1、語法專題復習 動詞時態和語態一、概述： 時態（The tense）是英語謂語動詞的一種形式，表示動作發生的時間和所處的狀態。英語的時態最常用的有十種，即：一般現在時，一般過去時，一般將來時，現在進行時，過去完成時，過去將來時，過去進行時，先在完成時，先在完成進行時，將來進行時。二、動詞時態考查要點簡述1. 一般現在時（The Present Indefinite Tense） 表示客觀事實或普遍真理（不受時態限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. / Water boils at 100oC.表示現狀、性

2、質、狀態時多用系動詞或狀態動詞；表示經?；蛄晳T性的動作，多用動作動詞，且常與表頻率的時間狀語連用 (always, often, never, every day 等)。Ice feels cold. / We always care for each other and help each other.表示知覺、態度、感情、某種抽象的關系或概念的詞常用一般現在時：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：I know what you mean. / Smith own

3、s a car and a house.All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.在時間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現在時代替將來時。但要注意由if 引導的條件狀語從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時態。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并參加我們的舞會，我的家人會非常高興。少數用于表示起止的動詞如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、beg

4、in、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般現在時代替將來時，表示一個按規定、計劃或安排要發生的動作。當be表示根據時間或事先安排，肯定會出現的狀態，只用一般現在時。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day. / Tomorrow is Wednesday.2. 一般過去時 （The Past Indefinite Tense）一般過去時的基本用法：表示過去的事情、動作或狀態常與表示過去具體的時間狀語連用（或有上下文語境暗示）；用于表達過去的習慣；表示說話人原來沒有料到、想到或希望的事通 常用過去式。如：I met her in the stree

5、t yesterday. / I once saw the famous star here.They never drank wine. / I thought the film would be interesting,but it isnt.如果從句中有一個過去的時間狀語，盡管從句中的動作先于主句發生，但從句中的謂語動詞連用過去式。如： He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 表示兩個緊接著發生的動作，常由以下詞語連接，用一般過去時。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the

6、 moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her. / He bought a watch but lost it.常用一般過去時的句型：Why didnt you / I think of that? / I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before. / I didnt recognize him. = 5 * GB3 在間接引語中可表示“現在”的情況：How did

7、you know that I am/was Max.注意：有些動詞的時間性非常強，稍不留心就會出錯。例如：Hello! I _ you _ in London. How long have you been here? (1988)A. dont know; were B. hadnt known; are C. havent known; are D. didnt know; were3. 一般將來時(The Future Indefinite Tense)表示未來的動作或狀態常用will / shall + 動詞（常與表示將來的時間狀語邊用如tomorrow、next week等）。第一

8、人稱用shall+動詞原形，其它人稱用will；在美國英語中各種人稱均用will。如：I shall be delighted to come and meet your wife.表示一種趨向或習慣動作。Well die without air or water.表示趨向行為的動詞如come、go、start、begin、leave等詞常用進行時的形式表示將來時。be going to與will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及區別：be going to 表示現在打算在最近或將來要做某事，這種打算往往經過事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準備；shall /

9、will do表示未事先考慮過，即說話時臨時作出的決定。be going to 表將來，不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中；而will則能，表意愿。如：If it is fine, well go fishing.(正確) / If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(錯誤)be to do sth.表按計劃、安排即將發生的動作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接時間狀語或狀語從句

10、。Autumn harvest is about to start.注：*疑問句“shall I /we？”表示征詢意見：Shall we go now?*if引導的條件從句一般不用將來時，但可以說“If you will”,表示一種請求或對方的愿望：If you will be quiet, Ill tell you what happened.你要是不吵不鬧的話，我就把所發生的事情告訴你4. 現在進行時(The Present Continuous Tense)表示說話時正在進行的動作或發生的情況；表示現階段正在進行的動作或發生的情況；表按計劃將要發生的動作或情況；go、come、leav

11、e、arrive等起止動作可用進行時表將來時。如：It is raining now. / He is teaching English and learning Chinese. /I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.We are leaving on Friday. /At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)The girl is always talking loud in public.(與always、often等頻度副詞連用，表經常反復的行動或某種感情色彩)下面四類

12、動詞不宜用現在進行時。（A）表示心理狀態、情感的動作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的狀態的動詞：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一時性動作的動詞：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的動詞：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。5.

13、過去完成時(The Perfect Tense)常用過去完成時的幾種情況：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示過去某一時間的短語或從句以前發生的動作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. （B）表示未曾實現的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / exp

14、ected + to have done/+that（從句）來表示。We had expected that you would be able to visit us. 我們原本希望你能來看我們。I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.我原想去看你，但為事所阻沒去成。（C）“時間名詞 + before”在句子中作狀語，謂語動詞用過去完成時；“時間名詞 + ago”在句中作狀語，謂語動詞用一般過去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years

15、before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一就”的幾個句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主語 + 過去分詞 + when / than / before + 一般過去時。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.（主句用過去完成時，從句用過去時。）在before或after引導的時間狀語從句中用一般過去時態代替過去完成時。After

16、he (had) left the room, the boss came in. / We arrived home before it snowed. = 3 * GB3 同現在完成時一樣，過去完成時與延續性時間狀語連用時，動詞通常應是延續性動詞。When Jack arrived he learned Mary _ for almost an hour. (1992)A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away 6. 過去將來時(The Past Future Tense)過去將來時表示相對于過去某一時間將要發生的動作或狀

17、態。如, “Dont be silly!” said Sue. “He said that you would soon get well.”參照一般將來時對比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表過去將來；come、go、leave等過去進行時表過去將來時；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表過去將來。7. 過去進行時（The Past Continuous Tense）過去某一時刻正在進行的動作或某一階段內發生或頻繁發生。They were calling mecalling me by

18、 namehunting for me.注：過去時表示動作完成，過去進行時表示動作未完成。Shirley _ a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it. A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing 與when從句連用，表示“一動作正在進行時突然發生”Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes = 3 * G

19、B3 用于時間狀語從句，表示在從句動作進行期間主句動作發生。My brother _ while he _ his bicycle and hurt himself. A. fell; was riding B. fell; were riding C. had fallen; rode D. had fallen; was riding8. 現在完成時(The Present Perfect Tense)表示發生在過去但對現在有影響的動作。如，You know something? Tom has come back from abroad.Have you heard about the

20、story of Adam and Eve?表示從過去某一時間開始并一直持續到現在（可能還會繼續下去）的動作，常用于延續性動詞，多帶有延續性時間狀語。如: since, for there weeks, so far, in recent years等。The house has been empty for ages.Eg. I wonder why Jenny _ us recently. We should have heard from her by now. A. hasnt written B. doesnt write C. wont write D. hadnt written

21、 在時間或條件狀語從句中，現在完成時可以表一般將來時。如：I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better. = 4 * GB3 副詞before常與現在完成時連用，如：Have you ever met him before?注意：終止性動詞一般不與延續性時間狀語連用，所以有些句子在漢語中成立，在英語中則要適當變通。如：“他參軍已經三年了?！辈荒茏g作：“He has joined the army fo

22、r there years.”但可變通為“He has been a soldier / in the army for three years.”或“He joined the army three years ago”但是，終止性動詞的否定式則可以用于完成時。例如：We havent seen each other for a long time.9. 將來進行時（The Future Continuous Tense） = 1 * GB3 表示將來某一時刻或某一階段正在進行的動作,如，This time on Friday I shall be flying to Paris. = 2

23、* GB3 有時也可表示預料不久將要發生的動作，似乎比一般將來時顯得客氣。如，“A new play is coming to The Globe soon,” I said, “Will you be seeing it?”10. 現在完成進行時（The Present Continuous Tense）表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續到現在，并可能繼續下去的動作，通常與since, for等引導的時間狀語連用。如，Im been expecting him for two days.The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand yea

24、rs.Eg.Now that she is out of a job. Lucy_going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet.A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider三. 注意幾組時態的區別：1. 一般過去時與現在完成時： = 1 * GB3 時間上有差異：凡有過去時間的均用過去時態，不能用完成時態，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。 = 2 * GB3 結果上有差異：現在完成時

25、強調的是對“現在”的影響和結果，動作到現在剛完成或還在繼續；一般過去時強調的是動作發生在“過去”，和現在毫無關系。2. 過去完成時與一般過去時：過去完成時強調的是“過去的過去”；如出現同一主語連續幾個動作（“連謂”）形式則只用一般過去時即可。3. 過去完成時與現在完成時：兩種時態都常與表一段時間的狀語連用，但現在完成時表示的是延續到現在或同現在有關的動作（句中不可有表示過去特定時間的狀語），而過去完成時表示的事在過去某時之前已經完成或延續到過去某時的動作（句中有表示過去特定時間的狀語）。She had been ill for a week before she came back. / She has been ill for a week.四某些固定句式中的動詞時態是固定的、約定俗成的。1.This/It is the first/second.time + t