1、chapter three transportationlearning objectivento understand the basic modes of transportation and their featuresnto compare the different modes of transportationnto know multimodel transportationtransportationntransportation, which can be defined as the actual, physical movement of goods and people

2、 between two points, is pivotal to the successful operation of any supply chain because it carries the goods, literally, as they move along the chain. transportation influences, or is influenced by, many logistics activities to include:transportationnmajor macro environmental factors resulting in di

3、fferent transportation system are:distance;an individual countrys topology;economy infrastructure;geographic conditions.nan increasing number of shipments are being transported between multiple countries (table 6-1)transportationnthe information on rail gauge is intriguing.china and united states: o

4、ne size-standard-rail gauge (1.435 meters) in their rail infrastructure;brazil: broad gauge (1.676 meters), standard gauge, and narrow gauge (1.000 meter) in its rail infrastructure;india: broad gauge and narrow gauge;united kingdom: predominately uses standard gauge rail, a small proportion of its

5、rail system consists of broad gauge rail.transportation modesnthe attractiveness of a particular transportation mode depends on the following attributes:cost (piece that a carrier charges to transport a shipment);speed (elapsed transit time from pickup to delivery);reliability (consistency of delive

6、ry);capability (amount of different types of products that can be transported);capacity (volume that can be carried at one time);flexibility (ability to deliver the product to the customer)transportation modesnit is important to recognize that public policy can affect a modes performance on these at

7、tributes:railroads, for example, were the dominant mode, as measured by ton miles (the number of tons multiplied by the number of miles transport) and revenuesexample in us: the different construction cost takers of railroads and interstate highwaytransportation modesnairfreightthe speed, particular

8、ly on the line-haul (terminal-to-terminal movement of freight or passengers); drawback: a.expensive cost due to the distance to the consignee;b.needs accessorial service (transportation service that is supplemental to the line-haul);c.belly freight limits the capability available for air shipments a

9、nd is particularly problematic with respect to narrow-body airfreight.d.airfreight rates discourage bulk cargo and use dimensional weight to determine a shipments billable weight;e.the reliability of airfreight is somewhat problematic.transportation modesnairfreightexamples of products that move by

10、air includes:wearing apparel;electronic or electrical equipment, such as computers, televisions, and dvd players;printed matter;machinery and parts;cut flowers and nursery stock;auto parts and accessories;fruits and vegetables;metal products;photographic equipment, parts, and film;transportation mod

11、esnmotor carrierthe most important business user of the highway system is the motor carrier industry;one way of classifying motor carrier is according to whether they carry less-than-truckload (ltl) or truckload (tl) traffic;although us motor carriers can travel wherever there are roads, their lengt

12、h of haul is mitigated by several factors, such as speed limits and hours-of-service both of that have long been justified on the basis of safety concerns.transportation modesnmotor carrieradvantages:its flexibility;the ability to deliver the product to the customer;the affecting factors to the reli

13、ability of motor carrier delivery:weather considerations;highway congestion.transportation modesnpipelinepipelines are a unique mode of transportation because it is the only one without vehicles, and this is significant for several reasons:no need for vehicle operators;fewer possibilities of acciden

14、ts;avoid the source of excess capability from backhaul.transportation modesnpipelinefrom a capability perspective, pipelines are unique limited in the sense that products must be liquid, liquefiable, or gaseous in nature.slurry systems allow bulk commodities to become liquefiable by grinding the sol

15、id material to a certain particular size, mixing it with a liquid to form a fluid muddy substance, pumping that substance through a pipeline, and then decanting the liquid and removing it, leaving the solid material.although pipeline tend to have limited capabilities with respect to the products tha

16、t can be transported, pipelines are capable of transporting very large product volume.transportation modesnrailroadsrailroad reliability is affected by weather and topography significantly;surface transportation board (stb)-a government agency with responsibility for regulating railroad pricing and

17、service issue.freight railroads have tended to focus on lower-value, high-volume shipments of bulk-type commodities such as coal, chemicals, farm products, and nonmetallic minerals.transportation modesnrailroadscomparisons:produced value: railroads are superior to air, motor, and pipeline, but infer

18、ior to water;flexibility: railroads are less flexible than motor carriers but greater flexible than air, water, and pipeline;capability: railroads are superior to air and motor, but not as good as pipeline and water;cost and speed: railroads are just in the middle of the five modes.transportation mo

19、desnwaterfreight moves by water on inland waterways and sea.problems to the reliability water freight: a. external focus:drought situations;icing situation;flooding; b. internal focus:waterways lock systemtransportation modesnwaterdrawbacks:the inflexibility of inland water transportation is that it

20、 can only operate where there are appropriate waterways;users of inland water transportation need to be located on or near commercial waterways. characteristics:water transportation is relatively inexpensive to users;water transportation tend to focus on lower-value bulk commodities that can be hand

21、led by mechanical means;water carriers offer the greatest capability, or volume that can be carried at one time;transportation modesnintermodal transportationintermodal transportation occurs when two or more modes work closely together in an attempt to utilize the advantages of each mode while at th

22、e same time minimizing their disadvantage.piggyback transportation: trailer-on-flatcar; container-on-flatcar;intermodal transportation refers to transportation when using a container or other equipment that can be transferred from the vehicle of one mode to the vehicle of another mode without the co

23、ntents being reloaded or disturbed.the container is regarded the key development in intermodal over the past 30 years.transportation modesnintermodal transportationcontainer can range between 10 and 53 feet in length, a commodity used metric is teu, which stands for 20-foot equivalent unit;container

24、 also spurred cooperation between various modes to develop more effective and efficient transport offerings, such as land bridge service.transportation specialistsnfreight forwarders are not modes, but from the shippers viewpoint, they are analogous to other carriers. there are two types of domestic

25、 freight forwarders-surface and air-and they can best be thought of as consolidators of freight.nshippers associations perform basically the same function as surface and air freight forwarders, except that they do not operate as profit-making organizations. the main benefit of shippers association,

26、whether they are full service or rate negotiators, is transportation cost saving for its members.transportation specialistsnbrokers are another type of transportation specialist; they are companies that look to match a shippers freight with a carrier to transport it. brokers look to secure the best

27、transportation rate and service package available for shippers, while attempting to ensure that carriers operate as close as possible to maximum capability. in some cases, third-party logistics companies are involved in arranging transportation services.nparcel carriers, companies that specialize in

28、 transporting parcels, which are often referred to as packages that weigh up to 150 pounds. parcel post, a service of the u.s. postal service that was specifically established to send packages through the mail systems-weight and distance.united parcel service, which financially dwarfs any other tran

29、sportation company in the united statestransportation regulationnenvironmental regulationthe environmental protection agency (epa), a u.s. federal regulatory agency that was established to protect human health and the environment, influences transportation in a number of different ways.noise polluti

30、on;air pollution;water pollution;resource conservation;transportation regulationnsafety regulationthe u.s department of transportation (dot) is the federal government body with primary responsibility for transportation regulation.safety regulation of inland water carriers-u.s coast guard (a part of

31、the u.s. department of homeland security)air transportation safety-the federal aviation administration (faa) large trucks and buses-the federal motor carrier safety administration (fmcsa)railroad industry-the federal railroad administration (fra)pipeline and hazardous cargos-the pipeline and hazardo

32、us materials safety administration (phsma)transportation regulationneconomic regulationeconomic regulation in transportation refers to control over business practices and activities such as entry and exit, pricing, service, accounting and financial issues, and mergers and acquisitions.two key econom

33、ic regulatory bodies:the interstate commerce commission (icc)-with the authority over rail, motor, inland water, and oil pipelinesthe civil aeronautics board (cab)-with the authority over air transportation.reduction in economic regulation:in 1985 the cab went out of existence;the icc termination ac

34、t of 1995 eliminated the icc and transferred the remaining economic regulatory functions to the surface transportation board (stb)legal classification of carriersncommon carrierthe key factor that separates a common carrier from other forms of transportation is that the common carrier has agreed to

35、serve the general public. to ensure that the general public is adequately serviced, common carriers assumed four specific obligations: to serve, to deliver, to charge reasonable rates, to avoid discrimination in pricing and service.ncontract carriera contract carrier offers a specialized service to

36、customers on a contractual basis, and the contract specifies the compensation to be received, the services to be provided, and the type of equipment to be used, among others.legal classification of carriersncontract carrierthe contract carrier is under no obligation to render services to the general

37、 public and only has to serve customers with whom it has contracts;the contract carrier is under no obligation to treat its customers on equal basis.legal classification of carriersnexempt carriernexempt carriers are for-hire carriers that have been exempted from economic regulation through provisio

38、ns in various pieces of legislation; the appropriate rates and services must be negotiated directly between the carrier and user.nprivate carrierprivate carrier, which are exempt from any economic regulation, are companies whose primary business is other than transportation and provide their own tra

39、nsportation service by operating trucks, railcars, barges, ships, or airlines.legal classification of carriersnprivate carrieradvantages to private transportation:operational control;cost-effectiveness;the terms of international trade ndaf (delivered at frontier) -appointed place the two parties (se

40、ller & buyer) identify a location of delivery at two countries frontier. the sellers basic obligations are transporting the commodities to the appointed location, clear the goods for export, and place them at the buyers party, then the delivery is finished. the buyer is obliged to take the delivery

41、in the delivery place at the frontier, handle import formalities, and take the risks of the commodities and reliability & expenditures during the left course of transportation. the terms of international trade considerations when daf is used: a. the issue of risk transfer; b. the issue of delivery a

42、t the frontier; c. the issue of the identity of shipping agency.the terms of international trade ndes (delivered ex ship) -appointed port of destination the seller is obliged to transport the contract-appointed commodities to the port of destination through the usual routine and by the confirmed mod

43、e, and place the commodities at the buyers party on the ship of the port of destination before the deadline, but does not have to conduct the import formalities, then the delivery can be finished. the commodities risks are transferred from the seller to the buyer when delivery on the ship. the selle

44、r is responsible for all the risks and expenditures of commodities until they are delivered. if any party needs the seller to take the risks & expenditures during unloading, deq is preferred.the terms of international trade considerations when des is used: a. the sellers obligation to notify the buy

45、er; b. the issue of commodity delivery and receive; c. the difference between des and cif.learning objective nto understand the nature of transportation nto learn the five modes of transportationnto know about the important feature of maritime shippingnto get familiar with intermodal transport text

46、3: introduction of transportationkey terms:ntransportation 運輸ntransportation mode 運輸方式nroad transportation 公路運輸nrail transportation 鐵路運輸nwaterway transportation 水路運輸nair transportation 航空運輸npipeline transportation 管道運輸nintermodal transportation 多式聯運general introduction of transportationnwhat is tran

47、sportation?ntransportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. nmajor modes of transportation:nrailway transportation, road transportation, waterway transportation, air transportation and pipeline transportation nintermodal transportation occurs when two modes or more work

48、 closely together on a regular basis, utilizing the advantage of each others.diversity of transportation modesn road transportationnplease read the paragraphs about road transportation and discuss: nwhat are the most important characteristics of road transportation? nanswer:n capable of providing a

49、door to door service nflexible enough to perform “just-in-time” delivery nfor higher-value / lower-volume cargo over relatively short distance nintense competition rail transportationnplease read the paragraphs about rail transportation and discuss: nwhat are the most important characteristics of ra

50、il transportation?nanswer:n offers cost-effective transport over long distancesngood for cargos with high volume and low value nconsumes less energy waterway transportationnwaterway transportation includes maritime transportation and river transportation. nthe most important characteristics of water

51、way transportation include:nbig capacity, good for large quantity of cargosnconnects ports from different continentsnthe cleanest among all transportation modes nileeast / southeast asiamississippi / great lakes / st. lawrenceamazonrhine / danubesuezsuezhormuzhormuzpanamapanamamalaccamalaccabosporus

52、bosporusmagellanmagellangood hopegood hopegibraltargibraltarbab el-mandabbab el-mandab air transportation nthe most important characteristics of air transportation include:n it offer rapid, flexible delivery n expensive compared to the charges of land and ocean freight n mainly for valuable or peris

53、hable goodsn air freight services tended to be unreliable pipelines transportation nthe most important characteristics of pipeline transportation include:ndesigned for a specific purpose only, to carry one commodity from a location to another neffective in transporting large quantities of products n

54、link isolated areas of production with major centers of refining and manufacture competition between transportation modesn each of transportation mode has its key operational and commercial advantages (see table 2-1). nas a result, modes can compete or complement each other in terms of cost, speed,

55、accessibility, frequency, safety, comfort, etc. notes:n1. transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. railway transportation, road transportation, waterway transportation, air transportation and pipeline transportation make up the major modes of transport in modern

56、society. 運輸是人和物品在兩地之間的移動。現代社會的主要運輸方式包括鐵路運輸、公路運輸、水路運輸、航空運輸和管道運輸。n2. intermodal transportation occurs when two modes or more work closely together on a regular basis, utilizing the advantage of each others. 多式聯運是指兩種或兩種以上的運輸方式利用各自優勢，進行常規的合作。3. in road transport market, operators are able to use existin

57、g roadway infrastructure and do not need to put in a big capital investment ahead of time. hence, there are lots of competitors offering the same kind of service with competitive prices. 在公路運輸市場中，承運人可以使用現有的公路設施，無須先進行大量的資本投入。因此這個市場中競爭者很多，他們以有競爭力的價格提供相似的服務。 n4. rail offers the cost-effective transport

58、 of large quantities of cargos over long distances. it is especially good for cargos with high volume and low value, such as coal, timber and grain.鐵路為大宗貨物的長距離運輸提供經濟的運輸服務。體積大、價值低的貨物，比如煤炭、木材和谷物，特別適合使用鐵路進行運輸。n5. it offer rapid, flexible delivery, but it is also perceived as expensive compared to the c

59、harges of land and ocean freight. bulky cargo with low unit value can not afford to ship by air. 它能提供快速、靈活、機動的運輸服務，但是大家認為和水陸貨物運輸相比，航空費用昂貴。低值而體積大的貨物難以承受航空運輸的價格 n6. as a result, modes can compete or complement each other in terms of cost, speed, accessibility, frequency, safety, comfort, etc. 因此，運輸方式之

60、間能夠在成本、速度、可得性、經常性（服務頻率）、安全性和舒適程度等方面相互競爭或補充。topic for discussion: 討論話題n1. discuss the important role transportation plays in logistics system. n2. the picture below shows us the capacity differences of a variety of transport modes, please discuss: why are these differences important to us? text 4 mar