虛擬語氣第1頁1.主從句謂語動詞時態(1)掌握主從句謂語動詞規范搭配:主句從句與現在事實相反would/情態動詞過去式+dowere(不分人稱)/did與過去事實相反would/情態動詞過去式+havedonehaddone與未來事實相反would/情態動詞過去式+doshoulddo/weretodo第2頁真題舉例：1.Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreifthere_____quitesuchacrowdpeoplethere.（00,49）A.weren’t

B.hasn’tbeen

C.hadn’tbeen

D.

wouldn’tbe[C]

第3頁Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English_____mucheasiertolearn.(09,52)A.couldhavebeenB.wouldbeC.willbeD.wouldhavebeen[B]_____forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.(02,60）A.HaditnotbeenB.Hadn’titbeenC.WasitnotD.Wereitnot[A]第4頁(2)區分主從句表示不一樣時間概念：主從句謂語動詞所指時間不一樣，這叫做錯綜時間條件句，動詞形式應依據實際情況來調整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句與現在事實相反，從句與過去事實相反)HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句與現在事實相反，從句與過去事實相反)第5頁真題舉例：1.HadJudybeenmorecarefulonthemathsexam,she_____muchbetterresultsnow.(08,52)A.wouldbegettingB.couldhavegotC.mustgetD.wouldget[D]2._____ifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand?(04,54)A.WouldyoubesurprisedB.WereyousurprisedC.HadyoubeensurprisedD.Wouldyouhavebeensurprised[A]第6頁(3)識別事實和假設混合句：Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子前半部分為假設情況，而“父母病了”是事實)

Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半部分為假設，后半部分是事實)第7頁真題舉例：1.Hewouldhavefinishedhiscollegeeducation,buthe_____toquitandfindajobtosupporthisfamily.（07,60）A.hadhadB.hasC.hadD.wouldhave[C]第8頁2.名詞性從句虛擬形式從句謂語動詞需用(should+)動詞原形表示虛擬。

(1)以下表示提議、提議、命令、驚奇、不滿等動詞做謂語時，that賓語從句中動詞用虛擬形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,propose,prefer,urge,vote。第9頁(2)以下形容詞和分詞做表語或補語時，that主語從句中動詞用虛擬形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested,surprised。如：Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.第10頁真題舉例：1.ItisabsolutelyessentialthatWilliam____hisstudyinspiteofsomelearningdifficulties.(07,65)A.willcontinueB.continuedC.continueD.continues[C]2.Itisimperativethatthegovernment_____moreinvestmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.(06.59)A.attractsB.shallattractC.attractD.hastoattract[C]第11頁3.Itisimperativethatstudents_____theirtermpapersontime.(o4,56）A.handinB.wouldhandinC.havetohandinD.handedin[A]4.Itisnecessarythathe_____theassignmentwithoutdelay.(10,60)A.handinB.handsinC.musthandinD.hastohandin[A]第12頁5.Iamsurprised____thiscityisadullplacetolivein.(,57)A.thatyoushouldthink B.bywhatyouarethinkingC.thatyouwouldthink D.withwhatyouwerethinking[A]第13頁(3)以下名詞接同位語從句或表語從句時，從句中動詞用虛擬形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如：JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.第14頁真題舉例

Heleftordersthatnothing___toucheduntilthepolicearrivedhere.(97,43)A.shouldbeB.oughttobeC.mustbeD.wouldbe[A]第15頁Iwish+that用于wish后面從句，表示與事實相反情況，或表示未來不太可能實現愿望。其賓語從句動詞形式為：第16頁真實情況Wish后從句動作與主句動作同時發生現在時過去時（be過去式為were）從句動作先于主句動作發生過去時過去完成時（had+過去分詞）未來不大可能實現愿望未來時would/could+動詞原形第17頁IwishIwereastallasyou.我希望和你一樣高。

Hewishedhehadn’tsaidthat.他希望他沒講那樣話。

Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。第18頁3.含蓄虛擬條件句謂語動詞形式

含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設條件不經過if從句表示，而是暗含在其它結構中。(1)連詞but,butthat,or,orelse；副詞otherwise,unfortunately等表示轉折假設。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.Iusedmycalculator;otherwise

I’dhavetakenmuchlonger.第19頁(2)介詞短語暗含假設條件，慣用有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：Butforyourtimelyadvice,Iwouldneverhaveknownhowtogoaboutthework.（94年）Thestormdelayedus.Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime.Withoutyourtimelyhelp,mydaughterwouldhavedrowned.

第20頁(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式普通式暗示虛擬語氣。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情態動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.第21頁真題舉例：1.You___Jimanythingaboutit.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.(00,48)

A.needn’thavetold

B.needn’ttell

C.mustn’thavetold

D.mustn’ttell[A]2.Aren'tyoutired?I____youhaddoneenoughfortoday.(09,61)A.shouldhavethoughtB.musthavethoughtC.mighthavethoughtD.couldhavethought[A]

第22頁3.You_____Markanything.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.(98,52)A.needn’thavetoldB.needn’ttellC.mustn’thavetoldD.mustn’ttell[A]第23頁4.慣用虛擬形式句型

(1)從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式表示虛擬句型：wouldrather

wouldassoon

asthough

suppose…hadrather

wouldsooner

asif

supposing…Ifonly…

Itis(high)timethat…(從句中動詞只用過去式)第24頁Iwouldratherhavecoffeethantea.---Johnwantstoseeyoutoday.---Iwouldratherhecametomorrowthantoday.I’dratheryouhadn’ttoldmeaboutit.I'djustassoonworkathomeandnothavethehassleofthesubwayeverymorning.

Iwouldjustassoonyoudidn'tdrivethecarwhileI’mgone.第25頁(2)Ifitwerenotfor…(與現在事實相反)

Ifithadnotbeenfor…(與過去事實相反)相當于butfor。如：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded._____forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.(02,60）A.HaditnotbeenB.Hadn’titbeenC.WasitnotD.Wereitnot[A]第26頁(4)lest/forfearthat/incase從句謂語用(should+)動詞原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.第27頁Lest使用方法Lestconj.用于fear,beafraid之后,等于that所連接狀語從句里慣用should或原形動詞以免；生怕；唯恐例子：Becarefullestyoufallfromthattree.要當心,以免從樹上摔下來。Iwasafraidlesthemightcometoolate.我怕他來得太晚。lest從句普通要用虛擬語氣，形式是“should+動詞原形”或省掉should。forfearthat和incase從句普通用虛擬語氣，但有時也能夠用陳說語氣。incase+主語+動詞可跟在陳說句或命令句后面：lest除在較正式書面英語中出現外，普通不慣用。Iobeyedherlestsheshouldbeangry.我得順著她，省得她生氣。第28頁讓步狀語從句中虛擬語氣Though,if,evenif,eventhough,whatever,however,grantedthat

等連接代詞或副詞引導讓步狀語從句中能夠使用虛擬語氣，不過主句普通用直陳語氣。Eg:Howeverdangerousitmightbe,Iwouldhaveatry.

Wewon’tchangeourplaneveniftherumorbetrue.第29頁（2）在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever，wherever，however，nomatterwh-word等引導讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結構為：①may+動詞原形（指現在或未來）。如：

Wewillfinishitontimenomatterwhat/whatevermayhappen.不論發生什么事，我們都要按時完成。

Wewillfindhimwherever/nomatterwherehemaybe.不論他在哪里，我們都要找到他。

第30頁②may+完成式（指過去），主句結構不限。如：

Youmustn’tbeproudwhatever/nomatterwhatgreatprogressyoumayhavemade.不論你取得了多么大進步，你也不能驕傲（from）。

Wemustrespecthimnomatterwhat/whatevermistakeshemayhavemade.不論他翻過什么錯誤，我們必須尊敬他。

第31頁（3）在though，although等引導讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結構為should+動詞原形，主句結構不限。如：

Although/Thoughheshouldoftenbelate，heisagoodstudent.盡管他經常遲到，他還是個好學生。

Although/Thoughheshouldbesecretary，hemustobeytherules.盡管他是書記，他也必須恪守要求。第32頁Though和as區分1、as引導讓步狀語從句時必須倒裝，而though引導讓步狀語從句時能夠倒裝也能夠不倒裝。

如：即使很晚了，但我們還是繼續工作。正：Lateas[though]itwas,westillwentonworking.正：Though[Although]itwaslate,westillwentonworking.誤：Latealthoughitwas,westillwentonworking.誤：Asitwaslate,westillwentonworking.第33頁2、though能夠放在主句后面，用逗號隔開，as不能夠。Strangethoughitmaysound,Iwaspleaseditwasover.=Iwaspleaseditwasover，strangethoughitmaysound.第34頁(5)whether…or…有時謂語用be原形，引導讓步虛擬從句，這種使用方法經常采取倒裝結構。如：Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.第35頁3、在“開放式條件句”(通常表示一個極可能發生事情)和讓步狀語從句中should是被省略了。在這種情況下，假如if省略，動詞be與主語位置要倒裝。如：

⑴、Ifanypersonbeguiltyofacrime,thecourtshallhavetherighttoappeal.(任何人犯罪，法院有權起訴。)

Beanypersonguiltyofacrime,thecourtshallhavetherighttoappeal.

第36頁⑵、Whethersheberightorwrong,shewillhavemysupport.(不論她是對還是錯，我都會支持她。)

Besherightorwrong,shewillhavemysupport.注意：假如條件從句為否定式，要將not置于主語之后，而不置于主語之前。比如：要不是我親眼所見，我都不會相信了。誤：Hadn’tIseenitwithmyowneyes,Iwouldnothavebelievedit.正：HadInotseenitwithmyowneyes,Iwouldnothavebelievedit.第37頁wouldrather(than)使用方法

一、wouldrather意思是“寧愿、寧可、更、最好、還是為好”，后接動詞原形,常省略為’drather，表示優先選擇一個方式

其否定形式是wouldrathernotdosth。wouldrather沒有些人稱和數改變，全部人稱一律用wouldrather。第38頁“wouldrather+動詞原形”是英語中常見一個慣用句式，美國英語中多用hadrather。would(had)在此決無“過去”之意，它是一個情態助動詞，且無詞性、時態改變。例：Ifyou’dratherbealone,we’llallleavehere.假如你寧愿獨自呆著，那我們都離開這兒。He’dratherworkinthecountryside.他寧可到農村去工作。第39頁二、假如在二者中進行取舍，表示“寧愿……而不愿……，與其……寧可……”意思時，則可用wouldrather…than…或would…ratherthan…句型例：

IwouldratherwatchTVathomethangotothecinema.我寧可在家看電視而不愿去看電影。Thechildrenwouldwalkthereratherthantakeabus.孩子們寧愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽車。第40頁請注意:1）wouldrather…than…/would…ratherthan…也能夠顛倒為：ratherthan…would…。Would(rather)和than后都接不帶to動詞不定式，若選取動詞相同，那么than后動詞能夠省略。例:Iwouldratherhavenoodlesthanrice.我寧愿吃面條也不吃米飯。Ratherthanworkinsuchbadcondition,hewouldgiveup.與其在這么差條件下工作，他寧愿放棄。第41頁2)使用wouldrather…than…句型時要注意“平行結構”，即在than前后要用兩個同類詞或詞組，如兩個名詞、兩個不定式、兩個介詞短語等。

例:Iwouldrathergotoworkbybikethanbybus.我寧愿騎自行車也不愿乘公共汽車去上班。Iwouldrathertalkwithhismotherthanwithhisfather.我寧愿和他媽說話而不愿和他爸說話。

第42頁三、在疑問句式中，wouldrather與wouldrather…than…中would要放在主語之前

例Wouldyouratherstayhereorgohome?你愿意呆在這里，還是回家？Whichwouldyouratherhave,applesorbananas?你喜歡吃蘋果還是香蕉？Wouldyouratherreadanovelthanreadapoem?你寧愿看小說而不愿朗誦詩歌嗎？

第43頁四、wouldrather/sooner和prefer/wouldprefer區分:wouldrather和wouldsooner之間普通沒有區分，但經常接觸到是wouldrather。

例:Tomwouldrather/soonerreadthantalk．湯姆寧可讀書而不愿談天。

Tomprefersreadingtotalking．湯姆喜歡讀書而不喜歡談天。第44頁請注意:1）wouldrather后跟不帶to不定式+than+不帶to不定式，而prefer后跟動名詞+to+動名詞。有時prefer后面也可跟名詞。例:Hepreferswinetobeer．=Hewouldratherdrinkwinethanbeer．他喜歡喝紅葡萄酒而不喜歡喝啤酒。Iprefertennistogolf．=I’dratherplaytennisthangolf．我喜歡打網球而不喜歡打高爾夫球。第45頁

2）一些prefer+名詞情況不能用wouldrather完全確切地表示出來：例：Heprefersdogstocats．（他喜歡狗而不喜歡貓。）和Hewouldratherhavedogsthancats．（他寧可養狗而不愿養貓。）很顯著，這兩句意思并不完全相同。第46頁3）wouldrather+不帶to不定式有時可代替wouldprefer+帶to不定式。例：

I’dratherflythangobysea．=I’dprefertofly．我寧愿乘飛機也不愿乘船。這兩個結構后面帶名詞時情況也一樣：例：Wouldyoulikesomegin？—I’dpreferacoffee．=I’dratherhavecoffeethangin．—您想喝點杜松子酒嗎？—我想喝點咖啡。/我想喝點咖啡，不想喝杜松子酒。第47頁4）wouldrather/sooner和wou