側鏈基團Sidechaingroup蛋白質氨基酸Proteinogenicaminoacid親水/疏水疏水性Hydrophilichydrophobichydropathy谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶Glutathioneperoxidase必需/非必需/半必需Essential/nonessential/semiessential兼性離子Zwitterion等電點Isoelectricpointpi水合印三酮Ninhydrin電泳Electrophoresis層析Chromatography固定、流動相Stationary/mobilephase離子交換Ionchange肽/肽鍵/肽鏈Peptidepeptidebondpeptidechain寡肽/多肽Oligopeptidepolypeptide殘基Residue氨基端、羧基端Aminoterminalcarboxylterminal肽基肽單位Peptidegrouppeptideunit順式反式Cistrans肽平面(酰胺平面)Peptideplane（amideplane）雙縮脲反應Biruetreaction熒光蛋白Rluorescentprotein一級二級結構Primarysecondarystructure胰島素Insulin主鏈側鏈BackbonesidechainαβAlphabeta螺旋Helix折疊Sheet轉角Turn凸起Bulge卷曲Coil多聚Polyamino孔蛋白Porin發夾結構Hairpinstructure緊密Tight模體Motif結構域Domain構象Conformation構型Configuration鹽橋Saltbridge靜電的Electrostatic引力Interaction非成鍵原子Nonbondedatom骨架Backbone結構蛋白Bindingprotein鋅指結構Zincfinger結構的Structural功能的Functional重復的Heptad序列Repeat基因重復Geneduplication蚯蚓肌紅蛋白Myohemerythrin二聚體Dimer單體Monomer寡聚體Oligomer三聚體Trimer四聚體Tetramer五聚體Pentamer六聚體Hexamer亞基Subunit原體Protomer谷氨酰胺合成酶Glutamine協同效應Co-operativity動力學障礙Kineticbarrier分子伴侶Chaperones熱激蛋白Heat-shockprotein伴侶蛋白Chaperonin框架模型Frameworkmodel泛素Ubiquitin蛋白酶體Proteasome纖維Fibril原纖維Protofibril蛋白質組Proteime蛋白質組學Proteomics去折疊Unfold再折疊Refold阻遏蛋白Repressor激活蛋白Activator鐵蛋白Ferritin轉鐵蛋白Transferrin肌動蛋白Actin肌球蛋白Myosin彈性蛋白Resilin兼職蛋白Moonlightingprotein配體Ligand類似物Analog同源物Homolog種間同源物（直系同源物）Ortholog種內同源物（旁系同源物）Paralog原膠原Tropocollagen三股螺旋Triplehelix羥化酶Hydroxylase纖維細胞Fribroblast前膠原Procollagen糖基化Glycosylation前膠原肽酶Procollagenpeptidase氧化酶Oxidase肌動蛋白Myoglobin血紅蛋白Hemoglobin血紅素Heme近端的Proximal遠端的Distal飽和度Saturation基因敲除Geneknockout缺氧Hypoxia通氣反應Ventilatoryresponse緊張態Tensestate松弛態Relaxedstate別構效應Allostericeffect別構效應物Allostericeffector鐮刀形貧血癥Sicklemia免疫球蛋白Immunoglobulin途徑Approach基于序列的Sequence-based基于結構的Structure-based家族Family超家族Super-family欄Fold類Class膜蛋白Membraneprotein基于模體的Motif-based資料Profile鹽析Saltingout鹽溶Saltingin消旋現象Racemization內含子Intron基因組的Genomic超濾Ultrafiltration沉降系數Sedimentationcoefficient離心Centrifugation差速離心Differentialcentrifugation密度梯度離心Densitygradientcentrifugation透析Dialysis雙向電泳Two-dimensionalgelelectrophoresis親和（n）Affinity凝膠過濾Gelfiltration分子篩過濾Molecularsievefiltration瓊脂糖Sepharose葡聚糖Sephadex聚丙烯酰胺Sephacryl活性Activity均一性Homogeneity白蛋白Albumin球蛋白Globulin組蛋白Histone精蛋白Protamine醇溶蛋白Prolamine谷蛋白類Glutelin硬蛋白類Scleroprotein角蛋白Keratin膠原蛋白Collagen彈性蛋白Elastin簡單Simple結合蛋白質Conjugatedprotein糖蛋白Glycoprotein脂蛋白Lipoprotein核蛋白Nucleoprotein色蛋白Chromprotein金屬蛋白Metalloprotein磷蛋白Phosphoprotein球狀Globular黃素Flavin膜蛋白Membraneprotein支配Innervated神經節Ganglion核苷酸Nucleotide核苷Nucleoside堿基（含氮）Nitrogenousbase嘌呤Purine嘧啶Pyrimidine咪唑Imidazole環Ring胞嘧啶Cytosine尿嘧啶Uracil胸腺嘧啶Thymine腺嘌呤Adenine鳥嘌呤Guanine咖啡因Caffeine尿酸Uricacid異構Shift互變異構Tautomericshift核糖核苷Ribonucleoside脫氧核苷Deoxyribonucleoside脫氧核苷酸Deoxyribonucletide核糖核苷酸Ribonucleotide生物薄膜Biofilm嚴緊反應Stringentresponse干擾素Interferon超突變HypermutationRNARibonucleicacid核Nuclear核仁Nucleolar編碼RNACodingRNA非編碼RNA（ncRNA）Non-codingRNA管家House-keeping調控Regulatory互補的Complementary大溝Majorgroove小溝Minorgroove堿基對Basepair回文序列Palindromicsequence重復Repeat超螺旋Supercoiling密度Density環Loop莖Stem臂Arm三葉草Cloverleaf密碼子Anticodon核心Core增色效應Hyperchromiceffect退火Annealing減色效應Hypochromiceffect核酸Nucleicacid雜交Hybridization異源雙鏈Heteroduplex深度Deep酶Enzyme生物催化劑Biocatalyst轉化酶Diatase單純酶Simpleenzyme結合酶Conjugatedenzyme輔助因子Cofactor脫輔酶Apoenzyme全酶Holoenzyme輔酶Coenzyme輔基Prostheticgroup活化能Activationenergy中心Site活性中心Activesite裂縫Cleft空隙Crevice口袋Pocket專一性Specificity絕對專一性Absolutespecificity基團專一性Groupspecificity鍵專一性Linkagespecificity立體專一性Stereospecificity誘導契合Inducefit裂縫Cleft氧化還原酶Oxidoreductase轉移酶Transferase水解酶Hydrolase裂合酶Lyase異構酶Isomerase連接酶Ligase胃蛋白酶Pepsin胰蛋白酶Trypsin腎素Rennin最適的Optimum溫度Temperature穩態Steady-state可逆性Reverible抑制劑Inhibitor競爭性Competitive非競爭性Non-competitive反競爭性Uncompetitive產物Product底物Substrate過量Excess抑制Inhibition特異性Specific標記Label親和Affinity中心的Central復合物Complex機制Mechanixm過渡態Transitory別構酶Allostericenzyme效應物Effector激活劑Activator雙向應答Biphasic動力學Kinetics暴發Burst過渡態Transitionstate活化能Activationenergy理論Theory亞穩態Metastablestate鄰近定向效應Proximityandorientation廣義的General酸堿Acid\base催化Catalysis靜電催化Electrostaticcatalysis金屬離子催化Metalioncatalysis共價催化Covalentcatalysis親電催化Electrophiliccatalylsis親核催化Nucleophiliccatalysis電子穴Electronsinks蛋白酶Proteinase衛星Satellite剪切Cleavage連接Ligation剪接體Spliceosome引物Primer結合位點Bindingsite同工酶Isozymes反饋抑制Ferebackinhibition終產物End-product調節Regulation同促調節Homotropicregulation模型Model技術Techniques快速反應Fastreaction修飾Modifying去修飾De-modifying腸肽酶Enteropenptidase凝血酶Thrombin學友病Hemophilia嗜中性粒細胞Neutrophil透析Dialysis半透膜Semipermeablmembrane彈性蛋白Elastin周期蛋白Cyclin分子捕鼠器Molecularmousetrap酶活力Enzymeactivity測定法Assay間接的Indirect偶聯測定法Coupledassay固定化酶Immobilizedenzyme人工酶Artificialenzyme載體結合Carrier-binding交聯Cross-linking包埋Entrapping物理吸附Physicaladsorption離子結合Ionicbinding共價結合Covalentbinding人工合成酶Synzyme維生素Vitamin脂溶性Fat-soluble水溶性Water-soluble輔酶ACoACoenzymeA醛糖Aldoses酮糖Ketoses碳水化合物Carbohydrate葡萄糖Glucose糖原Glycogen滲透壓Osmoticpressure糖蛋白Glycoprotein游離的Free脂肪酸Fattyacid脂肪Fat磷脂Phospholipid糖脂Glycolipid頭Head尾Tail膽固醇Cholesterol流動Fluid鑲嵌Mosaic流動性Fluidity相變Transition微結構域Microdomain被動的Passive轉運Transport擴散Diffusion主動的Active通道Channel轉運蛋白Transporter初級Primary次級Secondary胞吐Exocytosis胞吞Endocytosis間隙Gap連接Junction信號Signal轉導Transduction生長因子Growthfactor細胞因子Cytokine受體Receptor激素Hormone內分泌Endocrine生物活性Bioactivity測定方法Assay分析方法Assay抗原Antigen抗體Antibody同工受體Isoreceptor下調Down-regulation離子通道Ion-channel通道Channel信使Messenger效應器Effector中樞Central神經Nervous代謝物Metabolite途徑Pathway代謝的Metabolic中間產物Intermediate線狀Linear環狀Cyclic分支狀Branched分解代謝Catabolism合成代謝Anabolism不定向代謝Amphibolicmetabolism無效Futile循環Cycle氧化性的Oxidative還原性的Reducing基因組計劃Genomeproject環境Surrounding孤立的Insulated封閉的Closed生物分子Biomolecule磷酸化合物Phosphatecompound底物水平磷酸化Substrate-levelphosphorylation磷酸化Phosphorylation電子傳遞Electrontransport流動的電子傳遞體Mobileelectroncarrier細胞色素Cytochrome氧化磷酸化Oxidativephosphorylation偶聯Coupling假說Hypothesis質子驅動力Protonmotiveforce解偶聯劑Uncoupler解偶聯Uncouple條件Condition無細胞系統Cell-freesystem糖酵解Glycolysis引發Priming階段Phase產能階段Energy-yieldingphase三羧酸循環Tricarboxylicacidcycle檸檬酸循環Citricacidcycle乙醛酸循環Glyoxylatecycle羧化酶Carboxylase磷酸戊糖途徑Phosphatepentosepathway糖異生Gluconeogenesis光合作用Photosynthesis有機體Organism光Light暗Dark反應Reaction光呼吸Photorespiration激活酶Activase裝載Loading尿素Urea半保留Semi-conservative模板Template起始區Origin復制子Replicon復制Replication復制叉Replicationfork雙向的Bidirectional半不連續Semi-discontinuous脈沖Pulse追蹤Chase岡崎片段Okazakifragments前導鏈Leadingstrand后隨鏈Laggingstrand進行性Processivity滑動鉗Slidingclamp鉗載復合物Clamp-loading拓撲異構酶Topoisomerase端粒Telomere端粒酶Telomerase復制體Replisome終止區Terminus忠實性Fidelity修復Repair錯配修復Mismatchrepair脫落Loss堿基脫落Baseloss切除修復Excisionrepair短修補Short-patch長修補Long-patch非同源non-homologous損傷Damage跨越Bypass重組跨越Recombinationalbypass跨損傷合成Translesionsynthesis突變Mutation點突變Pointmutation移框突變Frameshiftmutation沉默突變Silentmutation錯義突變Missensemutation中性突變Neutralmutation無義突變Nonsensemutation隱性的Recessive顯性的Dominant自發突變Spontaneousmutation誘發突變Inducedmutation轉座Transposition轉化Transformation接合Conjugation轉導Transduction重組酶Recombinase聯會Synapsis反向重復序列Invertedrepeat裂解Lytic溶源Lysogenic插入序列Insertionsequence極性效益Polareffect轉座酶Transposase轉座子Transposon逆轉座子Retrotransposons自主型Autonomous非自主型non-autonomous中心法則Centraldogma轉錄Transcription翻譯Translation基因表達Geneexpression轉錄組Transcriptome編碼鏈Codingstrand無效轉錄Abortivetranscription核心酶Coreenzyme全酶Holoenzyme啟動子Promoter減效突變Downmutation增效突變Upmutation終止子Terminator順式作用元件cis-actingelement調控性轉錄因子Regulatorytranscriptionfactor反式作用因子trans-actingfactor組裝因子Assemblyfactor定位因子Positionalfactor近端的Proximal遠端的Distal增強子Enhancer沉默子Silencer內含子Intron分支點Branchpoint前導序列Leadersequence外顯子Exon轉錄后加工post-transcriptionalprocessing帶帽Capping加尾Tailing內部甲基化Internalmethylation剪接Splicing編輯Editing剪接體Spliceosome正Positive負Negative起始tRNAInitiatortRNA起始因子Initiationfactor簡并Degenerate進位Entry碎片Fragment移位Translocation內部進入Internalentry顆粒Particle泛素Ubiquitin信號斑Signalpatch反面Transside外膜Outermembrane內膜Intermembrane翻譯水平的移框Translationalframeshift跳躍翻譯Jumping\bypasstranslation組成型基因Constitutivegene管家基因House-keepinggene誘導型基因Induciblegene奢侈基因Luxurygene調控Control營養性細胞Vegetative操作子Operon多順反子Polycistron操縱基因Operator阻遏蛋白Repressor誘導Induction誘導物Inducer誘導型操縱子Inducibleoperon阻遏