1、Translation1Translation1漢英詞義對比英漢詞匯意義的對應程度，大致有以下三種情況1）詞義相符(semantic correspondence) 如: 山(mountain), 學生(student), 環境保護(environmental protection) 在尋找語義相符的對應語時,易犯逐詞翻譯的毛病,找到假對應詞,如: 學習知識 to learn knowledge (to acquire knowledge) 鹽水 salt water (salt solution) 2漢英詞義對比22)二.詞義相異(semantic non-correspondence) 詞

2、義相異有兩種情況.第一種是指稱意義相符,蘊涵意義相異. 松、梅、竹（歲寒三友，蘊含不畏唁函，傲然風雪的品德）然而，英語中pine trees, plum blossoms,bamboo不具備上述蘊含意義。 “羊”在古漢語中就是吉祥的意思.如“三羊開泰”(Three Rams Bring Bliss) ram 在英語中除表示 “公羊”外，還表示“撞擊裝置”。 32)二.詞義相異(semantic non-correspo第二種情況是指稱意義和蘊涵意義相異. phoenix(鳳凰): mythical bird of the Arabian desert, said to live for sev

3、eral hundred years before burning itself and then rising born again from its ashes “龍鳳呈祥”(Dragon and Phoenix Bringing Prosperity) 4第二種情況是指稱意義和蘊涵意義相異.43) 詞義空缺(semantic zero) 詞語意義的空缺是文化現象空缺的結果.翻譯是需要用音譯,意譯或其他方式表示其義. 糖葫蘆 Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of childrens favorite f

4、ood in winter 特困生 the most needy students 烏紗帽 an official post 站票 standing-room-only tickets 53) 詞義空缺(semantic zero)5錢先生周歲時 “抓周”,抓了一本書,因此得名 “鐘書”. When Qian was just one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things. Thereupon his father

5、 very gladly gave him the name: Zhongshu (=book lover). 6錢先生周歲時 “抓周”,抓了一本書,因此得名 “鐘書”.6錢先生周歲時 “抓周”,抓了一本書,因此得名 “鐘書”. When Qian was just one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things. Thereupon his father very gladly gave him the name:

6、 Zhongshu (=book lover). 7錢先生周歲時 “抓周”,抓了一本書,因此得名 “鐘書”.7 每年春季，數以萬計的中外客商云集申城，參加一年一度的華東出口品交易會。上海各類商品在這里與全國各地一比短長。上海的優勢在于科技實力，因此高技術產口的出口應成為上海外貿出口增長的排頭兵”。著名物理學家楊振寧教授曾說：高科技戰場是中國超越發達國家的主戰場，也是最后的戰場。”走發展高科技貿易之路，是歷史的必然，也是末來的需要。 8 每年春季，數以萬計的中外客商云集申城，參加一年一度的華中外客商domestic and foreign businessmen云集申城swarm into Sh

7、anghai華東出口品交易會East China Export Commodity Trade Fair一比短長compete9中外客商910大家應該也有點累了，稍作休息大家有疑問的，可以詢問和交流10大家應該也有點累了，稍作休息大家有疑問的，可以詢問和交流科技實力scientific and technological strength排頭兵take the lead in高科技戰場The high-tech battlefield超越overtake11科技實力11高科技貿易high-tech trade 必然indispensable12高科技貿易12每年春季，數以萬計的中外客商云集申城

8、，參加一年一度的華東出口品交易會。Every spring hundreds of thousands of domestic and foreign businessmen swarm into Shanghai to attend the annual East China Export Commodity Trade Fair. 13每年春季，數以萬計的中外客商云集申城，參加一年一度的華東出口上海各類商品在這里與全國各地一比短長。Here, all kinds of goods from Shanghai compete with the goods from other places

9、in China. 14上海各類商品在這里與全國各地一比短長。14上海的優勢在于科技實力，因此高技術產口的出口應成為上海外貿出口增長的排頭兵”。The advantage of Shanghai lies in its advanced scientific and technological strength, therefore the export of high-tech products should take the lead in increasing Shanghai s foreign trade and export. 15上海的優勢在于科技實力，因此高技術產口的出口應成為

10、上海外貿出著名物理學家楊振寧教授曾說：高科技戰場是中國超越發達國家的主戰場，也是最后的戰場。Professor Yang Zhenning, a famous physicist, once said, “The high-tech battlefield is the main and the last battlefield for China to overtake the developed countries.”16著名物理學家楊振寧教授曾說：高科技戰場是中國超越發達國家的主”走發展高科技貿易之路，是歷史的必然，也是末來的需要。It is not only indispensable

11、 in history, but also necessary in the future to develop by way of promoting high-tech trade.17”走發展高科技貿易之路，是歷史的必然，也是末來的需要。17 Every spring hundreds of thousands of domestic and foreign businessmen swarm into Shanghai to attend the annual East China Export Commodity Trade Fair. Here, all kinds of good

12、s from Shanghai compete with the goods from other places in China. The advantage of Shanghai lies in its advanced scientific and technological strength, therefore the export of high-tech products should take the lead in increasing Shanghai s foreign trade and export. Professor Yang Zhenning, a famou

13、s physicist, once said, “The high-tech battlefield is the main and the last battlefield for China to overtake the developed countries.”It is not only indispensable in history, but also necessary in the future to develop by way of promoting high-indispensable in history, but also necessary in the fut

14、ure to develop by way of promoting high-indispensable in history, but also necessary in the future to develop by way of promoting high-tech trade. 18 Every spring hundreds of 漢英句法對比漢語句子特點是“以意統形”.因而漢語的句法特征是意合(parataxis),強調邏輯關聯與意義關聯而不在意詞語之間和句際之間的形式銜接. 英語句子的特點是強調形式和功能,因而英語的句法特點是形合(hypotaxis).句子成分之間的關系要

15、求用形式標記表明. 請看下例: 19漢英句法對比191)我常見許多青年的朋友,2)聰明用功,3)成績優異,4)而語文程度不足以達意,5)甚至寫一封信亦難得通順,6)問其故則曰其興趣不在語文方面.201)我常見許多青年的朋友,2)聰明用功,3)成績優異,4)而倘若完全按原文的句法特征將其譯成英文,可能是: 1)I have come across a great many young friends, 2)Bright and diligent, 3)Do exceedingly well in studies, 4)but they are rather weak in Chinese, 5)

16、even cant write a smooth Chinese letter. 6)When asked why, theyll say they are not interested in Chinese.21倘若完全按原文的句法特征將其譯成英文,可能是:21I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them