoutaboutitorlookforsthinit:theexplorationofspaceoilexploration(=searchingforoilintheground)!,anexaminationofsthinordertofindoutaboutit:thebook'sexplorationsofthehumanmindaccelerateverbtohappenortomakesthhappenfasterorearlierthanexpected:[v]Inflationcontinuestoaccelerate,[vnjExposuretothesuncanacceleratetheageingprocess.!,[v](ofavehicleorperson)tostarttogofaster:Therunnersacceleratedsmoothlyaroundthebend.Thecaracceleratedtooverlakeme.secureadj.HAPPY/CONFIDENTfeelinghappyandconfidentaboutyourselforaparticularsituation:Atlasttheywereabletofeelsecureaboutihefuture.Shefinishedthematch,secureintheknowledgethatshewasthroughtothenextround.CERTAIN/SAFElikelytocontinueorbesuccessfulforalongtime;safe:asecurejob/incomeItsnotaverysecurewaytomakealiving.Thefutureofthecompanylookssecure.~(against/fromsth)thatcannotbeaffectedorharmedbysth:Informationmustbestoredsothatitissecurefromaccidentaldeletion.BUILDING/DOOR/ROOMguardedand/ormadestrongersothatitisdifficultfbrpeopletoenterorleave:Checkthatallwindowsanddoorshavebeenmadeassecureaspossible,asecureunitforchildoffendersThebuildingissecureagainstintruders.FIRMnotlikelytomove,falldown,etc.;stable:Theaerialdoesn'tlookverysecuretome.Itwasdifficulttomaintainasecurefootholdontheice.(figurative)Ourrelationshipwasnowonamoresecurefooting.verbGETSTH~sth(forsb/sth)|~sbsth(formal)toobtainorachievesth,especiallywhenthismeansusingalotofeffort:[vnjtosecureacontract/dealTheteammanagedtosecureaplaceinthefinals.Shesecured2.000votes.Thedelegationhassecuredthepromiseofaceasefire.[vn,vnn]Hesecuredaplaceforhimselfatlawschool.Hesecuredhimselfaplaceatlawschool.FASTENFIRMLY[vn]~sth(tosth)toattachorfastensthfirmly:ShesecuredtheropefirmlytothehackofthecanThetablesonboardweresecuredfirmlytothefloor.PROTECTFROMHARM[vn]~sth(againststh)toprotectsthsothatitissafeanddifficulttoattackordamage:tosecureapropertyagainstintrudersThewindowsweresecuredwithlocksandbars,(figurative)asavingsplanthatwillsecureyourchild'sfutureALOAN[vn]tolegallyagreetogivesbpropertyorgoodsthatarcworththesameamountasthemoneythatyouhaveborrowedfromthem,ifyouareunabletopaythemoneyback:aloansecuredonthehouserandomadj.[usuallybeforenoun]done,chosen,etc.withoutsbdecidinginadvancewhatisgoingtohappen,orwithoutanyregularpattern:therandomkillingofinnocentpeoplearandomsample/selection(=inwhicheachthinghasanequalchanceofbeingchosen)Theinformationisprocessedinarandomorder.nounatrandomwithoutdecidinginadvancewhatisgoingtohappen,orwithoutanyregularpattern:Sheopenedthebookatrandom(=notatanyparticularpage)andstartedreading.Theterroristsfiredintothecrowdatrandom.Nameswerechosenalrandomfromalist.awkwardadj.1.makingyoufeelembarrassed:Therewasanawkwardsilence./feltawkwardbecausetheyobviouslywantedtobealone.2.difficulttodealwith:Don'taskawkwardquestions.You'veputmeinanawkwardposition,anawkwardcustomer(=apersonwhoisdifficulttodealwith)Pleasedon'tbeawkwardaboutlettinghimcome.Itmakesthingsawkwardforeveryonewhenyoubehavelikethat.3.notconvenient,inconvenient:Have1comeatanawkwardtime?4.difficultordangerousbecauseofitsshapeordesign:Thisboxisveryawkwardforonepersontocany.Thistoolwillreachintoawkwardcorners,suchasunderkitchenunits.5.notmovinginaneasyway;notcomfortable:Hetriedtodance,buthewastooclumsyandawkward.Imusthavesleptinanawkwardposition—I'machingallover.referencenounMENTIONINGSB/STH[C,U]~(tosb/sth)athingyousayorwritethatmentionssb/sthelse;theactofmentioningsb/sth:ThebookisfullofreferencestogrowingupinIndia.Shemadenoreferencetoherillnessbutonlytoherfutureplans,thePresidentspassingreferenceto(=briefmentionof)theendofthewarLOOKINGFORINFORMATION[U]theactoflookingatsthforinformation:Keepthelistofnumbersnearthephoneforeasyreference.Iwrotedownthenameofthehotelforfuturereference(=becauseitmightbeusefidinthefuture).Thelibrarycontainsmanypopularworksofreference(=referencebooks).ASKINGFORADVICE[U]~(tosb/sth)(formal)theactofaskingsbforhelporadvice:Theemergencynursecantreatminorinjurieswithoutreferencetoadoctor.NUMBER/WORD/SYMBOL[C](abbr.ref.)anumber,wordorsymbolthatshowswheresthisonamap,orwhereyoucanfindapieceofinformation:ThemapreferenceisY4..Pleasequoteyourreferencenumberwhenmakinganenquiry.FORNEWJOB[Claletterwrittenbysbwhoknowsyou,givinginformationaboutyourcharacterandabilities,especiallytoanewemployer:Wewilllakeupreferencesaftertheinterview.[C]apersonwhoagreestowriteareference,foryou,forexamplewhenyouareapplyingforajob:Mypreviousbosswillactasareferenceforme.INBOOK[Clanoteinabook(hattellsyouwhereaparticularpieceofinformationcomesfrom:Thereisalistofreferencesattheendofeachchapterin/wilhreferencelo(formal)usedtosaywhatyouaretalkingorwritingabout:WithreferencetoyourletterofJuly22...verb[vn](formal)torefertosth;toprovideabook,etc.withreferences:Eachchapterisreferenced,citingliteratureupto.preciseadj.1.clearandaccurate;exact:precisedetails/instructions/measurementsCanyougiveamoreprecisedefinitionoftheword?1canbereasonablypreciseaboutthetimeoftheincident.2.[onlybeforenoun]usedtoemphasizethatsthhappensataparticulartimeorinaparticularway:Wewerejusttalkingaboutherwhen,atthatprecisemoment,shewalkedin.Doctorsfoundithardtoestablishtheprecisenatureofherillness.3.takingcaretobeexactandaccurate,especiallyaboutsmalldetails:askilledandpreciseworkersmall,precisemovements(disapproving)She3ratherprimandprecise.Iobe(more)preciseusedtoshowthatyouaregivingmoredetailedandaccurateinformationaboutsthyouhavejustmentioned:Theshelfisaboutametrelong—well,98cm,tobeprecise.simplifyverb(simplifies,simplifying,simplified,simplified)[vn](omakestheasiertodoorunderstand:Theapplicationformshavenowbeensimplified.Ihopehisappointmentwillsimplifymatters.asimplifiedversionofthestoryforyoungchildrenportableadj.thatiseasytocarryortomove:aportableTVTheequipmentislightweight,portableandeasytostore,(figurative)aportableloan/pension(=thatcanbemovedifyouchangebanks,jobs,etc.)portablesoftwarenounasmalltypeofmachinethatiseasytocarry,especiallyacomputeroratelevision:Thekidsareupstairswatchingtheportable(=television).shortcomingnoun[usuallypl.]afaultinsb'scharacter,aplan,asystem,etc.:Shemademeawareofmyownshortcomings.Despiteanumberofshortcomings,theprojectwillstillgoahead.updateverb[vnj1.tomakesthmoremodembyaddingnewparts,etc.:It'sabouttimeweupdatedoursoftware.2.~sb(onsth)\~sthtogivesbthemostrecentinformationaboutsth;toaddthemostrecentinformationtosthbringuptodate:Icalledtheofficetoupdatethemonthedaysdevelopments.Ourrecordsareregularlyupdated.tendencynoun(pl.-ies)1.[C]~(forsb/sth)(todos(h)|~(to/towardssth)ifsb/sthhasaparticular(endency,theyarelikelytobehaveoractinaparticularway:todisplayartistic,etc.tendenciesIhaveatendencytotalktoomuchwhenI'mnervous.Thereisatendencyforthisdiseasetoruninfamilies.Shehasastrongnaturaltendencytowardscaution.Thismaterialhasatendencytoshrinkwhenwashed.2.[CJ~(forsb/sth)(todosth)|~(to/towardssth)anewcustomthatisstartingtodevelop:Thereisagivwingtendencyamongemployerstohirecasualstaff.3.[C+sing./pl.v.](BrE)agroupwithinalargerpoliticalgroup,whoseviewsaremoreextremethanthoseoftherestofthegroup:themililanttendencyreliableadj.1.(hatcanbetrusted(odosthwell;thatyoucanrelyon;dependable:\Vearelookingforsomeonewhoisreliableandhard-working,areliablefriendMycar'snotasreliableasitusedtobe.2.thatislikelytobecorrectortrue:Ourinformationconiesfromareliablesource,areliablewitnessHowreliablearethelocalweatherfi)recasts?Thesetestsareareliableindicatoroffutureperformance.swoopverbfvl1.[usually+adv./prep.](ofabirdorplane)toflyquicklyandsuddenlydownwards,especiallyinordertoattacksb/sth;dive:Theaircraftswoopeddownoverthebuildings.AhawkswoopedlowoverthefieId.2,~(onsb/slh)(especiallyofpoliceorsoldiers)tovisitorattacksb/sthsuddenlyandwithoutwarning:Officersswoopedonthevehiclesastheylefttheferry.noun1.anactofmovingsuddenlyandquicklythroughtheairinadownwarddirection,asabirddoesdive2.~(onsth/sb)anactofarrivingsomewhereorattackingsth/sbinaway(hatissuddenandunexpected:LargequantitiesofdrugswerefoundduringapoliceswooponthestarkNewYorkhome.peckverb1.~(atsth)(ofbirds)tomovethebeakforwardquicklyandhitorbitesth:[v]Arobinwaspeckingatcrumbsontheground.Henspeckedaroundintheyard,[vn]Abirdhadpeckedaholeinthesack.Vultureshadpeckedoutthedeadgoatseyes.2.[vn]~sb(onsth)(informal)tokisssblightlyandquickly:Hepeckedheronthecheekashewentout.Shepeckedhischeek.a/thepeckingorder(infonnal,oftenhumorous)theorderofimportanceinrelationtooneanotheramongthemembersofagroup:NewZealandisatthetopofthepeckingorderofrugbynations.tobefirstinthepeckingorderpeckatsthtoeatonlyaverysmallamountofamealbecauseyouarenothungry;picka(:Shesatnervouslypeckingatherfood.expeditionnoun1.anorganizedjourneywithaparticularpurpose,especiallytofindoutaboutaplacethatisnotwellknown:toplan/lead/goonanexpeditiontotheNorthPole2.thepeoplewhogoonanexpedition:ThreemembersoftheEverestexpeditionwerekilled.3.(sometimeshumorous)ashorttripthatyoumakewhenyouwantorneedsth:ashoppingexpeditioncompulsoryadj.thatmustbedonebecauseofalaworarule:Itiscompulsoiyforallmotorcycliststowearhelmets.Englishisacompulsorysubjectatthislevel,compulsory^education/schoolingcompulsoryredundanciesSurvivalnoun1.[UJthestateofcontinuingtoliveorexist,oftendespitedifficultyordanger:thestruggle/battle/fightforsur\'ivalHisonlychanceofsurvivalwasahearttransplant.Exportingisnecessaryforoureconomicsurvival.Continuedtradeintheseproductsisathreattothesurvivalofthespecies.2.[CJ?(fromsth)somethingthathascontinuedtoexistfromanearliertime:Theceremonyisasurvivalfrompre-Christiantimes.ihesurvivalofthefinesttheprinciplethatonlythepeopleorthingsthatarebestadaptedto(heirsurroundingswillcontinuetoexistincidentnoun1.[C]somethingihathappens,especiallysthunusualorunpleasant:Hisbadbehaviourwasjustanisolatedincident.Oneparticularincidentslicksinmymind.2,[C,UJaseriousorviolentevent,suchasacrime,anaccidentoranattack:Therewasashootingincidentnearherelastnight.Thedemonstrationpassedoffwithoutincident.3.[C]adisagreementbetweentwocountries,ofteninvolvingmilitaryforces:aborder/diplomaticincidentdeparturenoun1.[C,UI?(from...)theactofleavingaplace;anexampleof(his:Hissuddendeparturethrewtheofficeintochaos.Flightsshouldbeconfirmed4.8hoursbeforedeparture.Theyhadreceivednonewsofhimsincehisdeparturefromtheisland.2.[C]aplane,train,etc.leavingaplaceataparticulartime:arrivalsanddeparturesAlldeparturesarefromManchester,thedeparturelounge/time/gatethedeparturesboard3.[Cl?(fromsth)anactionthatisdifferentfromwhatisusualorexpected:Itwasaradicaldeparturefromtradition.Theirlatestsinglerepresentsanewdeparturefortheband.depositnounMONEY1.[usuallysing.]a?(onsth)asumofmoneythatisgivenasthefirstpartofalargerpayment:We'veputdowna5.%depositonthehouse.Theynormallyaskyoutopay￡1.00(asa)deposit.Alldepositsarenon-refundable.2.[usuallysing.]asumofmoneythatispaidbysbwhentheyrentsthandthatisreturnedtothemiftheydonotloseordamagethethingtheyarerenting:topayadepositThey'llprobablyaskyoutoleaveadeposit.3.asumofmoneythatispaidintoabankaccount:Depositscanbemadeatanybranch.4.(intheBritishpoliticalsystem)theamountofmoneythatacandidateinanelectiontoParliamenthastopay,andthatisreturnedifhe/shegetsenoughvotes:Alltheothercandidateslosttheirdeposits.verb[vn]PUTDOWN[+adv./prep.]toputorlaysb/sthdowninaparticularplace:Shedepositedapileofbooksonmydesk,(informal)1waswhiskedoffinataxianddepositedoutsidethehotel.LEAVESUBSTANCE(especiallyofariveroraliquid)toleavealayerofsthonthesurfaceofsth,especiallygraduallyandoveraperiodoftime:Sandwasdepositedwhichhardenedintosandstone.MONEYtoputmoneyintoahankaccount:MillionsweredepositedinSwisshankaccounts.reckonverb1.(informal,especiallyBrE)tothinksthorhaveanopinionaboutsth:[v(that)]Ireckon(that)I'mgoingtogetthatjob.He'llbefamousoneday.Whatdoyoureckon(=doyouagree)?[v]It'sworthalotofmoney,Ireckon.'They'llneverfindout.*'Youreckon?*(=Ithinkyoumaybewrongaboutthat)2.bereckoned(notusedintheprogressivetenses)tobegenerallyconsideredtobesth:[vntoinf]Childrenarereckonedtobemoresophisticatednowadays,[vn-n]It卬asgenerallyreckonedasuccess,[alsovn-adj]3.[vtoinfj(BrE,informal)toexpecttodosth:Wereckontofinishbyten.Hewasn'treckoningtopaysomuchA.~sth(atsth)tocalculateanamount,anumber,etc.:[vn]/couldseehimreckoningthecostas/spoke.Theageoftheearthisreckonedalabout4.6.00millionyears,[v(that)]Theyreckon(that)theirprofitsaredownbyatleast2.0%.[vntoinf]Thejourneywasreckonedtotakeabouttwohours.reckononsthtoexpectsthtohappenortorelyonsthhappening:Theyhadn7reckonedonarebellion./+-ingjWe'dreckonedonhavinggoodweather.reckonsthup/reckonupsth(especiallyBrE)tocalculatethetotalamountornumberofsth:Hereckonedupthecostofeverythinginhismind.reckonwilhsb/sth1.[usuallypassive]toconsiderortreatsb/sthasaseriousopponent,problem,etc.:Theywerealreadyapoliticalforcetobereckonedwith.2,(usuallyusedinnegativesentences)toconsidersthasapossibleproblemthatyoushouldbepreparedfor;takesthintoaccount:[+-ing]1didn'lreckonwithgettingcaughtupinsomuchtraffic.reckonwilhoulsb/sth(especiallyBrE)tonotconsidersb/sthasapossibleproblemthatyoushouldbepreparedfor;nottakesthintoaccount:Theyhadreckonedwithoutthedetenninationoftheopposition.tensionnoun1.[U,C,usuallypL]~(betweenAandB)asituationinwhichpeopledonottrusteachother,orfeciunfriendlytowardseachother,andwhichmaycausethemtoattackeachother:Thereismountingtensionalongtheborder,international/racial/politicaltensionsFamilytensionsandconflictsmayleadtoviolence.Theincidenthasfurtherincreasedtensionbetweenthetwocountries.!.[C,U]-(betweenAandB)asituationinwhichthefactthattherearedifferentneedsorinterestscausesdifficulties:Thereisoftenatensionbetweentheaimsofthecompanyandthewishesoftheemployees.3.[U]afeelingofanxietyandstressthatmakesitimpossibletorelax:nen'oustensionWelaughedandthathelpedeasethetension.Walkingandswimmingareexcellentforreleasingtension,atensionheadache4.[U]thefeelingoffearandexcitementthatiscreatedbyawriterorafilm/moviedirector:dramatictensionAsthemovieprogressesthetensionbuilds.5.[U]thestateofbeingstretchedtight;theextenttowhichsthisstretchedtight:musculartensionAdjustthestringtensionofyourtennisrackettosuityourstyleofplaying.Whenknitting,trytokeepthesametensionihroughout.Massagecanrelievetensioninyourshouldersandback.verb[vn](technical)tomakeawire,sail,etc.tightandstretchedgradualadj.1.happeningslowlyoveralongperiod;notsudden:agradualchangeintheclimateRecoveryfromthediseaseisverygradual.2.(ofaslope)notsteepforeseeverb(foresaw,foreseen)tothinksthisgoingtohappeninthefuture;toknowaboutsthbeforeithappens;predict:[vnI\Vedonotforeseeanyproblems.Theextentofthedamagecouldnothavebeenforeseen,[v(that)]Noonecouldhaveforeseen(that)thingswouldturnoutthisway.[vwh-JItisimpossibleioforeseehowlifewillworkout.[alsovn-Eg]thirstnoun1.[U,sing.]thefeelingofneedingorwantingadrink:HequenchedhisthirstwithalongdrinkofcoldwaterShewokeupwitharagingthirstandaheadache,2.[U]thestateofnothavingenoughwatertodrink:Thousandsaredyingofthirst3,[sing.]~(forsth)astrongdesireforsth:athirstforknowledgetearverb(tore,lorn)DAMAGE1.todamagesthbypullingitapartorintopiecesorbycuttingitonsthsharp;tobecomedamagedinthisway;rip:[vn]1toremyjeansonthefence./toreaholeinmyjeans.Hetoretheletterintwo.atonihandkerchief[vn-adj]1torethepackageopen./toreopenthepackage,[v]Careful-thefabrictearsveryeasily.2.[vnj~sthinsthtomakeaholeinsthbyforce;rip:Theblasttoreaholeinthewall.REMOVEFROMSTH/SB3.[vn+adv./prep.]toremovesthfromsthelsebypullingitroughlyorviolently;rip:Thestormnearlytoretheroofoff./toreanothersheetfromthepad.Hetorehisclothesoff(=tookthemoffquicklyandcarelessly)anddivedintothelake.4.~yourself/sb(fromsb/sth)topullyourself/sbawaybyforcefromsb/sththatisholdingyouorthem:[vn]Shetoreherselffromhisgrasp.[vn-adj]Hetorehimselffree.INJUREMUSCLE[vn]toinjureamuscle,etc.bystretchingittoomuch:atornligamentShetoreacalfmuscleplayingsquash.MOVEQUICKLY[v+adv./prep.]tomovesomewhereveryquicklyorinanexcitedway:Hetoreoffdownthestreet.Atrucktorepastthegates.-TORN(inadjectives)verybadlyaffectedordamagedbysth:tobringpeacetoastrife-torncountyastrike-tornindustrylearsb/sthapart,toshreds,tobits,etc.todestroyordefeatsb/sthcompletelyorcriticizethemoritseverely:Weloretheotherteamapartinthesecondhalf.Thecriticstorehislastmovietoshreds.tearatyourheart/tearyourheartout(formal)tostronglyaffectyouinanemotionalwaylearyourhair(oul)(informal)(oshowthatyouareveryangryoranxiousaboutsth:She'skeepingverycalm—anyoneelsewouldbetearingtheirhairout.(bein)a【earinghurry/rush(especiallyBrE)(tobe)inaverygreathurrybetorn(betweenAandB)tobeunabletodecideorchoosebetweentwopeople,thingsorfeelings:Iwastornbetweenmyparentsandmyfriend.tearsboffastrip/tearastripoffsb(BrE,informal)tospeakangrilytosbwhohasdonesthwrongthat'stomit(BrE,informal)usedtosaythatsthhashappenedtospoilyourplans—moreatheart,limb,looseadj.tearsbapart/tearapartsbtomakesbfeelveryunhappyorworried;ripsbapart:Ittearsmeaparttothink1mighthavehurtherfeelings.Hisdistresstoremeapart.tearsthaparl/learapartsthtodestroysthviolently,especiallybypullingittopieces:Thedogstorethefoxapart.2.tomakepeopleinacountry,anorganizationorotherplacefightorarguewitheachother:Racialstrifeistearingourcountryapart.3,tosearchaplace,makingitlookuntidyandcausingdamage:Theytoretheroomapait,lookingformoney.learatsthlopullorcutsthviolentlysothatittears:Hetoreatthemeatwithhisbarehands.tearyourselfaway(fromsth)/tearsthaway(fromsth)toleavesomewhereeventhoughyouwouldprefertostaythere;totakesthawayfromsomewhere:Dinnersready,ifyoucantearyourselfawayfromtheTV.Shewasunabletotearhereyesawayfromhim(=couldnotstoplookingathim).tearsthdown/teardownsthtopullorknockdownabuilding,wall,etc.:They'retearingdowntheseoldhousestobuildanewofficeblock.tearintosb/sihtoattacksb/sthphysicallyorwithwords:Thewindtoreintohim.2,tostartdoingsthwithalotofenergy:Theytoreintotheirfoodasiftheywerestarving.Thebandtoreintotheiropeningnumber.tearsthup/(earupsthtodestroyadocument,etc.bytearingitintopieces;ripsthup:Shetoreupallthelettershehadsenther.(figurative)Heaccusedtheleaderoftearingupthepartysmanifesto(=ofignoringit).hardshipnoun[U,C]asituation(hatisdifficultandunpleasantbecauseyoudono(haveenoughmoney,food,clothes,etc.:economic/financial,etc.hardshipPeoplesufferedmanyhardshipsduringthatlongwinter.Thetwomenenduredgreathardshipduringtheirtre