書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區的她考研考博-英語-吉林建筑科技學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpartintoEnglish.

建設生態文明，是關系人民福祉、關于民族未來的長遠大計。面對生態系統退化的嚴峻形勢，我們必須樹立尊重自然、保護自然的生態文明理念，把生態文明建設放在突出地位，融入經濟建設、文化建設、社會建設各個方面和全過程，努力建設美麗中國，實現中華民族的永續發展。

【答案】Promotingecologicalprogressisalong-termtaskofvitalimportancetothepeople’swellbeingandChina’sfuture.Facedwithadeterioratingecosystem,wemustraiseourecologicalawarenessoftheneedtorespectandprotectnature.Wemustgivehighprioritytomakingecologicalprogressandincorporateitintoallaspectsandthewholeprocessofadvancingeconomic,cultural,andsocialprogress,workhardtobuildabeautifulcountry,andachievelastingandsustainabledevelopmentoftheChinesenation.

2.單選題

8.

問題1選項

A.Inthegym.

B.Intheoffice.

C.Intheclinic.

D.Intheboat.

【答案】C

【解析】M:Ok,everythinglooksship-shape.

W:Great!WhenshouldIcomeagainforaphysical?

Q:Wheredidthisconversationprobablytakeplace?

【解析】推斷題。女士問何時來復查，由此推斷對話場景應為醫院。

3.單選題

Sexandconnections:thesearenotthecriteriaonwhichscienceshouldbejudged,leastofallbyscientists.Butinthefirstextensiveanalysisofthewaythatfellowshipsinscienceareawarded,whichispublishedthisweekinNature,ChristineWennerasandAgnesWold,microbiologistsatGothenburgUniversity,inSweden,foundthatthesefactorsmatterasmuchas,ifnotmorethan,scientificmerit.

Peerreview,theevaluation(oftenanonymous)ofapieceofscientificworkbyotherscientistsinthesamefield,iscentraltothewayinwhichscienceproceeds.Journalsuseittohelpdecidewhethertopublishpapersandfundingagenciesuseitwhendecidingtowhomtoawardgrants.

Dr.WennerasandDr.Woldanalyzedthereviewsofthe114applicationsthattheSwedishMedicalResearchCouncilreceivedforthe20postdoctoralfellowshipsitofferedin1995.Oftheapplicants,46%werewomen,ofthesuccessfulrecipients,oftheawardsonly20%werewomen.

Inprinciple,ofcourse,thatmightreflecttheirabilities.Inpractice,otherfactorsseemtobeatwork.

Whenthecouncilgetsagrantapplication,itisevaluatedbyfivereviewers,onthreemeasures:scientificcompetence,theproposedmethodologyandtherelevanceoftheresearch.Eachmeasureisgivenascoreofbetweenzeroandfour;eachreviewer’sscoresaremultipliedtogether,givingasinglescorebetweenzeroand64;andfinally,thescoresfromthereviewersareaveragedtogether,givingthetotalscore.

Dr.WennerasandDr.Woldidentified,aftercarefulanalysis,twofactorsthatimprovedthescoressignificantly:beingmaleandknowingareviewer.Infact,thedifferencewassogreatthatinordertogetthesamecompetencescoreasaman,awomanwouldneedeithertoknowsomeoneonthecommitteeortohavepublishedthreemorepapersthanthemaninNatureorScience.Itisoftenjokedthatawomanhastobetwiceasgoodasamantodowell;Dr.WennerasandDr.Woldfoundthatshewouldneedtobe,onaverage,2.5timesasgoodontheirmeasurestoberatedashighlybyreviewers.Suchbeingthecase,ambitiouswomanwouldperhapsdowelltoreturntoatime-honoredbutsupposedlyobsoletetradition,andapplyunderamalename.

1.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?

2.Whatistheothermostimportantfactorbesidesexthatmayaffectpeerreviewscores?

3.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestbyusing“supposedly”inthelastsentence?

4.Thispieceofwritingismostlikely______.

問題1選項

A.Abusesinpeerreview

B.Favoritismingrantingfellowships

C.Acomparisonofmaleandfemalescientists

D.Sexdiscriminationinthescienceworld

問題2選項

A.Connections

B.Publicationofpapersinmajorsciencejournals

C.Competenceoftheresearcher

D.Methodsusedbytheresearch

問題3選項

A.Itisnolongerfashionableforwomentowriteundermalenames.

B.Biasagainstwomenstillexiststoday.

C.Womentodayareonanequalfootingwithmen.

D.Nowadayswomendoaswellinscienceasmen.

問題4選項

A.anewsreport

B.aresearchpaper

C.alecture

D.anargument

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，由題干可以定位到文章第一段，性別本不是評判科學的標準，但這個因素與科學價值同等重要，甚至更重要。D選項“科學世界中的性別歧視”，符合文章的內容大意，文章主要講的是在科學界的性別歧視，D選項正確。B選項“同行評審中的弊端”，文章雖有提到這個內容，但不是文章的主要內容，因此可排除B選項。C選項“男性和女性科學家的比較”，文章部分內容有提到，但不是文章主要內容，因此C選項可排除。因此D選項正確。

2.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細節事實題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段第一句Sexandconnections:thesearenotthecriteriaonwhichscienceshouldbejudged,leastofallbyscientists（性與聯系：這些都不是評判科學的標準，尤其是科學家），雖說如此，但在下文出現了轉折，也就是說這兩點是會作為評判標準因此可推測影響評判標準除了性別還有聯系。A選項“聯系”，符合文章內容。A選項正確。B選項“在主要科學期刊上發表論文”，文章說同行評議是為了幫助決定是否發表論文，可排除B選項。C選項“研究人員的能力”，同行評議可能會反映個人能力，能力的高低并不會成為決定性因素，可排除C。D選項“研究采用的方法”，文章沒有提到此內容，可排除D選項。因此A選項正確。

3.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Suchbeingthecase,ambitiouswomanwouldperhapsdowelltoreturntoatime-honoredbutsupposedlyobsoletetradition,andapplyunderamalename.（在這種情況下，有抱負的女性或許應該回到一個歷史悠久但被認為過時的傳統，用男性的名字申請），因此可推測，對于女性的歧視，仍然存在。B選項“對婦女的偏見今天仍然存在”，符合文章內容，因此B選項正確。A選項“女性用男性的名字寫作已不再時髦”，名字的表面內容并不是作者想表達的，因此A選項可排除。C選項“今天婦女與男子處于平等地位”，婦女和男子不可能處于平等地位，因此C選項可排除。D選項“現在女性在科學領域的表現和男性一樣好”，文章所說，婦女要表現得好于男性的2.5倍才可能達到男性的待遇，D選項可排除。因此B選項正確。

4.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干這篇文章最有可能是……，通讀全文，可以推測這篇文章最有可能為一則新聞報道。A選項“一則新聞報道”正確。B選項“研究論文”，根據文章內容來看，論文需要更嚴謹，因此可排除B選項。C選項“一堂講座”，講座的內容需要更口語化，因此也可排除C選項。D選項“一場辯論賽”，文章沒有體現爭論，D選項可排除。因此A選項正確。

4.翻譯題

Astudysuggeststhelong-termsurvivalbenefitsofshoppingarebetterthangoingtothegym,becauseseeingfriendsandjustpeople-watchingcanstaveofflonelinessandimprovepsychologicalhealth.

Theresearchersfoundthosewhoshoppeddailylivedlongerthanthosewhoshoppedlessfrequently,evenaftertakingaccountsofpeople’sphysicalorotherhealthproblems.Inshoppingvenues,socializingwith,orwatchingotherscanprovidesocialandmentalbenefits.Comparedwithothertypesofleisure-timephysicalactivity,likeformalexercise,whichusuallyrequiresmotivationandsometimesprofessionalinstruction,shoppingiseasiertoundertakeandmaintain.

【答案】一項研究表明，購物比健身更有利于長壽，因為見見朋友和僅僅看看路人就可以避免孤獨和改善心理健康。

研究人員發現，那些每天購物的人比那些不經常購物的人活得更長，即使在考慮了人們的身體或其他健康問題之后也是如此。在購物場所，與他人交流或看看他人可以豐富社交，帶來精神上的好處。與其他類型的休閑體育活動相比，比如正式的鍛煉，這通常需要動力，有時還需要專業指導，購物更容易進行和堅持下去。

5.單選題

Youmayput（）onthewheeltomakeitturnmoreeasily.

問題1選項

A.fat

B.grease

C.oil

D.cream

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。fat“脂肪”；grease“油脂，潤滑油”；oil“石油，油畫材料”；cream“奶油，乳脂”。根據句意可知，涂在輪子上的應該是潤滑油，所以選項B正確。

6.單選題

Attheheightofthewar,morethanamillionpeopleweredisplacedandconfinedtosqualidcamps.

問題1選項

A.wet

B.tiny

C.crowded

D.dirty

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.wet潮濕的B.tiny極小的，微小的

C.crowded擁擠的D.dirty骯臟的，污穢的

【答案】D

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】squalid的意思為“骯臟的”，表示難民營很臟，dirty與之詞義相近，因此D選項正確。

【干擾項排除】A、B、C選項詞義與之不符。

【句意】在戰爭最激烈的時候，有一百多萬人流離失所，被關在骯臟的難民營里。

7.單選題

Shortlyaftertheboatdocked,thepassengers______.

問題1選項

A.dismounted

B.disembarked

C.dispersed

D.disgruntled

【答案】B

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.dismounted下（馬、車等），卸下；取出B.disembarked登陸；上岸

C.dispersed分散；傳播D.disgruntled使……不高興，使慍怒

【答案】B

【考查點】動詞辨析。

【解題思路】由關鍵信息“Shortlyaftertheboatdocked（船靠岸后不久）”可知，船靠岸后，乘客自然是下船上岸，所以空格處填入disembark符合句意。故該題選擇A項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A項是指從馬、自行車、摩托車等陸地工具上下來，不符合句意；

C、D項不符合句意。

【句意】船靠岸后不久，乘客們就下船上岸了。

8.單選題

Lifeisoften（）toadream.

問題1選項

A.liked

B.resembled

C.comparing

D.likened

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項like“喜歡；想；愿意”；B選項resemble“類似，像”；C選項compare“比較，對比”；D選項liken“比擬；把…比作”。句意：人生常被喻為一場夢。此題選D，belikento表示“好比”。

9.單選題

Hedoesnothingthatviolatestheinterestsofthecollective.

問題1選項

A.runsfor

B.runsagainst

C.runsover

D.runsinto

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。violate“違反；侵犯，妨礙”，A選項runfor“競選；匆匆去取；趕緊去請”；B選項“runagainst撞上；偶遇；違反”；C選項“runover輾過；匆匆看；復查”；D選項“runinto遭遇，陷入；撞到；偶然遇見”。句意：他不做任何違背集體利益的事。根據句中“theinterestsofthecollective集體的利益”可知violate在這里的意思為“違反”，因此B選項正確。

10.單選題

Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynVosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228–thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenVosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.

Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?

ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikeVosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.

Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.

1.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligenttest?

2.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?

3.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasVosSavant’sbecause______

4.Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat______

5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQtest?

問題1選項

A.Answeringphilosophicalquestions.

B.Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.

C.Tellingthedifferencebetweencertainconcepts.

D.Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.

問題2選項

A.PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.

B.MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.

C.Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.

D.Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.

問題3選項

A.thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.

B.creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow.

C.VosSavant’scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.

D.thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged.

問題4選項

A.testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone’sability.

B.IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.

C.testinginvolvesalotofguesswork.

D.traditionaltestareoutofdate.

問題5選項

A.Supportive.

B.Skeptical.

C.Impartial.

D.Biased.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.【試題解析】細節推理題。題干意思是“下列哪一項在智力測試中可能需要？”。A項“回答哲學問題”，B項“把紙折成或剪成不同的形狀”，C項“說明某些概念之間的區別”，D項“選擇與所給相似的詞或圖”。第一段第三句提到IQtestaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.（智商測試要求你完成口頭和視覺分析，要求你在紙張被折疊、剪切后想象它的形狀，要求你推論數字的順序，以及其他類似的項目）以及最后一段第二句Sternberg提到traditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.（傳統的測試最恰當地評估了分析能力和語言表達能力，但沒有測量創造性和實際知識，這些也是解決問題、在生活中取得成功的關鍵因素），由此可知智力測試中可能需要創造性和實際知識。A項和C項文中沒有提及，屬于無中生有；B項與題意不符，文中只是提到在紙張被折疊、剪切后想象它的形狀，不是折疊或剪紙張。因此該題只有D項正確。

2.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“從第三段關于智力測試的描述我們可以推斷出……？”。第三段的內容主要是描述智力測試的兩種形式，斯坦福—比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表，這兩種都有成人和兒童測試類型；由于測試價格昂貴，通常只有心理學家才進行這些測試，現在一些測試的變種在網上流行。由此可知，兒童和成人的智力測試類型不同。A項“人們不再使用IQ分數作為智力的指標”，第三段最后一句提到Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.（其他標準測試，比如學術能力檢測以及研究生入學考試，包含了智商測試的主要方面），因此A項錯誤。B項“現在網上有更多的IQ測試版本”，第三段第四行提到althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.（盡管這些測試的變種在書店和環球網上流行），可知網上流行的是上文提到的斯坦福—比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表這兩種測試的變種，而非更多的測試版本，B項與題意不符。D項“科學家們已經確定了人類智力的重要組成部分”文中無提及。因此該題C項“成人和兒童的測試內容和形式有所不同”正確。

3.【試題解析】細節推理題。題干意思是“現在的人們不能再達到像VosSavant那樣高的智商分數是因為……？”。第三段第四行有提到SuperhighscoreslikeVosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepecks,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.（得到像VosSavant這樣的超高分數再也不可能了，因為現在的分數依據的是相同年齡者的統計學群體分布狀況，而不是簡單地通過實足年齡乘以100來劃分智能年齡），由此得知，人們不能再達到像VosSavant那樣高的智商分數是因為計算方法與以前不同。A項“分數是通過不同的計算程序得到的”與題意符合；B項“現在強調的是創造力而不是分析能力”是第四段的信息，內容與題意不符；C項“VosSavant的案例是一個極端的案例，不會重演”和D項“智商測試的定義特征已經改變”文中沒有提到，屬于無中生有。因此該題A項正確。

4.【試題解析】判斷歸納題。題干意思是“從最后一段我們可以推斷出……？”。文章最后一段指出，有專家認為，標準測試不可能評估在學校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因素，隨后解釋了這種觀點，指出傳統的測試最恰當地評估了分析能力和語言表達能力，而且一旦人口或環境發生變化，智商測試就不一定預測得那么準確，并且應試能力也很重要。這說明智商測試不可能真實反映一個人的能力。A項“考試成績可能不是一個人能力的可靠指標”符合題意；B項“智商分數和SAT成績高度相關”與文意相反；C項“測試涉及大量的猜測”屬于夸大其詞；D項“傳統測試過時了”屬于無中生有。因此該題A項正確。

5.【試題解析】主觀態度題。題干意思是“作者對智力測試的態度是怎樣的？”。A項“支持的”，B項“懷疑的”，C項“公平的”，D項“有偏見的”。文章最后一段，作者引用了Sternberg的話，IQtestdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange（一旦人口或環境發生變化，智商測試就不一定預測得那么準確），以及后面提到IQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite（如果在低壓力狀況下進行智商測試，那么這種測試就可以預測領導才能，但是，在高壓力狀況下，智商測試所得的結果與領導才能的關系是否定的，也就是說，它預測的結果是相反的），由此可以看出作者對IQ測試是持有懷疑態度的。A項與作者態度相反，因此錯誤；D項和C項不符合作者態度，因此只有B選項正確。

11.單選題

Acontroversyeruptedinthescientificcommunityinearly1998overtheuseofDNA(deoxyribonucleicacid)fingerprintinginCriminalinvestigations.DNAfingerprintingwasintroducedin1987asamethodtoidentifyindividualsbasedonapatternseenintheirDNA,themoleculeofwhichgenesaremade.DNAispresentineverycellofthebodyexceptredbloodcells.DNAfingerprintinghasbeenusedsuccessfullyinvariousways,suchastodeterminepaternity（父親的身份）whereitisnotclearwhothefatherofaparticularchildis.However,itisintheareaofcriminalinvestigationsthatDNAfingerprintinghaspotentiallypowerfulandcontroversialuses.

DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttoproveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence.Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime.AmatchbetweenthetwoDNAsamplescanbeusedasevidencetoconvictasuspect.

Thecontroversyin1998stemmedfromareportpublishedinDecember1991bypopulationgeneticistsRichardC.LewontinofHarvardUniversityinCambridge,Mass,andDanielL.HartlofWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicineinSt.Louis,Mo.LewontinandHartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone.Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup.LewontinandHartlcalledforbettersurveysofDNApatterns.

Inresponsetotheircriticisms,populationgeneticistsRanajitChakrabortyoftheUniversityofTexasinDallasandKennethK.KiddofYaleUniversityinNewHaven,Conn.,arguedthatenoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate.InJanuary1998,however,theFederalBureauofinvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsinanattempttoresolvesomeofthesequestions.And,inApril,theNationalAcademyofSciencescalledforstrictstandardsandsystemofaccreditation（鑒定合格）forDNAtestinglaboratories.

1.BeforeDNAfingerprintingisused,suspects（）.

2.DNAfingerprintingcanbeunreliablewhen（）.

3.TogeneticistslikeLewontinandHartl,thecurrentmethod（）.

4.TheattitudeoftheFederalBureauofInvestigationshowsthat（）.

5.NationalAcademyofSciencesholdsthestandthat（）.

問題1選項

A.wouldhavetoleavetheirfingerprintsforfurtherinvestigations

B.wouldhavetosubmitevidencefortheirinnocence

C.couldeasilyescapeconvictionofguilt

D.couldbeconvictedofguiltaswell

問題2選項

A.themethodsusedforblood-cellcalculationarenotaccurate

B.twodifferentindividualsofthesameethnicgroupmayhavethesameDNAfingerprintingpattern

C.amatchisbychanceleftwithfingerprintsthathappentobelongtotwodifferentindividuals

D.twodifferentindividualsleavetwoDNAsamples.

問題3選項

A.isnotsoconvincingastoexcludethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsamplescannevercomefromtwoindividuals

B.isarguablebecausetwoindividualsofthesameethnicgrouparelikelytohavethesameDNApattern

C.isnotbasedonadequatescientifictheoryofgenetics

D.istheoreticallycontradictorytowhattheyhavebeenstudying

問題4選項

A.enoughdataareyettobecollectedfromvariousethnicgroupstoconfirmtheunlikelihoodoftwoDNAsamplescomingfromtwoindividualmembers

B.enoughdataofDNAsamplesshouldhecollectedtoconfirmthatonlyDNAsamplesfromthesamepersoncanmatch

C.enoughdataareyettobecollectedfromvariousethnicgroupstodeterminethelikelihoodoftwodifferentDNAsamplescomingfromthesameperson

D.additionalsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsshouldbecollectedIodeterminethattwoDNAsampleareunlikelytocomefromthesameperson

問題5選項

A.DNAtestingshouldbesystematized

B.OnlyauthorizedlaboratoriescanconductDNAtesting

C.Theacademyonlyisauthorizedtoworkourstandardsfortesting

D.TheacademyhastherighttoaccreditlaboratoriesforDNAtesting

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.判斷推理題。題干意為:在DNA指紋識別使用之前，嫌疑犯…。第二段指出:DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttoproveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence(指紋和其他DNA分析技術已經徹底改變了刑事調查，給調查人員提供了強大的新工具，以證明有罪，而不僅僅是確立無罪)。后面還指出:Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime(在刑事調查時，嫌疑犯的DNA指紋圖案與從犯罪現場發現的毛發或血液等材料中獲得的DNA指紋圖案進行比較)。由此可以推測，如果沒有DNA指紋識別技術,嫌疑犯不會那么容易定罪。因此選C項“可能輕易逃脫罪責”。

2.細節事實題。題干意為:在什么時候，DNA指紋識別可能不可靠？第三段指出:Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup(他們特別指出，目前的方法尚不能完全確定，兩個可能吻合的DNA樣本是出自一個人，而不是出自同族成員中的兩個人)。因此可知,當“偶然匹配的蒽碰巧屬于兩個不同的人”的時候,DNA指紋可能不可靠。

3.判斷推理題。題干意為:對于Levvontin和Hard這樣的遺傳學者而言，目前的方法如何？第三段指出:LevvontinandHartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone(Lewontin和Hartl對偶然發生的兩個DNA抬紋吻合的可能性的計算方法提出質疑)。Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup(他們特別指出,目前的方法尚不能完全確定兩個可能吻合的DNA樣本是出自一個人，而不是出自同族成員中的兩個人。即他們認為目前的方法不能確定吻合的DNA不是來自同族的兩個人)。因此，A項“排除兩個DNA樣本決不會來自兩個人的可能性，目前的方法還不能那么令人信服”符合兩人觀點的表述。

4.判斷推理題。題干意為:聯邦調查局的態度表明…最后一段指出:enoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate(足夠的數據可以利用，以表明目前正在使用的方法是合適的)。InJanuary1998,however,theFederalBureauofinvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsinanattempttoresolvesomeofthesequestions(然而，1998年一月，聯邦調査局和做DNA實驗的實驗室宣布，他們會從各種各樣的種族那里收集額外的DNA樣本，以求解決一些問題)。所以，聯邦調查局的行為是想證明是否有足夠的數據可以表明目前正在使用的方法是正確的，即想證明上句中所支持的觀點——DNA的吻合準確性。因此選B項“應該收集足夠的DNA樣本數據以證明只有同一人的DNA樣本才能吻合”。

5.判斷推理題。題干意為:國家科學院持什么觀點？根據題干關鍵詞NationalAcademyofSciences定位至最后一句話:And,inApril,theNationalAcademyofSciencescalledforstrictstandardsandsystemofaccreditationforDNAtestinglaboratories(四月，對于DNA撿測實驗室，國家科學院要求對其有嚴格的鑒定合格的標準和制度),也就是通過嚴格審核標準，DNA監測實驗室才符合要求。因此選B項“只有權威認可/審定的實驗室可以進行DNA測試”。

12.單選題

Anumberofloopholesstillremaininthecampaigncontributionlaw.

問題1選項

A.unprofitablesections

B.illogicalcontradictions

C.descriptionsforcheating

D.waysofevadingrules

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。loophole意為“(法律、合同等的)漏洞，空子”；unprofitablesections意為“無利可圖的部分”；illogicalcontradictions意為“不合邏輯的矛盾”；descriptionsforcheating意為“欺騙描述”；waysofevadingrules意為“規避規則的方式”。

句意：競選捐款法仍然存在一些漏洞。

13.單選題

TheSupremeCourtruledlastweekthatagroupofemployeessuingforagediscriminationshouldgettheirdayincourteventhoughtheyfiledtheircomplaintonthewrongform.Thedecisionisnoteworthybecauseitsuggeststhatthiscourtcouldbepullingbackfromwhathasoftenseemedlikeaknee-jerkinclinationtoruleforcorporationsoverworkersandcustomers.

Groupofcouriersovertheageof40suedFederalExpress,claimingittriedtopushoutolderworkers.TheissuewaswhethertheysubmittedapropercomplainttotheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommissionwithinthelegaltimelimit.FedExclaimedthecouriersfiledthewrongform,butthecourtruled,7to2,thatanintakequestionnaireandasignedaffidavit—whichtheE.E.O.C.consideredavalidcomplaint—metits"permissivestandard"forwhatwasacceptable.

Itissurprisingandwelcometoseethecourtapplyanysortofpermissivestandard,consideringhowitruledinasimilarcasejustlastyear.Throughatorturedandillogicalreadingofthelaw,thecourtruled,5to4,thataGoodyearemployeemissedthedeadlineforfilingacomplaintthatshewaspaidlessthanmalecolleagues.

Thatwasoneofaseriesofrulingsinrecentyearsthatstretchedthelawtocomeoutagainstlittle-guyparties.Inoneegregiousdecisionlastyear,thecourtignoreditsprecedentstoholdthataninmatelosttherighttochallengehismurderconvictionbecausehemissedadeadline—eventhoughhehadfiledtheappealbythedaythefederaldistrictjudge(mistakenly)toldhimto.

TheFedExrulingcouldbeanaberration,oritcouldmarkanewdirection.ThejusticesmayhavebeenchastenedbytheenormouscriticismoftheGoodyearrulingfromCongressandthepublic.(TheHousehaspassedabillreversingit,andtheSenatemaysoonfollow.)Theymayalsobereacting—asthecourthasbeenknowntodo—toshiftingpoliticalwinds.Votersinthiselectionyeardonotappeartofavortheblinddeferencetocorporatepowerthathasbeenathemeofthelastsevenyears.

Itwouldbeamistaketoreadtoomuchintoonedecision.Thereiscertainlyevidencethecourtwillnoteasilyshakeitsunduesolicitudefortheproblemsofcorporations.Oneexamplecamelastweek,inExxon'schallengetoa$2.5billionpunitivedamagesawardagainstitarisingoutoftheExxonValdezoilspill.

ChiefJusticeJohnRoberts,whooncepracticedcorporatelaw,asked,"Sowhatcanacorporationdotoprotectitselfagainstpunitivedamagesawardssuchasthis?"Thecourthasbeenonacampaigntostrikedownlargeawardsofpunitivedamagesagainstcorporations,butthelawyerfortheoilspill'svictims,ProfessorJeffreyFisherofStanfordLawSchool,hadtheanswer:"Itcanhirefitandcompetentpeople."

1.Whatcouldbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphofthispassage?

2.Inthesecondparagraph,theauthorusestheexampleofFedExcouriers'caseto（）.

3.Theword"egregious"inthefourthparagraphmostprobablymeans（）.

4.Fromthelasttwoparagraphs,wecandrawtheconclusionthat（）.

5.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthecourt'sverdictintheFedExcaseseemstobe（）

問題1選項

A.TheSupremeCourtseemedlikelytosupporttheemployees.

B.Courtsseemedlikelytoruleforcompaniesoverworkersandconsumers.

C.Agroupofemployeesfailedontheiraccusationbecausetheyfiledtheircomplaintonthewrongform.

D.AgroupofworkersgottheirholidaysfromtheverdictoftheSupremeCourt.

問題2選項

A.showitissurprisingthatthecourtappliedanysortofpermissivestandard

B.expressthatthepublicwelcometheapplicationofanysortofpermissivestandardbythecourt.

C.showthatFedExtriedtopushoutoldworkers

D.indicatethatthecourthaschangedsomeconventions

問題3選項

A.extremelybad

B.verysimilar

C.extravagant

D.quitenoticeable

問題4選項

A.thecourthasbeenonacampaigntoprotectthecorporations

B.thecourthasbeenonacampaigntoverdictforworkersandconsumers

C.thecourtwillnoteasilygiveupitssolicitudefortheproblemsofthecompanies

D.thecourtwillstillverdictforthecompaniesregardlessoftheFedExcase

問題5選項

A.cautiouslyoptimistic

B.suspicious

C.dissatisfied

D.indifferent

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.推斷題。根據文章第一段，“…thiscourtcouldbepullingbackfromwhathasoftenseemedlikeaknee-jerkinclinationtoruleforcorporationsoverworkersandcustomers.”，可知最高法院可能會撤回一種下意識的傾向，轉而為企業而非員工和客戶做出裁決。可推斷出法院似乎會支持員工。選項A符合題意。

2.推斷題。根據文章第三段第一句，“Itissurprisingandwelcometoseethecourtapplyanysortofpermissivestandard,consideringhowitruledinasimilarcasejustlastyear.”，可知考慮到最高法院去年在一起類似案件中是如何做出裁決的，它會采用任何一種寬容的標準，這令人驚訝，也令人歡迎。又因為此句是對第二段