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1、、概念一個簡單句只能有一個動詞做謂語,這個動詞叫謂語動詞;在這個簡單句中,其他沒有做謂語的動詞,不管有多少個,都不能做謂語,這些動詞就叫非謂語動詞。這是英語語法極其重要的一個原則。謂語動詞要以謂語動詞形式表達出來,非謂語動 詞要以非謂語動詞的形式表達出來。非謂語動詞包括:動詞不定式-to do動名詞-doing現在分詞-doing過去分詞-done非謂語動詞,顧名思義,就是不是做謂語的動詞;非謂語動詞除了不做謂語,可以做主語、賓語、定語、狀語和表語等各種其他句子成分。要掌握非謂語動詞的用法,就是要掌 握不同非謂語動詞在各個句子成分的不同含義和用法。二、非謂語動詞的用法區別從含義上大略可以區別:

2、過去分詞-done 一般表示被動、完成的意思,所以從主動和被動方面先可以把過去分詞和動詞不定式、現在分詞、動名詞區分開來。動詞不定式一般表示目的、還未發生的動作。現在分詞一般表示正在進行或與謂語動詞同時發生的動作。動名詞具有名詞的特性,在句中一般做主語、賓語、表語。所以,就區別to do 與 doing的區別就可以了。1、to do 與 doing (動名詞)的區別(主要是在做主語、表語和賓語時的區別)(1)做主語和表語的區別一般來說,在表示比較抽象的一般行為或者經常性行為時多用動名詞;在表示具體的某次動作,特別是將來發生的動作,多作不定式。做主語:Smoking is prohibited

3、here.此地禁止抽煙。To invite him to tomorrow party is necessary.邀請他參加明天的聚會是必要的。做表語:My job is teaching English .我的工作是教英語。Our task now is to increase food production.我們現在的任務是增加糧食產量。表語是以下一些詞,一般用動名詞做真正主語:no use/no gooduseless/senselessIt is+fun/enjoyable/tiring+doing (動名詞)nice/expensive/dangerousa bore/a waste

4、 of time/a good pleasure注意:it是形式主語,動名詞是真正主語。It s no use talking like that.It s a waste of time arguing with him.這種句型,表語是其他詞,用不定式做真正主語。It s necessary to do the work.(2)做賓語時的區別1)謂語動詞是以下這些動詞時,非謂語動詞做賓語,必須用動名詞 doing:acknowledge 承認,自認 cease 停止 mention 說至L 講至Uadmit 承認 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡,討厭advocate : 提倡,

5、主張complete 完成 dread 可怕appreciate 感激,欣賞 confess 坦白 endure 忍受avoid避免 contemplate 細想 enjoy享有,喜愛bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒cant help 不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑,逃避cant stand 受不了 deny 否認 excuse 借口consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想,愛好favor 造成,偏愛 mind 介意 repent悔悟figure 描繪,計算 miss錯過 resent 怨恨finish 完成,結束不得pardon原諒,饒恕 resist 抵抗

6、,阻止forgive 原諒permit允許 resume 恢復imagine 設想postpone 延遲,延期 risk 冒險involve 卷入,包含 practise 實行,實踐 suggest 建議hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營救,儲蓄keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅持,忍受loathe非常討厭,厭惡 recall回想例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學習的機會。She suggested going to the

7、great wall for the spring outing.她建議我春游去長城。其他的動詞做謂語時,后都用動詞不定式做賓語。2)以下句子形式的賓語補足語是no use/no gooduseless/senselessfun/enjoyable/tiringnice/expensive/dangerousa bore/a waste of time/a good pleasure非謂語做賓語用動名詞主語 +think/consider/find/feel like+it(形式賓語)no use/no good+doing (動名詞做真正賓語)useless/senselessfun/enj

8、oyable/tiringnice/expensive/dangero usa bore/a waste of time/a good pleasure例:I found it useless/nouse arguing about it.我發現爭論止匕事沒有用。3)有些動詞詞組帶介詞to,要跟不定式符號to區別開來,因為介詞后如果是非謂語動詞做賓語,要用動名詞。這類動詞詞組有:get (down) to(開始),look forward to(盼望),get/be used to(習慣于),prefer , to ,(寧愿干。而不愿干。),devote , to ,(把。 奉獻于。),adm

9、it to(承認),be equal to( 等同于),object to( 反對),stick to( 堅 持),take to(開始),see to(注意),lead to(導致),pay attention to(注意),be accustomed to(習慣于)例:I am accustomed to swimming in the winter.我習慣冬泳。4)下面一些句子結構中介詞in常省略:have trouble/difficulty/a problem/a struggle/a good time/a hard time+(in)+doingspend+時間/錢+ (in)

10、+doingbe busy (in)+doinglose no time+(in)+doing例:They are busy (in) preparing for the exam.他們忙于準備考試。5)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別forget to do忘記要去做某事(此事未做)forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發生)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事stop doing停止正在或經常做的事remember to do記住去做某事(未做)remember doing 記得做過某事(已做)regret to do對要做的事遺憾reg

11、ret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔try to do 努力、企圖做某事try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法mean to do 打算,有意要,mean doing意味著go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 繼續(原先沒有做完的事情)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing 建議(做某事)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do表示具體行為;+doing sth表示抽象、傾向概念例:Don t you remember seeing the man before?你不 t己得以前見過那個人嗎?You m

12、ust remember to leave tomorrow . 你可要記著是明天動身。I don t regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice .我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful .你可要多加小心。Let s try doing the work some other way.讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。I didn t mean to hur

13、t your feeling .我沒想要傷害你的感情。This illness will mean(your)going to hospital.得了這種病(你)就要進醫院。(注)如果這些動詞前有 should 一詞,其后賓語只跟不定式,不能跟動名詞。例如: I should like to see him tomorrow .need, want, deserve ( 值得,需要),require +動名詞主動形式可表被動意義;+ 不定式需用被動形式表被動意義。The watch needs repairing.The watch needs to be repaired.7)在 allow

14、( 充許),advise (建議),permit (同意),recommend (推薦),consider () 考 慮,forbid(禁止)等動詞后,直接加非謂語做賓語用動名詞;后若跟名詞或代詞做賓語時,非謂語做賓補時用不定式;例:We don t allow smoking here.We aren t allowed to smok here.8)be worth后,不管主動被動都用doing,不用被動形式;be worthy 后,若表被動,可用to be done/of being done;那部電影值得看。The film was worth seeing.那部電影值得看。The f

15、ilm was worthy to be seen/of being seen.2、to do 與 doing (現在分詞)的區別(主要是在做定語、狀語和表語時的區別)to do表木還未發生,表目的doing (現在分詞)表示正在發生或表示與謂語動詞同時發生例:a sleeping child正在睡的小孩a child to sleep要去睡的小孩二、動詞不定式的用法不定式由“to +動詞原形”構成,其否定形式是“ not to do 。不定式可以帶賓語或 狀語構成不定式短語。不定式沒有人稱和數的變化,有時態和語態的變化。不定式可以作主語、賓語、狀語、表語和定語。不定式復合結構為“介詞+sb.

16、(sth.) +to do”,其中“介詞+ sb.(sth.) ”表明不定式動作的發出者,為邏輯主語。.不定式的用法:(1)作主語。不定式短語作主語時,為了使句子結構平衡,常將不定式短語放在謂 語之后,而用it作形式主語。It is our duty to give as much help as possible.提供盡可能多的幫助是我們的職責。但不定式作表語時,前面有不定式作主語,不定式不可位于句末。To see is to believe.眼見為實。(2)作賓語。常見的只跟不定式作賓語的動詞(組)有want, wish, hope, expect,would like (love),ca

17、re, choose, learn, plan, prepare, mean, agree, promise, offer, refuse, ask, beg, decide, make up one s mind, be determined, manage, try, can t afford, fail, pretend等。He promised to come today, but he hasn t turned up yet .他許諾說今天來,但他到現在還沒有出現。No one likes to be laughed at.沒人喜歡被嘲笑。有形容詞、分詞、名詞作賓補,不定式作賓語時

18、要將不定式放于句末,用it 來作形式賓語。如:You may find it necessary to finish the work ahead of time.你會發現有必要提前完成工作。(3)作賓語補足語。常見的跟不定式作賓補的動詞有ask, order, advise, like,want, teach, force, forbid, beg, allow, expect, cause, invite, tell, know, call on, depend on, wait for 等。The children asked their parents to take them to

19、the park.。孩子們要求父母帶他們去公園。感官動詞后,如see, watch, look at, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel及部分表示“使”、“讓”的使役動詞,如 have, make, let跟不定式作賓補時要省略不定式符號to。但在被動語態中to要加上。Though he had often made his sister cry, today he was made to cry by his sister.盡管他總是弄哭他妹妹,今天卻被妹妹弄哭了。help后的不定式作賓補(包括作賓語)to可有可無。(4)作表語。My job is

20、 to help the patient.我的工作是幫助病人。要注意不定式彳表語與“be to do ”結構的不同:不定式作表語說明主語的性質或內容,而“ be to do ”結構表示安排要做的事情。My next plan is to draw a picture for the house.(不定式彳表語 )我下一個計劃是為這座房子畫一幅圖。We are to meet at the school gate at six .(be to do表示安排)我們約好六點在學校門口見面。(5)作定語表示將來的動作。The meeting to be held next week will be o

21、f great importance.。下周將要舉行的會議極為重要。用在固定搭配中。I will go to Shanghai tomorrow. Have you anything to be sent to your son?我明天要去上海,你有什么東西要帶給你兒子嗎?(send的動作發出者并非 you,因此不定式用被動語態)注意:作定語的不定式如果與其前面所修飾的名詞有邏輯上的動賓關系,然而動詞又為不 及物動詞,動詞后要加介詞或副詞,使其成為及物動詞詞組。Will you find me a pen to write with?你能給我找一支寫字的筆嗎?不定式所修?的詞是 time, p

22、lace, way 時,不定式后面的介詞習慣上要省去。Do you think it is the best way to deal with such a problem?你認為這是解決問題的最好方式嗎?6) 狀語。表示目的、原因、結果。They ran over to welcome the guests.他們跑過去歡迎客人。(目的)The child is too young to go to school.孩子太小不能去上學。(結果)聽到這個消息我們激動了。(原因) We were excited to hear the news.2、不定式的時態不定式有一般式、進行式、完成式形式,既

23、有主動語態又有被動語態兩種語態。形成 to do, to be done, to be doing , to have done, to have been done 形式。(1)不定式的一般式所表示的動作通常與謂語的動作(狀態)同時(或幾乎同時)發生,或是在它之后發生。I m sorry to tell you that you are wrong this time.我很遺憾告訴你這次是你錯了。(2)如果謂語表示的動作(情況)發生時,不定式表示的動作正在進行,這時不定式就要用進行式。I am very glad to be talking with you.我彳艮高興與你交談。(3)如果不

24、定式的動作發生在謂語動詞之前,就要用完成式。I m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.對不起,讓你久等了。注意:不定式的時態一般只能發生在做賓語時。只有在做賓語時,不定式不一定表現為動作未發生,因為此時用不用不定式是由謂語動詞決定的,所以才會出現to be doing ,to have done 這種不合邏輯的現象。(因為 to do表示未發生,have done又表示做過,to have done 不合邏輯)3、不定式的語態當不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動語態。He asked t

25、o be sent to work in the countryside.他要求去農村工作。注意:含有不定式的句子中,能夠在句中找不定式動詞現成的邏輯上的主謂賓,用主 動形式表被動意義。否則,用不定式的被動形式。句子中有系表結構的,或在句子中可以插入省略掉的( for sb.)形成邏輯上的主謂賓 的,用主動形式表被動意義。例:It is an honour to be invited to the party.He gave me some books to read.The book is easy (for me) to read.4、疑問詞+不定式結構疑問詞 who, what, whi

26、ch , when, where和how后加不定式可構成一種特殊的不定 式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如:When to start has not been decided .何時動身尚未決定。(主語)I don t know what to do .我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)The difficulty was how to cross the river.困難在于如何過河。(表語)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。(雙重賓語)(注)A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞,如:I have no idea of

27、 how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。B.動詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語,只能跟疑問詞(如: how, what ) + 不定式:While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.5、不帶to的不定式1)在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶feel 覺得 observe注意到,看到watch 注視 listen to 聽notice 注意 see看見On seeing

28、 the young child fell into the lake went on the rescue.to。這類詞有:overhear 聽至Uperceive 察覺,感知look at 看 hear 聽,Eric sprang to his feet , and2)另一類是某些使役動詞,如 make, let , have等。如:Let him do it. 讓他做吧。I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。(注):上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉換為被動結構時.其后的不定式一般需帶to,如:He was seen to comeThe bo

29、y was made to go to bed early.在動詞find與help之后,不定式可帶to亦可不帶to ,如:He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season. 他發現羊在此季節越出柵欄,感到驚訝。3)在 had better,had best,would rather , than , ,rather than,would sooner,would sooner, than,can not but,cannot help but其后的不定式般不需帶to例:He would rather die

30、than give in.他寧死不屈。4)在but(except)結構中。but(except)前有do 的某種形式,后省略 to; 但是, 如果謂語動詞沒有 do的某種形式,那么 but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶 to。(簡略 為:有do沒to ,沒do有to )例如:Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上,我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.醫生除了讓他戒煙,其它什么都沒有說。There was nothing for them to do bu

31、t to remain silent. 除了保持沉默以外,他們沒有別有別的辦法。5)用and,or,than等連接的兩個或兩個以上的不定式,第二個(以及之后)的 to 可以省略。但是若有相反或對比的不定式,to不能省略。例:I want to sing and dance.To go on or to stopthat is the question.6)why (not) 的簡略問句和 would you please 的問句后不帶to例:Why worry about such trifle?為何為瑣事煩心?Why not think of what you did?為什么不想想你做了什么

32、?Would you please give me a favour?你能否幫我個忙?7)在“come(go)+不定式”結構中,不定式一般不帶to ,特別是美國口語中更為常見。第一個動詞表示“來”、“去”這個動作,第二個動詞表示“來”、“去”的目的。Go fetch your notebook.去把你的日記本拿來。Come sit with me.來跟我坐在一起。6、動詞不定式的復合結構1)不定式的邏輯主語為:for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如:I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我發現他一個人干這活是不可能的。2)在表

33、示人物性格、性質、品質等的形容詞后面,常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。如:brave,careful,careless,considerate,cruel,rude,generous,right,wrong,kind,nice,good,clever 等例如:It was wise of him to do that .他那樣做是明智的。比較:It s good for you to exercise often.It s good of you to help others.7、不定式的省略句在句子中,當作賓語的不定式再次出現時,保留不定式符號to , to后面重復的內容可以省略。例:You

34、can go shopping if you want to.8、不定式做定語時的一些用法1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關系He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一個離開教室的。The train to arrive was from London .將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關系Get him something to eat .給他拿點兒東西吃。She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。3)不及物動詞構成的不定式做

35、定語,要加上適當的介詞和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的 動賓關系,這里的介詞不能省去。I need a pen to write with . 我需要一支筆寫字。There is nothing to worry about .沒有什么值得發愁的。worry about sth .4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機會、權利等抽象名詞如:ability能力,本領例:I have an abilty to play basketball5)被修飾的名詞前有序數詞、形容詞最高級或 next , second, last, only 和 not a , the 等限定詞時候,只能用不定式。 the

36、purest motive to help you6)不定代詞 something, nothing, little, much, a lot等習慣上用不定式做定語。John will do anything but work on a farm.除了農活,約翰什么都愿意干。9、不定式的一些習慣用語如:to tell you the truth,only to,so as to,in order to等等四、分詞的用法分詞分為現在分詞和過去分詞。要弄清不定式、現在分詞和過去分詞的區別,只要理解以下幾句非謂語動詞的不同用法的含義就清楚了。(表示目的、將來)(表示目的、將來+被動)(表示see動作

37、與謂語(表示see動作與謂語動To see nobody at home,he decided to come again.To be seen at home,he decided to come again.Seeing nobody at home,he decided to come again.動詞幾乎同時發生)Being seen at home,he decided to come again.詞幾乎同時發生+被動)Having seen nobody at home,he decided to come again.(強調 see 動作發生在謂語動詞之前)Seen at hom

38、e,he decided to come again.(與前一句差不多,可互換) Having been seen at home,he decided to come again.(強調 see 動作發生在謂語動詞之前+ 被動)說明:非謂語動詞邏輯主語就是句子的主語,非謂語動詞如果有自己的邏輯主語,叫獨立主格結構。例:Time permiting,I will go.(以下內容看看則可).區別(1)現在分詞表示主動,過去分詞表示被動。The man standing by the window is our teacher.The house built last year has beco

39、me our lab.(2)現在分詞表示事物本身所具有的性質,意為“令人 ,的”;過去分詞表達由外界引起的內心活動,意為“感到,的”。the exciting news激動人心的消息。(令人興奮的消息)the excited look 激動的表情。(3)現在分詞表達正在進行著的動作,過去分詞表達完成的動作。(這一類動詞主要為不及物動詞)CD Electricity lines as well as telephone poles were brought down by falling trees or branches. The army was called in to cut throu

40、gh fallen trees and.分詞的時態和語態過去分詞表示被動或完成的動作,因而沒有完成式和被動語態。現在分詞有一般式和完成式兩種形式,有主動語態和被動語態兩種語態,形成doing, having done, having been done 的形式。.分詞的用法(1)作定語單個分詞作定語一般放在所修飾詞的前面,短語作定語放在所修飾詞的后面。The question being discussed is important to us.The excited people rushed into the building.(2)作狀語分詞或分詞短語作狀語時,可以表示時間、原因、行為方

41、式、結果、伴隨狀況等。 Having been shown around the lab, we were led into a big hall.(時間)Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)They worked day and night, finishing the work ahead of time.(結果)不定式也可以作結果狀語,然而不定式多表達意料之外的結果,而現在分詞表達意料之中的結果。She went to Shanghai specially to see her brother, only to find that he had

42、gone to Beijing a few days before.她專程去上海看望她的兄弟,卻發現他幾天前去了北京。They got up very early that day, finding nobody in the station when they got there.那天他們很早就起床了,到了車站卻發現那里空無一人。(3)作表語The news is inspiring.這消息令人鼓舞。The window is broken. 窗戶破了。(4)作賓補We had the fire burning all day.我們讓這火整天燒著。I m afraid I cant make

43、 myself understood when I speak English.我擔心當我說英語是別人聽不懂。不定式被動語態、現在分詞被動語態、過去分詞表示被動應該注意的幾個問題。.不定式的被動語態作狀語時多表達目的,相當于 in order to be done, 而 過去分詞則表示原因、條件、伴隨等 ;現在分詞被動語態的完成式強調分詞的動作發生在謂 語動詞動作之前。In the circus, the tamed animals will be given some food when they finish tricks. To be given more food, the anima

44、ls will try their best to please the trainer.在馬戲團里,當馴獸完成它們的把戲,會得到一些食物。若要得到更多食物,它們 就要盡其所能來取悅馴獸師。(To be given.=In order to be given.,表示目的, 此處不可用Given 或 Being given)Having been asked some very difficult questions, the boy came into the office.男孩被問了一些很難的問題后,來到辦公室里。(Having been asked.=After he was asked.

45、,表示 ask的動作發生在come 之前)2.不定式的被動語態作定語表達將來的動作,過去分詞作定語表達過去或完成的動作,現在分詞被動語態的一般式表達一種正在進行的動作。The meeting to be held next week is about how we can deal with this problem.下周要開的會是關于我們如何解決這個問題的。(to be held=which is to be held, be to在此表達將來)The book published last month sells well.上月出版的那本書賣得很好。(published = which w

46、as published, published 不可用 to be published 或 being published 代替)The building being built now will be finished in ten days.正在建筑的那棟樓,10天內完工。(being built=which is being built,表示正在進行的動作)3.作賓補時,若非謂語動詞與其前面的賓語有邏輯上的被動關系,表示感官的動詞,如 see, find, watch, notice, hear, feel 及部分使役動詞, 如:have, keep, get, let 等后跟過去分詞作

47、賓補; allow, advise , forbid, permit, want, order等后跟不定式被動語態作賓補。The Emperor ordered the cloth to be woven for him right away.皇帝命令說立刻為他織那塊布。When she got home, she found her windows broken.當她回到家時,發現窗戶破了。五、動名詞的用法(以下內容看看則可)(1)作主語。動名詞短語作主語時,為了使句子平衡,常將動名詞短語放在謂語之后,而用it作形式主語。It is useless arguing with him about such a

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