1、第二部分 閱讀理解第一節 閱讀理解專題五 推理判斷高考英語 北京專用一、以文章中的細節為依據進行判斷判斷是指對已知的事實仔細評價之后做出的合理的決定。這里所說的合理的決定,并非指唯一的決定。對同一事實所做的判斷可能不止一個。譬如,兩個人都對某天早晨的陰天做了觀察,一個人可能會做出天要下雨的判斷,出門時帶了雨傘;而另一個判斷天將放晴,因此出門時沒帶雨傘。誰的判斷是正確的,只有等未來的天氣變化后才能得到驗證。人們不僅在生活中需要進行判斷,在閱讀中同樣需要進行判斷。在閱讀中判斷,一定要以材料提供的事實為依據,做出的判斷要合乎情理。閱讀判斷的方法和步驟如下:方法技巧1.通過辨認細節的技巧,了解并理解有

2、關的事實或證據。2.對這些事實或證據進行分析和評價。3.在分析和評價的基礎上做合理的決定。有時需要借助常識做決定。例The brown bear approached the family in order to.A.catch shore birdsB.start an attack C.protect the childrenD.set up a barrier for itself(原文)The Brown BearMy wife Laura and I were on the beach,with three of our children,taking pictures of sho

3、re birds near our home in Alaska when we spotted a bear.The bear was thin and small,moving aimlessly.Just a few minutes later,I heard my daughter shouting,“Dad!The bear is right behind us!”An aggressive bear will usually rush forward to frighten away its enemy but would suddenly stop at the last min

4、ute.This one was silent and its ears pinned backthe sign(跡象)of an animal that is going in for the kill.And it was a cold April day.The bear behaved abnormally,probably because of hunger.I held my camera tripod(三腳架)in both hands to form a barrier as the bear rushed into me.Its huge head was level wit

5、h my chest and shoulders,and the tripod stuck across its mouth.It bit down and I found myself supporting its weight.I knew I would not be able to hold it for long.分析根據文章第二段第二句和第三句 An aggressive bear will usually rush forward to frighten away its enemy but would suddenly stop at the last minute. This

6、 one was silent and its ears pinned backthe sign of an animal that is going in for the kill. 可以判斷出這頭熊接近這家人是要展開攻擊,故選擇B項。文中所描述的細節很清晰地闡述了熊的行為,但由于問題和選項的設置,需要考生將細節進行處理做出簡單判斷才能獲取正確答案。二、緊扣文章主旨進行推理推論不同于判斷。盡管二者都以事實為依據,但推論超越了已知的事實,是對未知所做的陳述。假如一個司機發現馬路前方圍著一大群人,他就會對此(已知的事實)做出發生了車禍的推論;如果他發現馬路前方有一個小孩在玩皮球,他必須立即做出緊

7、急剎車或從側面繞過去的判斷。在閱讀中,讀者要從文字的表面深入到字里行間,理解所讀的內容,悟出作者的言外之意。只有對字面的含義有了深刻的理解,方可推斷出作者未明確說出來的意思、作者的態度及寫作的意圖等。下面舉幾個文學作品的例子,說明如何在閱讀中做推論。(1).The young man quickly answered,“Yes,sir.”從“quickly”和“Yes,sir.”可以推論出,說話者似乎態度謙卑,甚至有點誠惶誠恐。(2)“.Lots of people think Im just a green kid(child).Ill show them.”green原意為“綠色的”,由此

8、引申為“不成熟的”,green kid可以理解為“毛孩子”。從“Ill show them.”可推論出兩層意思:“許多人認為我只是個毛孩子,我要做個樣子讓他們看看。”(表示很自信);“許多人認為我只是個毛孩子,我要給他們一點顏色看看。”(威脅的口氣)(3)When the phone finally rang,Joe leaped from the edge(邊緣)of his chair and grabbed(搶,抓)for it.在這段材料中,有幾個能引發聯想的關鍵詞語:finally,leaped,edge以及grabbed。“finally”這個詞暗示Joe 等電話已多時了。“lea

9、ped”和“grabbed”暗示他緊張而迫不及待的心情。“from the edge of his chair”暗示他坐臥不安地期待著。讀者從上述關鍵詞語可以推論出作者的真正意圖是說明這個電話很重要。如果作者不制造懸念,而采用直接描寫的手法(如下所示),就會平鋪直敘,激發不出讀者的想象力,文章也就失去了感染力。 Joe was very nervous and anxious as he waited for an important phone.Unable to relax for a moment,he sat on the edge of his chair.When the phon

10、e rang,Joe reached for it.讀者應該記住,推論一定要緊扣文章中提供的事實和證據。離開文章中的事實,曲解文章的事實,或對文章的事實缺乏全面的了解,都可能會做出不合理的推論。如: The old man staggered(搖搖晃晃地走)along the sidewalk.He grabbed at the picket fence to keep from falling.His torn gray overcoat swayed open in the winter wind.粗心的讀者可能會從“staggered”,“grabbed.from falling” 推斷

11、出這個老人喝醉了。但這種推論缺乏足夠的證據,因為讀者忽略了“His torn gray overcoat.in the winter wind.”這一事實。事實上,作者描寫了一幅凄涼的情景。合理的推論應該是:這個老人上了年紀,貧病交加,身體很虛弱。在做閱讀題時,經常能夠遇到推理判斷題,幫助學生解題的一個重要方法就是緊扣文章的主旨,這樣所做出的推斷才是合理且與文章的中心思想相符的。例The story of Grace inspires people to.A.stick to their dreamsB.treat animals friendlyC.treasure what they ha

12、veD.face difficulties bravely(原文)Tail SpinTwo dolphins race around in a big pool in the Ocean Park.The smaller dolphin,Grace,shows off a few of her tricks,turning around and waving hello to the crowd.The most amazing thing about her,however,is that shes even swimming at all.She doesnt have a tail.Gr

13、ace lost her tail as a baby when she got caught up in a fish trap.When the dolphin arrived at the Ocean Park in December 2005,she was fighting for her life.“Is she going to make it?”Her trainer,Abbey Stone,feared the worst.Grace did make itbut her tail didnt.She ended up losing her flukes and the lo

14、wer part of her peduncle.Over the past six years,she has learned to swim without her tail.Dolphins swim by moving their flukes and peduncle up and down.Grace taught herself to move another waylike a fish!She pushes herself forward through the water by moving her peduncle from side to side.The moveme

15、nts put harmful pressure on Graces backbone.So a company offered to create a man-made tail for her.The tail had to be strong enough to stay on Grace as she swam but soft enough that it wouldnt hurt her.The first time Grace wore the artificial tail,she soon shook it off and let it sink to the bottom

16、of the pool.Now,she is still learning to use the tail.Some days she wears it for an hour at a time,others not at all.“The new tail isnt necessary for her to feel comfortable,”says Stone,“but it helps to keep that range of motion(動作)and build muscles(肌肉).”Now,the dolphin is about to get an even happi

17、er ending.This month,Grace will star in Dolphin Tale,a film that focuses on her rescue and recovery.Her progress has inspired more than just a new movie.Many people travel from near and far to meet her.Seeing Grace swim with her man-made tail gives people so much courage.分析通過審題我們可以看出此題需要考生通過對全文的理解抓住

18、主旨,然后再針對作者的寫作目的進行合理推斷。文中的海豚Grace在面對困難時沒有放棄,而是勇敢地面對和克服困難,這讓讀者通過Grace的故事受到了啟發,就像文章最后一句寫到的那樣:“Seeing Grace swim with her man-made tail gives people so much courage.”,所以緊扣主旨可以推測出本題選擇D項。三、準確推測作者的觀點態度在一篇文章中,不管作者對某一觀點是支持、反對還是中立,是同情、冷漠還是失望,是批評還是贊揚,主觀還是客觀,都表達了作者一定的觀點和態度。只是這些觀點、態度的提出有的直截了當,有的隱含在字里行間,有的通過所用詞語的

19、褒貶來體現,有的則需要通讀全文,把握主旨才能領會。一般情況下,所選的文章不帶有強烈的感情色彩,因此不會引起太大的爭議和分歧。有關作者觀點態度的試題可細分為作者態度題(支持或贊同;中立或客觀;懷疑、批評或反對)和作者觀點題(表明作者對某事物的觀點)。題干中的關鍵詞有attitude,opinion,tone等。其命題模式如下:(1)某一事物是好是壞,作者對它是支持還是反對,觀點都非常明確,而帶中立色彩的詞最不可能是正確答案。在問作者對某事物的態度時,表示“客觀”的詞多為正確選項,如:objective,impartial等;問作者對其提到的人或事的觀點時,答案只能是肯定或否定,支持或反對。如:c

20、ritical,approving,dis-approving,supporting等。(2)既然寫了文章,那么作者的態度就不可能是漠不關心的,因此見到indif-ferent,uninterested這類詞可以首先排除。(3)考生不要把自己的好惡態度混進去,要注意區分作者本人的態度和作者引用的觀點、態度。(4)當作者的態度沒有明確提出時,考生要學會根據作者使用詞語的褒貶性去判斷作者的態度,如:wonderful(ly),successful(ly),positive(ly),active(ly),negative(ly),unfortunate(ly),doubtful(ly)等。(5)區別

21、作者的觀點、態度與其他人的觀點、態度。文章中陳述的內容并非都是作者的觀點,作者引用別人的觀點時,是作為支持或抨擊的對象,因此別人的觀點是為了證明作者觀點的論據。作者的觀點一般與文章主旨相關聯。例What is the authors general attitude towards the book?A.Contradictory.B.Supportive.C.Cautious. D.Critical.(原文) Science has a lot of uses.It can uncover laws of nature,cure diseases,make bombs,and help br

22、idges to stand up.Indeed science is so good at what it does that theres always a temptation(誘惑)to drag it into problems where it may not be helpful.David Brooks,author of The Social Animal:The Hidden Sources of Love,Character,and Achievement,appears to be the latest in a long line of writers who hav

23、e failed to resist the temptation. Brooks gained fame for several books.His latest book The Social Animal,how-ever,is more ambitious and serious than his earlier books.It is an attempt to deal with a set of weighty topics.The book focuses on big questions:What has science revealed about human nature

24、?What are the sources of character?And why are some people happy and successful while others arent? To answer these questions,Brooks surveys a wide range of disciplines(學科).Considering this,you might expect the book to be a dry recitation of facts.But Brooks has structured his book in an unorthodox(

25、非常規的),and perhaps unfortunate,way.Instead of introducing scientific theories,he tells a story,within which he tries to make his points,perhaps in order to keep the readers attention.So as Harold and Erica,the hero and heroine in his story,live through childhood,we hear about the science of child dev

26、elopment,and as they begin to date we hear about the theory of sexual attraction.Brooks carries this through to the death of one of his characters. On the whole,Brookss story is acceptable if uninspired.As one would expect,his writing is mostly clear and,to be fair,some chapters stand out above the

27、rest.I enjoyed,for instance,the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters,the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brookss attempt to translate his tale into sc

28、ience.分析本文作者介紹了David Brooks寫的一本書,有些考生認為既然是介紹這本書,那么作者對所介紹的書就應該持支持態度。做題切不可主觀臆斷,一定要綜合全文,從字里行間盡可能多地尋找能夠體現作者觀點態度的表達。從文章第三段中的“But Brooks has structured his book in an un-orthodox, and perhaps unfortunate,way.”和最后一段可以看出作者對這本書的態度是批評的。注意:找文中帶有感情色彩的名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞,根據作者使用詞語的褒貶性來判斷作者的態度。一般來講,如果文中出現的褒義詞比較多,那么作者的觀點或態度往往是正面或積極的;如果文中出現的貶義詞較多,那么作者的觀點或態度往往是負面或消極的;如果文中沒有出現多少表示褒貶的詞語,通篇使用的都是中性詞語,那么作者的觀點或態度往往是中立的