1、TPO16R1: 史上最難TPOTradeandtheAncientMiddle【Paragraph1】Trade was the mainstay (中流砥柱) of the urban he Middle East, caravans negotiated the surrounding desert, restricted only by s to waterTPO16R1: 史上最難TPOTradeandtheAncientMiddle【Paragraph1】Trade was the mainstay (中流砥柱) of the urban he Middle East, carav

2、ans negotiated the surrounding desert, restricted only by s to water and mountain ranges. This has been so since ancient times, partly due to (因果邏輯詞后面是原因) the geology of the area, which is mostly limestone and sandstone, few (-) its of metallic ore and other useful materials. (否定對象) demands for obsi

3、dian (a black volcanic rock useful for making mirrors and tools) led to trade with Armenia to the north, while jade for cutting tools was brought from Turkistan, andtheprecious stonelapislazuliwasimportedfrom Afghanistan. Onetrace such expeditions back to ancient Sumeria, the st known Middle civiliz

4、ation. Records show merchant caravans and ts set up by Sumerians he surrounding mountains and deserts of Persia and Arabia, where they traded grain for raw materials, such as timber and stones, as well as for metals and 1. According to paragraph 1, why has trade been so important throughout the hist

5、ory of the Middle East.The rare and valuable metals and stones found alwaysbeeninhighdemandinsurroundingareas.iddle Eastern deserts Growing conditions throughout the Middle East are generally poor, forcing Middle Eastern people to depend on imported grain.Many useful and decorative raw materials can

6、not be found naturally in the Middle East but are available from neighboring regions.Frequent travel, dueto limited heMiddle East, created opportunitiesfortradewith neighboring 【Paragraph2】: :(1)blur& kinship Reliance on trade had several important . Production generally in the hands of skilled indi

7、vidual ng piecework under age (監護) of a master who was also the hese shops of were blurred (AW+) as artisans and masters labored side by he modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild and religious sect (教派別), he same neighborhoods, and often had med (or real) relationships (親屬關系).

8、The worker was bound to the master by a mutual (相互的t either one could repudiate, and the relationship was conceptualized one of Thewordhepassageisrespect=eaning3. According to paragraph 2, how did Middle Eastern shop owners treat their Workers were ed according to their skill level, with the most-in

9、g partial ownersofThewordhepassageisrespect=eaning3. According to paragraph 2, how did Middle Eastern shop owners treat their Workers were ed according to their skill level, with the most-ing partial ownersofthe ners treated different workers differently depending on how much workershad in commonwit

10、htheirWorkers were bound to their masters by unbreakable contracts defined the terms of their partnership.t The shop owner worked alongside the workers and often considered them partner and members of the family.【Paragraph3】: This mode of craft ideologically egalitarian erning production favored the

11、 growth of erning 主義的) craft guilds (手工業行會) (致整段不理解，一直以為guild是什么人) everywhere in the Middle Eastern These were essentially al t provided for the mutual aid protection of their members, and allowed for the enance of standards. The growth of independent guilds erning) was furthered by t surplus was no

12、t a result of domestic craft production but resulted ernational trading; ernment left working people ern as shepherds (牧師) of tribal confederacies () were left alone by leaders. In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-anizations for fellowship, worship, and t flourished in this

13、 eract with one laissez-faire 放任的) environment, individuals within a community of harmony and ideological equality, following their popularly elected leaders and minimizing distinctionsoferning themselves by shared consensus 4. The author includes the t surplus was not a result domestic craft produc

14、tion but resulted primarily from order toernational trading support the t the mode of production sible by the guildsvery goodfor contrast the economic base of the city ernment t of the providea reason why ernmentallowed theguildsto beself-the guildst ernment was missing out on a valuable opportunity

15、 to 5. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of the Middle Eastern craft guilds EXCEPT: （聽錄屏providea reason why ernmentallowed theguildsto beself-the guildst ernment was missing out on a valuable opportunity to 5. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of the Middl

16、e Eastern craft guilds EXCEPT: （聽錄屏）The guilds were created to support workers and to uphold principles of high-quality craft production. (why?)Each guild was very large and included members from a broad geographic Theleadersof the guildswere chosen by popularAll guild membersweretreated as6.Theword

17、 hepassageiseaning 【Paragraph4】moral The mercantile economy was also characterized culiar moral tis typical of people who live by tradean t is individualistic, risk taking, and adaptive to . As among tribes l in relationships and a careful weighing of character have always been mercantile economy wi

18、th little regulation, where ones word is ones bond and informal ties of trust cement together ernational trade network. Nor merchants and artisans ever had much tolerance for aristocratic profes s of moral superiority, favoring instead an egalitarian ethic of the open market, where steady hard work,

19、 the loyalty of ones fellows, and entrepreneurial skill make all the difference. And, like the pastoralists, Middle Eastern merchants and artisans with their environment could simply pack up and leave asturesan of self-assertion (自作主張) wholly imsible (-) in most other civilizations throughout histor

20、y.7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was NOT sary he mercantile GoodbusinessReliableFamilywealth Constant8. Which of the below best expresses the essential information the highlighted sentence the passage? Incorrect change the in importantwaysorleaveout essential Tribes people were

21、comfortable al relationships with who,likethem, werebound bytheirpromisesto one Because trade wasnotformally regulated, merchants were carefulabout theytrustedandoftenconductedbusinessin importantwaysorleaveout essential Tribes people were comfortable al relationships with who,likethem, werebound by

22、theirpromisesto one Because trade wasnotformally regulated, merchants were carefulabout theytrustedandoftenconductedbusinesswithpeopletheyWhile trade among merchants d somewhat on (以為這個也是否定邏輯regulation, among tribes people trade was based on careful character evaluation.al relationships Because trib

23、es people were bound only by their promises to one another, al relationships were formed only after careful weighing of character.9.Theword hepassageiseaningset of moralof economictestof 10. According to paragraph 4, what choice did Middle Eastern merchants artisanst many eople have If they were unh

24、appy in the mercantile environment, they could draw on al connections to find a different kind of work.They were allowed to assert their opinions without having to listen aristocraticFollowing the sof moral le of the pastoralists, they could demand, and better workingIf they didnt liketheirenvironme

25、nt,they couldmove somewhere 【Paragraph5】Dependence on long-distance trade also t the great empires of Middle East were built both literally and figuratively on shifting sand. The e, though often very rich and very populous, rinsically fragile, since development of ernational trade routescould underm

26、ine the monetary base (幣基礎) and erode er, as occurred when European seafarers Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gamas voyage around Africa in the late fifteenthcenturyopenedupasouthernroute.Theecologyof theregionalsopermitted armed predators to prowl ( 潛行) the surrounding barrens, which were s

27、ible for a e to control. Peripheral peoples therefore had a great advantage theirdealingswiththecenter,ernmentauthority insecureand 11.Thewordhepassageiseaning 12.In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the new trade route opened up by Vasco da Gamas fifteenth century voyage aroundAfrica?To prov

28、ide evidence MiddleEasternmerchantst European seafarers took every opportunity to To present an instance in iddle Eastern es lost money becauseof their relianceonlong-distanceTo argue this new route became sary when European seafarers wanted avoidMiddle Eastern 12.In paragraph 5, why does the author

29、 mention the new trade route opened up by Vasco da Gamas fifteenth century voyage aroundAfrica?To provide evidence MiddleEasternmerchantst European seafarers took every opportunity to To present an instance in iddle Eastern es lost money becauseof their relianceonlong-distanceTo argue this new route

30、 became sary when European seafarers wanted avoidMiddle Eastern eswhoseer had begun to To explain how da Gama helped European traders avoid the predatorsprowlingthe rroundingMiddleEastern Paragraph2: Reliance on trade had several important . For one it created a demand for finished goods to be sold

31、both locally and Production was he hands of skilled individual ng under the age of a master who was also the shop owner. In these of were blurred as artisans and masters labored side by side in same modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild and sect, lived in the same neighborhood

32、s, and often had med (or real) relationships. The worker was bound to the master by a mutual t onecould repudiate,and therelationship wasconceptualized asone of partnership. 13.Lookatthefoursquares be added to the passage.Wherewouldthesentencebesttindicatewherethe following sentence14. Directions: roductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer expressthe most importantideas summary because they exprehepassage.Somesenten t are not presenteddo not hepassageor are hepassage.Thisquestion