1、王 勇華中師范大學外國王勇語學院wangyongfl2012124語言的形式和功能：功能主義視角一、引言：形式和功能鳥喙的形狀是鳥類隨著時間的推移，逐漸適應環境的一個典型例子。鳥類的喙主要用來獲取食物捕食、叼住、撕咬以及從水中過濾食物，有時也用于攀登、修飾、爭斗和筑巢。2鳥喙每種鳥的捕食習慣都與它們喙的形狀和大小有著直接的關系。鳥喙的多樣化使得它們適合吃不同的生物，3紅牡丹鸚鵡喙短鈍，先端具利鉤，利于剝食種子。金背啄木鳥喙鑿狀，啄食昆蟲4鳥喙鳥腿的最大差異體現在腳趾的形態組合和數量的變化上。游泳型行走型棲樹型抓握撕裂型攀爬型5鳥足工具及其用途仿生學 （bionics）語言學中的形式主義和功能主

2、義形式和功能78二、語言學中的形式主義和功能主義There are many ways of describing the grammar of a language. Formal approach sees grammar as a set of rules which specify all the possible grammatical structures of the language.Grammatical vs. ungrammatical sentences. Their primary concern is with the forms of grammatical st

3、ructures and their relationship to one another, rather than with their meanings or their uses in different contexts.Passive vs. active 10二、語言學中的形式主義和功能主義Formalism: Language should be examined as an autonomous subject.Linguistic structure can be investigated entirely in its own terms without taking i

4、nto account the use to which it is put.11二、語言學中的形式主義和功能主義FunctionalismLanguage is not a self-sufficient entity, but that it has an essentially instrumental character.It is used in and indeed to serve human interaction.Active vs. Passive12二、語言學中的形式主義和功能主義Functional linguistics studies language in use

5、. Langue vs. Parole Competence vs. PerformanceMethodologyFunctionalism: external, corpus-based, inductive; Formalism: internal, speculation, intuition-drivenIntra-organism vs. inter-organism. 14二、語言學中的形式主義和功能主義Formalism: Sapir, Bloomfield: the structuralist schoolChomsky: generative grammarFunctiona

6、lism: Hjelmslev: The Prague School, Firth and the London School, Sidney LambPike and tagmemics15二、功能語言學的主要流派：歐洲 Collocation“You shall judge a word by the company it keeps.”ContextSituational context:The speaker and hearerThe actions they are performing at the timeVarious external objects and eventsD

7、eictic featuresLinguistic Context 17二、功能語言學的主要流派：歐洲 Copenhagen SchoolHjelmslev, Two levels: expression plane vs. content planeFrench School: Martinet (two principles: economy and realism), Kristeva (intertextuality) Dutch School: Simon Dik Russian School: Bakhtin theory of heterogloss18二、功能語言學的主要流派：

8、美國 19二、功能語言學的主要流派：美國 Discourse grammar：Chafe (Giveness, Contrastivenss, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics and Points of View)Princes information theory, Sandra A. Thompson: 主語突出性語言和主題突出性語言Thompson and Mann: Rhetoric structure theoryTalmy GivonPeter Fries 202. Main schools in functional linguistics 修辭結構

9、理論，該理論是由William C. Mann 和Sandra A. Thompson提出的，用于描寫篇章的功能和結構的理論。這些功能和結構使語篇成為人類交際的有效的和可理解的工具。他們認為，語篇結構的研究需考慮在語篇范圍內、以某種方式相聯系的各個部分及其關系。其基本假設包括：衛道真：篇章語言學，中國社會科學出版社，20021) 篇章是由功能明顯的各個部分組成的; 2)語篇既具整體性又具連續性，因為篇章中所有的部分都是為作者的某個目的服務的; 3) 某個語篇的基本成分組成了較大的單位，這個較大的單位組成更大的單位，這樣，整個篇章便形成了等級; 二、功能語言學的主要流派：美國 Tagmemics

10、: PikeCognitive grammar: Langacker, Lakoff, JohnsonLanguage typology: Greenberg, Comrie, CroftWord order, adposition and OV, NDem NRel24這種蘊含共性的級差是有其解剖學依據的。光線的不同波長對應不同的顏色，并在人的視覺系統中引自不同的反應。黑白兩種顏色對比最鮮明，對人的視覺系統的刺激最為明顯，紅色引起的刺激反應次之，再次之的是綠色或黃色，等等。世界諸語言中顏色詞呈現這種級差分布是人們的視覺神經系統的工作原理決定的。三、系統功能語言學Halliday （Syste

11、mic Functional Linguistics）Meaning and form, choice is meaning I love(d) him.She is my girl friend. Is or was？He/she/it (when referring to a pet/animal)27三、系統功能語言學1927年10月3日，許廣平和魯迅在上海開始共同生活。小學生閱讀材料“(民國)十六年，與番禹許廣平女士同居。”許廣平據調查，某村去年就有對未婚青年，在雙雙外出打工期間非法同居，生了孩子后才回鄉領取結婚證，舉行婚禮。28Cheney Hunting Accident Feb.

12、 11 2006Cheney shot Whittington (by accident).Cheney: Ultimately Im the guy who pulled the trigger that fired the round that hit Harry.Bush: He heard a bird flush, and he turned and pulled the trigger and saw his friend get wounded. 29三、系統功能語言學SystemContext FunctionStructureStratification30三、系統功能語言學

13、：系統A system is a set of options with an entry condition: that is to say, a set of things of which one must be chosen, together with a statement of the conditions under which the choice is available. (Halliday 1976: 3)It is the system that formalizes the notion of choice in language. (ibid)31三、系統功能語言

14、學：系統32The System of 2nd Person in Chinese33The System of 3rd Person in Chinese34性別gender第三人稱third person數number陽性(masc.)陰性(fem.)中性(neut.)復數(plur.)單數(sing.) 三、系統功能語言學：功能Experiential functionInterpersonal functionTextual function He broke the window yesterday.35Structure 三、系統功能語言學：結構36三、系統功能語言學：三種主語Lo

15、gical subject: He broke the window The window was broken by himGrammatical subjectPsychological subject37三、系統功能語言學：層次Context of culture: genreContext of situation: registerContext of co-text: lexico-grammar Sound/Writing3839expression:phoneticsexpression:phonologycontent:lexico-grammarcontent:semant

16、icscontextStratification (from H&M 2004: 25)40四、功能語言學的應用Discourse analysisStylisticsLanguage learning/teachingCritical discourse analysisContrastive linguistics, typology, translationLanguage description41Discourse AnalysisIt (IFG) was being written specifically for those who are studying grammar fo

17、r purposes of text analysis, (IFG: f36)The aim has been to construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis: one that would make it possible to say sensible and useful things about any text, spoken or written in modern English. (ibid: f41)42IFG: f42The current preoccupation is with discourse analys

18、is, or “text linguistics”, and it is sometimes assumed that this can be carried on without grammar or even that it is somehow an alternative to grammar. But this is an illusion. A discourse analysis that is not based on grammar is not an analysis at all, but simply a running commentary on a text43IF

19、G: F41In any piece of discourse analysis, there are always two possible levels of achievement to aim at: One is a contribution to the understanding of the textThe higher level achievement is a contribution to the evaluation of the text: the linguistic analysis may enable one to say what the text is,

20、 or is not, an effective text for its own purposes. 44Unit 4 Closing Door on a Home新編綜合英語（3） Over the next seven years, they little house became a home, as they filled every room with memories Everything elicit memory In a corner of the second bedroom, their child said her first word. The front door

21、 painted red for good luck.The window where their now 3-year-old daughter, Lily, waved goodbye to her father every morning and waited for him every night. 45Everywhere she turns, she cant help but see moments from the past. There is the spot under the red maple tree where Tommy and Lily sat on summe

22、r evenings and watched the wind in the leaves. Here is the side yard where, after Beths father dies, she planted garden in his memory.46五、功能語言學與語篇分析Experiential functionSix process typesMaterialMentalRelationalVerbalBehavioral Existential47Linguistic Function and Literary Style: An Inquiry into the

23、Language of William Goldings The Inheritors48In our interpretation, someone held up a bow and drew it.In Loks interpretationa stick rose upright and began to grow shorter at both ends.it shot out to full length againThe dead tree by Loks ear acquired a voice4.1 經驗功能5.1 經驗功能5.1 經驗功能Shaka: King of the

24、 ZuluIf his warriors could not run 50 miles a day, they died; if they were unable to dance barefoot on a carpet of jungle thorns, they died; They diedThey would be killed by his slayers. Dont move, or you die49Judy Brady: Why I Want a WifeI want a wife who will take care of the details of my social

25、life. When my wife and I are invited out by my friends, I want a wife who will take care of the baby-sitting arrangements. When I meet people at school that I like and want to entertain, I want a wife who will have the house clean, will prepare a special meal, serve it to me and my friends, and not

26、interrupt when I talk about things that interest me and my friends. I want a wife who will have arranged that the children are fed and ready for bed before my guests arrive so that the children do not bother us. I want a wife who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable, wh

27、o makes sure that they have an ashtray, that they are passed the hors doeuvres, that they are offered a second helping of the food, that their wine glasses are replenished when necessary, that their coffee is served to them as they like it. And I want a wife who knows that sometimes I need a night o

28、ut by myself.50I want a wife who will take care of the details of my social life. When my wife and I are invited out by my friends, I want a wife who will take care of the baby-sitting arrangements. When I meet people at school that I like and want to entertain, I want a wife who will have the house

29、 clean, will prepare a special meal, serve it to me and my friends, and not interrupt when I talk about things that interest me and my friends. I want a wife who will have arranged that the children are fed and ready for bed before my guests arrive so that the children do not bother us. I want a wif

30、e who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable, who makes sure that they have an ashtray, that they are passed the hors doeuvres, that they are offered a second helping of the food, that their wine glasses are replenished when necessary, that their coffee is served to them

31、as they like it. And I want a wife who knows that sometimes I need a night out by myself.51I want a wife who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable, who makes sure that they have an ashtray, that they are passed the hors doeuvres, that they are offered a second helping of

32、 the food, that their wine glasses are replenished when necessary, that their coffee is served to them as they like it.52I want a wife to be invisible鳥宿池邊樹，僧 月下門。文字上的“推敲”實際上是意義的推敲。53推敲5.2 人際功能Interpersonal function Speaker expresses his/her attitude to or opinion about the proposition or proposal. J

33、ohn is at home.John is certainly at home.545.2 人際功能YesNoJohn is at home.John is certainly at home.John is probably at home.John may / may not be at home.John is certainly not at home.John is not at home.555.2 人際功能Unit 10 Keep Class 2 under Your ThumbI managed to make out that mixed up with these gia

34、nts was a certain amount of furniture. There were certainly fights going on; and I believe one desk was chasing another. I cant recall much in particular what they were doing; indeed, that was the worst of it that these improprieties couldnt be nailed down.5.2 人際功能May I come in?Do you allow me to co

35、me in?Can I help you?What do you want?I think we are lost, are we?57漢語中的情態系統*這個可以有。這個可能有。58Some Subject Variation Devices59It was reported that It is said that a girl is not eligible for marriage until she can cook a perfect bowl of rice.It is possible that a failure to distinguish between the two s

36、exes can explain the lack of agreement.There should be another one like this.There are a lot of discussion about what will happen next.the so-called dummy subject嬋娟罵宋玉“你是沒有骨氣的文人！”“你這沒有骨氣的文人！”郭沫若劇本朱光潛咬文嚼字605.3 語篇功能Thematic structureInformation structureCohesionHalliday and Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in En

37、glishthe, this, that615.3 語篇功能62ThemeRhemeHere the Greek man can spend hours over a small cup of coffeeThe Greek man can spend hours over a small cup of coffee hereIt took the Greek man hoursto drink a small cup of coffee hereHours can be spent over a small cup of coffee hereOver a small cup of coffeethe Greek man can spend hours here5.3 語篇功能63The coffee house serves as a home away from home. Here the Greek man can spend hours over a small cup of coffee5.3 語篇功能64The coffee house serves as a home away from home. Here