1、URBAN PLANNING PRINCIPLE城市規劃原理Introduction to Urban Planning總論ContentsThe birth of cities 城市的產生The evolution of cities 城市的發展Urbanization 城市化Settlements居民點Living wildly (Hunting)狩獵和采集The first separation第一次人類勞動大分工Agriculture VS Farming（農業與牧業）Cities城市The second separation第二次人類勞動大分工Commercial & handicr

2、aft Ind. VS Agriculture & Farming（商業和手工業與農牧業分離）1 The birth of City & its meanings 城市的產生與含義Nature(具有自然優勢)Fertile land (耕地肥沃)；Transportation (交通便利)；Water supply (能得到淡水供應)Economic development經濟發展水平Political development政治組織Conditions for the forming and the development of cities城市形成和發展的必要條件Early cities:

3、 agricultural revolution - surplus早期城市：農業革命，出現剩余產品Consequence: city as the centre for politics, military and culture導致：作為政治中心或軍事中心、文化中心的城市Modern cities 現代城市: Capitalist 資本主義制度, industrial revolution 工業革命, large scale manufacturing 大規模的工廠化生產.Scale of factories (scope & size)工廠規模不斷擴大（規模經濟效應）；Increased

4、 agricultural productivities 農業生產率的提高； Consequences: industrial cities, large cities導致：工業城市、大城市Contemporary cities 當代城市：Post-industrialization, economic globalization, information globalization;后工業革命，經濟全球化，經濟信息化；Service industry instead of manufacturing 以制造業為主轉為服務業為主；Service for manufacturing生產性服務業的

5、發展；Spatial structure: vertical VS horizontal 空間經濟結構由水平型向垂直型轉變等。Consequence:Global cities, World cities, Metropolitant導致：世界城市或全球城市 大都市連綿區Babylon巴比倫城平面2 The evolution of cities 城市的發展2.1 Ancient cities 古代城市For protection: Walls, moats城市與防御要求：城墻、濠溝Society: Social hierarchy spatial hierarchy階級分化城市布局等級分明2

6、.2 Modern cities 近代城市的發展A Industrialization and population congregation 工業發展與人口聚集;B Spatial arrangement: zones for residential, warehouse, commercial, transportation 城市布局的變化：居住區、倉儲區、商貿區、城市道路系統的形成，Different types of cities 城市類型的增加。C city & the environment 城市與環境D the development of Sci&Tec congregatio

7、n & high standard living environment 科學技術的發展帶來城市的聚集效益及高質量的城市生活2.3 cities after the WWII第二次世界大戰后的城市發展Urbanization & problems 城市化與城市問題2.4 Physical, social, industrial elements of city 城市的物質、社會和產業構成及演化趨勢2.4.1 Physical realm 城市的物質構成public realm公共領域Shared physical elements: public facilities, infrastruct

8、ures, public investment, vulnerable VS private realm 非公共領域Owned, occupied by individuals, non-public investmentsPublic-led urban physical environment, the base & rules for private investments在城市物質環境中，公共領域的開發起著主導作用，為非公共領域的開發既提供了可能性也規定了約束性。2.4.2 citys social structure城市的社會構成及其演化趨勢a heterogeneous & spa

9、tial structure異質性和城市社會空間Economic & social backgrounds spatial separation 不同經濟、社會背景城市的不同區域b. Trend of social evolution in cities 城市社會的演化趨勢Aging population 人口老齡化：10% population over 60 OR7% population over 65Japan, HK老年型城市、社區。Nuclear family 家庭核心化：Average family members 3.5 平均每戶人口下降目前3.5（2.8）。Leisure l

10、ife 生活閑暇化：Engel Index恩格爾系數從60%下降到25%。40%為小康(well-off)。Food expense (basic need)Total expensec. Political influence 政治對城市的影響 China: palace & government buildings 中國：中心是宮殿、官府 Europe: churches 歐洲：中心是教堂d. Economic influence 經濟發展對城市的影響：China: cities as the political & economic centres, cities along river

11、s中國：城市是政治、經濟中心， 中心城市分布在內河沿岸；Europe: cities as the economic centres, castles as the political centres, cities along sea ports歐洲：城市是經濟中心，城堡是政治中心， 中心城市分布在沿海港口。2.4.3 Urban Industrial Structure & Its Trend城市的產業構成及其演化趨勢British economist Fischer & Clark: Economic activities can be divided into three catego

12、ries:Primary Industry (第一產業): agriculture, farming, fishery, forestry(products from the nature)Secondary Industry(第二產業):manufacturing Tertiary industry (第三產業): service industry (for production & consumption)Basic needs (基本部類，主要，外向)& non-basic needs (非基本部類，從屬，內向)Trend:Tertiary industry： Secondary Ind

13、ustry：high-tech taking place of traditional manufacturingEconomic globalization results in urban polarization3 Urbanization 城市化3.1 meaningPopulation: agricultural (農業人口) non-agricultural (非農業人口);Land: agricultural (農村地域) urban (城市地域);Industry: agricultural industry (農村產業) non-agricultural (非農產業);Soc

14、ial structure;Spatial structure transformation;Life style changes;Urban structure;Infrastructure modernization;Enhance & renewal of traditional culture;Improvement of urban environment3.2 Urbanization RateUrbanization Rate Indicators:PU = U/PPUurbanization rate (城市化水平) Uurban population(城鎮人口) Povera

15、ll population(總人口)19922013199220133.3 The driving factors for urbanization城市化的動力機制The development of three kinds of industries3.3.1 Agriculture is the original drive(農業是原始動力):Food;Capital accumulation(資金原始積累);Sources for manufacturing (工業的生產原料)；Market for manufacturing products (工業產品的市場)；Labour sour

16、ces (勞動力)。3.3.2 Industrialization as the fundamental drive (工業化是根本動力)Industrial revolution as the watershed for urban development history (以工業革命為分水嶺);Rapid urbanization after the industrial revolution; world pop. Urban population1800 0.978B 5.1%1900 rise 70% 13.3%1950 29%1980 40% Within 180 years, w

17、orld population rised 3.5 times urban population rised 35 times.3.3.3 Tertiary industry as the sustaining drive 第三產業是城市化的后續動力3.4 Characters of the process of urbanization 城市化進程的表現特征：A urban pop.s proportion rises(城市人口占總人口的比重上升);B changes in industrial structure (產業結構變化);C direct ratio between urbani

18、zation rate & GDP rise (城市化水平與人均國民生產總值的增長成正比);D partly resulted from agricultural modernization (城市化水平高，也是農業現代化的結果)。3.5 Evolution of urbanization (城市化的歷史過程)Three phases:Early phase(初級): low in urbanization & rate (水平低，慢)Metaphase(中期): accelerating, high rate (加速)Anaphase(后期): high in urbanization bu

19、t low rate (水平高，慢)Northams S curve for urbanization developed in 1979時期城市化進程的S形曲線Early phase: 30%, GNP1000US$(per head)Metaphase: 30%50%，GNP 10003000US$ 50%70%，GNP 30007000US$Anaphase: 70%90%，GNP 大于7000US$From 10% to 30%, they used:UK 79 years;USA 66 years;Germany 48 years;Japan 36 years.Chinas current rate: 52%, Guangzhou 100%?, GDP 10,000 US$?.Please find it out. Talk about it next lecture.GNP (gross national product): 國民生產總值GDP (gross domestic product): 國內生產總值 Three stages of the worlds urbanization process： 17601850：the rise of urbanization (世界城市化的興起)UK: 1851